Place of Informal Transportation in Public Transport

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 32 - 39, 30.06.2023

Büşra Buran

Öz

Informal transportation has become an important topic in recent years. It plays a critical role in transportation due to filling gaps for unmet transport demands. At this point, there is a need for collaboration with public authorities. In this study, the dynamics of informal transportation are defined as policy, demand, culture, and technology. In addition, SWOT analysis is conducted regarding literature studies and experiences. According to the SWOT analysis, flexibility, agility, and complement are seen as strengths, and lack of institutionalization and lack of integration with public transportation is seen as the main weaknesses. From the external perspective, when collaboration can be seen as the main opportunity, lack of regulation and monitoring can be seen as obstacles to improving service quality for informal transport. This study will be a guide to find out improvement plans for a stronger relationship between formal and informal institutions regarding dynamics and SWOT analysis.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Informal transportation, dynamics of transportation, SWOT analysis.

Kaynakça

• [1] R. Cervero, Informal transport in the developing world. UN-HABITAT, 2000.
• [2] F. Y. Sebele-Mpofu, , A. Mususa, How successful is presumptive tax in bringing informal operators into the tax net in Zimbabwe? A study of transport operators in Bulawayo. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research, 4(3), 79-89, 2019.
• [3] S. Grava, Locally generated transportation modes of the developing world. Transportation Research Board Special Report, (181), 1978.
• [4] F. Hirschhorn, D. van de Velde, W. Veeneman, E. ten Heuvelhof, (). The governance of attractive public transport: Informal institutions, institutional entrepreneurs, and problem-solving know-how in Oslo and Amsterdam. Research in Transportation Economics, 83, 100829, 2020.
• [5] G. Marsden, and A. D. May, Do institutional arrangements make a difference to transport policy and implementation? Lessons for Britain. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 24(5), 771-789, 2006.
• [6] C. Rivasplata, H .Iseki, and A. Smith, Transit coordination in the US: A survey of current practice. Journal of Public Transportation, 15(1), 53-73, 2012.
• [7] W. Berman, M. Smith, and J. K. Bauer. Regional concept for transportation operations: A tool for strengthening and guiding collaboration and coordination. Transportation research record, 1925(1), 245-253, 2005.
• [8] R. Cervero, and A. Golub, Informal transport: A global perspective. Transport policy, 14(6), 445-457, 2007.
• [9] M. D. Guillen, H. Ishida, and N. Okamoto, Is the use of informal public transport modes in developing countries habitual? An empirical study in Davao City, Philippines. Transport Policy, 26, 31-42, 2013.
• [10] J. R. Aworemi, A. O. Salami, J. O Adewoye, and M. O. Ilori. Impact of socio-economic characteristics on formal and informal public transport demands in Kwara state, Nigeria. African Journal of Business Management, 2(4), 72-76, 2008.
• [11] G. Lo, Informal and Semiformal Services in Latin America, 2020.
• [12] A. Golub, R. Balassiano, A. Araújo, and E. Ferreira, Regulation of the informal transport sector in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: welfare impacts and policy analysis. Transportation, 36, 601-616, 2009.
• [13] D. Oviedo, Y. Scorcia, P. Guerrero, M. Delandsheer, R. Rodriguez-Molina, and R. Dewez, A snapshot of the informal organization of public transport operators in the Caribbean: Tap-Tap services in Port-Au-Prince. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 42, 100733, 2022.
• [14] S. Chalermpong, A. Ratanawaraha, and S. Sucharitkul, Market and institutional characteristics of passenger van services in Bangkok, Thailand. Transportation Research Record, 2581(1), 88-94, 2016.
• [15] A. Lanamäki, and T. Tuvikene, Framing digital future: Selective formalization and legitimation of ridehailing platforms in Estonia. Geoforum, 136, 283-292, 2022.
• [16] L. Al Otary, M. Abou-Zeid, and I. Kaysi, Modeling car ownership and use in a developing country context with informal public transportation. Transportation, 1-36, 2022.
• [17] C. Jao-Hong, L. C. Yuan, C. Huei-Ping, and O. Chun-Liang, The service quality analysis of public transportation system using PZB model—Dynamic bus information system. In The 40th International Conference on Computers & Indutrial Engineering (pp. 1-5). IEEE, 2010.
• [18] A. M. Ngoc, K. V. Hung, and V. A. Tuan, Towards the development of quality standards for public transport service in developing countries: analysis of public transport users’ behavior. Transportation Research Procedia, 25, 4560-4579, 2017.
• [19] B. Barabino, E. Deiana, and P. Tilocca, Measuring service quality in urban bus transport: a modified SERVQUAL approach. International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences, 4(3), 238-252, 2012.
• [20] C. Amrapala, and K. Choocharukul, Perceived service quality and commuter segmentation of informal public transport service in Bangkok, Thailand. Engineering Journal, 23(6), 1-18, 2019.
• [21] M. V. L., de Almeida Nascimento, and M. O. de Andrade, Informal rural transport in a typical minor municipality in northeastern Brazil: Evaluation and regulation proposals. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 8(3), 878-886, 2020.
• [22] M. C. Casson, M. Della Giusta, and U. S. Kambhampati, Formal and informal institutions and development. World Development, 38(2), 137-141, 2010.
• [23] N. W. Biggart, and R. P. Castanias, Collateralized social relations: The social in economic calculation. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 60(2), 471-500, 2001.
• [24] C. Assaf, C. Mady, and P. Van den Broeck, Utopia or dystopia in mobility cultures? Beirut's informal bus system and bus map project as social innovations. Streets for 2030: Proposing streets for integrated and universal mobility, 452-461, 2020.
• [25] Hotels, Tuk tuks in bangkok-5 tips to ride a tuk tuk in bangkok – go guides. Available online: https://tr.hotels.com/go/thailand/ bangkok-tuk-tuks, 2022.
• [26] Common, Gas fuelled bajaj in jakarta. Available online: https: //commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gas_Fuelled_Bajaj_in_Jakarta.jpg, 2022.
• [27] M. Detlaf, Means of informal public transport in different places. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271505854_Means_of_Informal_Public_Transport_in_different_places, 2015.
• [28] M. C.Beutel, C. Samsel, M. Mensing, and K. H. Krempels, Business model framework to provide heterogeneous mobility services on virtual markets. In 2014 11th International Conference on e-Business (ICE-B) (pp. 145-151). IEEE, 2014.
• [29] P. Cooper, T. Tryfonas, T. Crick, and A. Marsh, Electric vehicle mobility-as-a-service: Exploring the “Tri-Opt” of novel private transport business models. Journal of Urban Technology, 26(1), 35-56, 2019.
• [30] M. J. J. Gumasing, D. C. Araga, and F. L. D. Baez, Sustainability model of E-trike operations in the city of Manila. In 2019 IEEE 6th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Applications (ICIEA) (pp. 770-774). IEEE, 2019.
• [31] H. Guyader, and L. Piscicelli, Business model diversification in the sharing economy: The case of GoMore. Journal of Cleaner Production, 215, 1059-1069, 2019.
• [32] K. M. Gurumurthy, K. M. Kockelman, and N. Zuniga-Garcia, First-mile-last-mile collector-distributor system using shared autonomous mobility. Transportation Research Record, 2674(10), 638-647, 2020.
• [33] J. Bürstlein, D. López, and B. Farooq, Exploring first-mile on-demand transit solutions for North American suburbia: A case study of Markham, Canada. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 153, 261-283, 2021.
• [34] J. de Meyrick, The Delphi method and health research. Health education, 103(1), 7-16, 2003.
• [35] A. L. Boberg, and S. A. Morris-Khoo, The Delphi method: A review of methodology and an application in the evaluation of a higher education program. The Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation, 7(1), 27-39, 1992.
• [36] K. Kauko, and P. Palmroos, The Delphi method in forecasting financial markets—An experimental study. International Journal of Forecasting, 30(2), 313-327, 2014.
• [37] D. Kanama, A. Kondo, and Y. Yokoo, Development of technology foresight: integration of technology roadmapping and the Delphi method. International Journal of Technology Intelligence and Planning, 4(2), 184-200, 2008.
• [38] F. Hirschhorn, Reflections on the application of the Delphi method: lessons from a case in public transport research. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 22(3), 309-322, 2019.
• [39] S. R. Brady, Utilizing and adapting the Delphi method for use in qualitative research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 14(5), 1609406915621381, 2015.
• [40] T. K. Roy, and A. Garai, Intuitionistic fuzzy delphi method: more realistic and interactive forecasting tool. Notes on Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets, 18(2), 37-50, 2012.
• [41] M. Turoff, and H. A. Linstone, The Delphi method-techniques and applications, 2002.
• [42] M. M. Helms, M. A. Rodríguez, L. de los Ríos, and W. Hargrave, Entrepreneurial potential in Argentina: a SWOT analysis. Competitiveness review: An International Business Journal, 21(3), 269-287, 2011.
• [43] E. P. Learned, C. R. Christensen, K. R. Andrews, and W. D. Guth, Business policy: Text and cases. RD Irwin, 1969.
• [44] I. Aslan,O. Çınar, and Ü. Özen, Developing strategies for the future of healthcare in Turkey by benchmarking and SWOT analysis. Procedia-social and behavioral sciences, 150, 230-240, 2014.
• [45] A. Sabbaghi, and G. Vaidyanathan, SWOT analysis and theory of constraint in information technology projects. Information Systems Education Journal, 2(23), 1-19, 2004.
• [46] M. Al-Rousan, and F. Qawasmeh, The impact of SWOT analysis on achieving a competitive advantage: evidence from Jordanian banking industry. International Bulletin of Business Administration, 6(1), 82-92, 2009.
• [47] E. Gurl, SWOT analysis: a theoretical review, 2017.
• [48] G. Talamini, and D. P. Ferreira, An informal transportation as a feeder of the rapid transit system. Spatial analysis of the e-bike taxi service in Shenzhen, China. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 1, 100002, 2019.
• [49] M. Azami, R. Tavallaei, and A. Mohammadi, The challenge of sustainability in informal settlements of Iran (case study: Sanandaj city). Environment, Development and Sustainability, 19, 1523-1537, 2017.
• [50] R. N. Bharagava, R. N. Environmental pollutants and their bioremediation approaches. CRC Press, 2017.
• [51] A. Mardani, A. Jusoh, K. Nor, Z. Khalifah, N. Zakwan, and A. Valipour, Multiple criteria decision-making techniques and their applications–a review of the literature from 2000 to 2014. Economic research-Ekonomska istraživanja, 28(1), 516-571, 2015.
• [52] F. Eltarabishi, O. H. Omar, I. Alsyouf, and M. Bettayeb, Multi-criteria decision making methods and their applications–a literature review. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management pp. 2654-2663, 2020.
• [53] D. M. Harrington, and M. Hadjiconstantinou, Changes in commuting behaviours in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK. Journal of Transport & Health, 24, 101313, 2022.
• [54] D. Heinrichs, M. Goletz, and B. Lenz, Negotiating territory: Strategies of informal transport operators to access public space in urban Africa and Latin America. Transportation Research Procedia, 25, 4507-4517, 2017.
• [55] L. G. Alcorn, and A. Karner, Integrating formal and informal transit into one hybrid passenger transport system in Lagos, Nigeria. Transportation, 48(3), 1361-1377, 2021.