Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 33 - 47, 28.04.2021
Hilal Kuşcu Karatepe
,
Fatma Nuray Kuşcu
,
Ebru Gözüyeşil
Kaynakça
- [1] Bao, Y., Sun, Y., Meng, S., Shi, J., Lu, L., “2019-nCoV epidemic: address mental health care to empower society”, Lancet, 395(10224), e37–e38, 2020.
- [2] Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., “Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China”, Lancet, S0140–6736(20), 30183–30185, 2020.
- [3] Mo, Y., Deng, L., Zhang, L., Lang, Q., Liao, Ci., Wang, N., et al., “Work stress among Chinese nurses to support Wuhan for fighting against the COVID-19 epidemic”, J Nurs Manag., 1-22, 2020.
- [4] Wang, J., Cheng, Y.Q., Zhou, Z., et al., Psycological status of Wuhan medical staff in fighting against COVID-19. Medical Journal of Wuhan University,1-4, 2020a.
- [5] Huang, H., Liu, L., Yang, S., Cui, X., Zhang, J., Wu, H., “Effects of job conditions, professional stress, and emotional intelligence on chronic fatigue among Chinese nurses: A cross-sectional study”, Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 12, 351–360, 2019.
- [6] Triana-Palencia, E., Cárdenas-Cárdenas, L.M., Juárez-García, A., Quiroz-Muysina, J., Idrovo, A.J., “Use of assessment scales, turnover and job strain in nursing staff: A study in a Colombian hospital”, Journal of Nursing Management, 27(1), 42–51, 2019.
- [7] Wu, J., Wu, X., Wu, F., Dia, Y., Dechun, C., Gong, X., “Survey of sleep quality of clinic-al front-line nurses and its influencing factors in the fight against new coronavirus pneumonia”, Nursing Research, 344, 558–562, 2020.
- [8] Huang, L., Xu, F.M., Rong, L.H., “Emotional responses and coping strategies of nurses and nursing college students during COVID-19 outbreak”, MedRxiv, 2020a.
- [9] Malinauskiene, V., Leisyte, P., Romualdas, M., Kirtiklyte, K., “Associations between self-rated health and psychosocial conditions, lifestyle factors and health resources among hospital nurses in Lithuania” Journal of Advanced Nursing, 67(11), 2383–2393, 2011.
- [10] Teles, M.A.B., Barbosa, M.R., Vargas, M.A.D., Gomes, V.E., Ferreira, E.F., Martins, M.A.B., et al., “Psychosocial work conditions and quality of life among primary health care employees: A cross sectional study”, Health Quality of Life Outcomes, 1-12, 2014.
- [11] Liu, Y., Aungsuroch, Y., “Work stress, perceived social support, self-efficacy and burnout among Chinese registered nurses”, Journal of Nursing Management, 27(7), 1445–1453, 2019.
- [12] Zhang, C., Yang, L., Liu, S., Ma, S., Wang, Y., Cai, Z., et al., “Survey of insomnia and related social psychological factors among medical staff ınvolved in the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak”, Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 1-9, 2020.
- [13] Fernandez, R., Halcomb, E., Middeleton, R., “Implications for COVID-19: A systematic review of nurses’ experiences of working in acute care hospital settings during a respiratory pandemic”, International Journal of Nursing Studies, 2020.
- [14] Cheung, T., Fong, T.K.H., Bressington, D., “COVID‐19 under the SARS Cloud: Mental health nursing during the pandemic in Hong Kong”, J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs., 2020.
- [15] Yin, X., Zeng, L., “A study on the psychological needs of nurses caring for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 from the perspective of the existence, relatedness, and growth theory”, International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 1-4, 2020.
- [16] Sun, N., Wei, L., Shi, S., Jiao, D., Song, R., Lili, M., et al., “A qualitative study on the psychological experience of caregivers of COVID-19 patients”, American Journal of Infection Control, 48, 592-598, 2020.
- [17] Pappa, S., Ntella, V., Giannakas, T., Giannakoulis, V.G., Papoutsi, E., Katsaounou. P., “Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis”, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 2020.
- [18] Lai, J., Ma, S., Wang, Y., Cai, Z., Hu, J., Wei, N., et al., “Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019”, JAMA Network Open, 3(3), e203976, 2020.
- [19] Benjamin, Y.Q., Tan, M.D., Nicholas, W.S., Chew, M.D., Grace, K.H., Lee, M.D., et al., “Psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health care workers in singapore”, Annals of Internal Medicine, 2020.
- [20] Bohlken, J., Schömig, F., Lemke, M.R., Pumberger. M., Riedel-Heller, S.G., “COVID-19 Pandemic: Stress experience of healthcare workers - a short current review”, Psychiatr Prax, 47, 190–197, 2020.
- [21] Baruch,Y., Grimland, S., Vigoda-Gadot, E., “Professional vitality and career success: Mediation, age and outcomes”, European Management Journal, 32(3), 518-527, 2014.
- [22] Chu, F., Long, Y., Guo, M., “Determinants and outcomes of professional vitality: Evidence from China”, Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 43(8), 1335-1345, 2015.
- [23] Hennekam, S., “Vitality of older workers and its relationship with performance, career satisfaction and career success”, REVUE Mangement & Avenir, 15-32, 2016.
- [24] Porath, C., Spreitzer, G., Gibson, C., Flannery, G., “Thriving at work: Towards its measurement, construct validation and theoretical refinement”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(2), 250-275, 2012.
- [25] Khany, R., Malekzadeh, P., “Associations among EFL teachers' professional identity, professional vitality, and creativity”, Teaching English Language, 9(2), 37-74, 2015.
- [26] Carmeli, A., Positive work relationships, vitality, and job performance. In /Ed. N. Ashkanasy., WJ, Zerbe., & CEJ. Härtel. Research on emotions in organizations: The effect of affect in organizational settings. UK: Emerald, pp. 45–71, 2009.
- [27] Nix, G.A., Ryan, R.M., Manly, J.B., Deci, E.L., “Animation through self-regulation: The effects of autonomous and controlled motivation on happiness and vitality”, Experimental Journal of Social Psychology, 35, 266-284, 1999.
- [28] Ryan, R.M., Frederick, C., “On energy, personality, and health: Subjective vitality as a dynamic reflection of wellbeing, Journal of Personality, 65, 529-565, 1997.
- [29] Usher, K., Bhullar, N., Jackson, D., “Life in the pandemic: Social isolation and mental health”, Journal od Clinical Nursing, 1-2, 2020.
- [30] Shaw, S., “Hopelessness, helplessness and resilience: The importance of safeguarding our trainees' mental wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic”, Nurse Education In Practice, 44, 102780, 2020.
- [31] Barutçu, E., Çöllü, B., “Öğrenilmiş çaresizlik ile motivasyon arasındaki ilişki: Pamukkale üniversitesi öğrencileri üzerinde bir araştırma”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(1), 1-13, 2020.
- [32] Yüksel, F., Özkiraz, A., “The main problem of Turkish public administration: Learned helplessness”, African Journal of Business Management, 6(4), 1214-1221, 2012.
- [33] Ateş, H., “Impacts of learned helplessness theory on new public management reforms: A case study in Turkish health sector”, Medeniyet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(5), 43-61, 2018.
- [34] Harvey, T.A., “Professional Vitality and The Principalship: A Construct Validity Study”, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Maine, 2002.
- [35] Uzunbacak, H.H., Akçakanat, T., “Mesleki canlılık ölçeği Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması”, Journal of Social And Humanities Sciences Research, 5, 3222-3230, 2018.
- [36] Quđnless, F.W., Nelson, M.A., “Development of a measure of learned helplessness”, Nurs. Res., 37, 11–15, 1998.
- [37] Boysan, M., Çok Örneklemli Yapısal Eşitlik Modelleri, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi, Van, Türkiye, 2006.
- [38] Yavaş, T., Ortaöğretim Okul Yöneticileri ve Öğretmenlerinin Öğrenilmiş Çaresizlik, Tükenmişlik ve Öz-Yeterlik Algılarının Örgütsel Öğrenme Düzeylerine Etkileri, Doktora Tezi, Fırat Üniversitesi, Elazığı, Türkiye, 2012.
- [39] Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., Anderson. R.E., Tatham, R.L., Multivariate Data Analysis: Pearson Education Limited, 2013.
- [40] Öztürk, Z., Yılmazer, Ö., Erdem, Ö., “Hastanelerde sağlık çalışanlarının motivasyon düzeylerinin örgütsel bağlılıklarına etkileri: Kırıkkale ili örneği”, Uluslararası Sağlık Yönetimi ve Stratejileri Araştırma Dergisi, 5(1), 21-50, 2019.
- [41] Alpar, R., Spor, Sağlık ve Eğitim Bilimlerinde Örneklerle Uygulamalı Istatistik ve Geçerlilik-Güvenirlik, Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara, 2018.
- [42] Dejoy, D.M., Della, L.J., Vandenberg, R.J., Wilson, M.G., “Making work safer: Testing a model of social exchange and safety management”, Journal of Safety Research, 41(2), 163–171, 2010.
- [43] Carmeli, A., Spreitzer, G.M., “Trust, connectivity, and thriving: Implications for innovative behaviors at work”, Journal of Creative Behavior, 43(3), 169-191, 2009.
- [44] Kark, R., Carmeli, A., Alive and creating: “The mediating role of vitality and aliveness in the relationship between psychological safety and creative work involvement”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(6), 785–804, 2009.
- [45] Vallerand. R.J., Paquet, V., Philippe, F.L., Charest, J., “On the role of passion in work in burnout: A process model”, Journal of Personality, 78(1), 289–312, 2010.
- [46] Dries, N., Vantilborgh, T., Pepermans, R., “The role of learning agility and career variety in the identification and development of high potential employees”, Personnel Review, 41(3), 340–358, 2012.
- [47] Tummers, L., Steijn, B., Nevicka, B., Heerema, M., “The effects of leadership and job autonomy on vitality: Survey and experimental evidence”, Review of Public Personnel Administration, 38(3), 355–377, 2018.
- [48] Basinska, B.A., Thriving in a multicultural workplace in. (Ed. M, Rozkwitalska., L, Sułkowski., & S, Magala), Intercultural Interactions in the Multicultural Workplace. Contributions to Management Science. Springer, Cham, Intercultural Interactions in the Multicultural Workplace, 109-121, 2016.
- [49] Ryan, R.M., Deci, E.L., “From ego depletion to vitality: Theories and findings related to facilitating the available energy for the self”, Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2, 702 – 717, 2008.
- [50] Heun-Keung, Y., “Learned helplessness and helpless behavior of nursing students”, Korean Journal of Health Nursing, 29(2), 244-256, 2015.
- [51] Yaman, A., Esen, İ., Derkuş, S., “A study on the liaison between learned helplessness and academic language achievement”, Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 20(2), 457-469, 2011.
- [52] Büyükşahin, Ç.G., Gündoğdu H. “Stres, umutsuzluk, ve annelerin öğrenilmiş çaresizliğinin ergenlerin öğrenilmiş çaresizliğini yordama düzeyleri”, Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 5(43), 21-34, 2015.
- [53] Seligman, M.E.P., Öğrenilmiş İyimserlik, Hekimler Yayın Birliği, Ankara, 2011.
- [54] Polatçı, S., Boyraz, E., “Öğretmenlerin öğrenilmiş güçlülüklerinin kaynak ve sonuçlarına ilişkin bir model önerisi”, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 24(4), 137-154, 2010.
- [55] Chen, S.P., Mykletun, R.J., “Beyond post-downsizing organisational injustice and counterproductive work behaviours: Antecedents and consequences of learnt helplessness”, International Journal of Business and Management, 10(6), 1-14, 2015.
DOES PROFESSIONAL VITALITY OF HEALTH CARE WORKERS CHANGE THEIR LEARNED HELPLESSNESS?
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 33 - 47, 28.04.2021
Hilal Kuşcu Karatepe
,
Fatma Nuray Kuşcu
,
Ebru Gözüyeşil
Öz
This study was conducted to determine the effects of professional vitality levels on learned helplessness of healthcare workers during the Covid-19 pandemic process. This descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out with 200 healthcare workers using the Personal Information Form, Professional Vitality Scale and Learned Despair Scale. SPSS 21 and AMOS 22 programs were used in the analysis of the data. In the evaluation of the data; percentage, average, Pearson correlation analysis, simple and multiple regression analysis methods were preferred. The significance level of the data was considered to be significant at the level of p <0.05. It was determined that the professional vitality levels of healthcare workers were at a high level (3.82±0.48) and that their learned perception of helplessness was at a low level (2.19±0.47). It was found that professional vitality levels of healthcare workers have a significant and negative effect on learned helplessness. Among the sub-dimensions of Professional Vitality Scale, mastery and job satisfaction sub-dimensions affect learned helplessness significantly and negatively; passion and vigor subscales were found to have no significant effect on learned helplessness. In the process of the Covid-19 pandemic, professional vitality levels of healthcare workers have an impact on learned helplessness.
Kaynakça
- [1] Bao, Y., Sun, Y., Meng, S., Shi, J., Lu, L., “2019-nCoV epidemic: address mental health care to empower society”, Lancet, 395(10224), e37–e38, 2020.
- [2] Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., “Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China”, Lancet, S0140–6736(20), 30183–30185, 2020.
- [3] Mo, Y., Deng, L., Zhang, L., Lang, Q., Liao, Ci., Wang, N., et al., “Work stress among Chinese nurses to support Wuhan for fighting against the COVID-19 epidemic”, J Nurs Manag., 1-22, 2020.
- [4] Wang, J., Cheng, Y.Q., Zhou, Z., et al., Psycological status of Wuhan medical staff in fighting against COVID-19. Medical Journal of Wuhan University,1-4, 2020a.
- [5] Huang, H., Liu, L., Yang, S., Cui, X., Zhang, J., Wu, H., “Effects of job conditions, professional stress, and emotional intelligence on chronic fatigue among Chinese nurses: A cross-sectional study”, Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 12, 351–360, 2019.
- [6] Triana-Palencia, E., Cárdenas-Cárdenas, L.M., Juárez-García, A., Quiroz-Muysina, J., Idrovo, A.J., “Use of assessment scales, turnover and job strain in nursing staff: A study in a Colombian hospital”, Journal of Nursing Management, 27(1), 42–51, 2019.
- [7] Wu, J., Wu, X., Wu, F., Dia, Y., Dechun, C., Gong, X., “Survey of sleep quality of clinic-al front-line nurses and its influencing factors in the fight against new coronavirus pneumonia”, Nursing Research, 344, 558–562, 2020.
- [8] Huang, L., Xu, F.M., Rong, L.H., “Emotional responses and coping strategies of nurses and nursing college students during COVID-19 outbreak”, MedRxiv, 2020a.
- [9] Malinauskiene, V., Leisyte, P., Romualdas, M., Kirtiklyte, K., “Associations between self-rated health and psychosocial conditions, lifestyle factors and health resources among hospital nurses in Lithuania” Journal of Advanced Nursing, 67(11), 2383–2393, 2011.
- [10] Teles, M.A.B., Barbosa, M.R., Vargas, M.A.D., Gomes, V.E., Ferreira, E.F., Martins, M.A.B., et al., “Psychosocial work conditions and quality of life among primary health care employees: A cross sectional study”, Health Quality of Life Outcomes, 1-12, 2014.
- [11] Liu, Y., Aungsuroch, Y., “Work stress, perceived social support, self-efficacy and burnout among Chinese registered nurses”, Journal of Nursing Management, 27(7), 1445–1453, 2019.
- [12] Zhang, C., Yang, L., Liu, S., Ma, S., Wang, Y., Cai, Z., et al., “Survey of insomnia and related social psychological factors among medical staff ınvolved in the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak”, Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 1-9, 2020.
- [13] Fernandez, R., Halcomb, E., Middeleton, R., “Implications for COVID-19: A systematic review of nurses’ experiences of working in acute care hospital settings during a respiratory pandemic”, International Journal of Nursing Studies, 2020.
- [14] Cheung, T., Fong, T.K.H., Bressington, D., “COVID‐19 under the SARS Cloud: Mental health nursing during the pandemic in Hong Kong”, J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs., 2020.
- [15] Yin, X., Zeng, L., “A study on the psychological needs of nurses caring for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 from the perspective of the existence, relatedness, and growth theory”, International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 1-4, 2020.
- [16] Sun, N., Wei, L., Shi, S., Jiao, D., Song, R., Lili, M., et al., “A qualitative study on the psychological experience of caregivers of COVID-19 patients”, American Journal of Infection Control, 48, 592-598, 2020.
- [17] Pappa, S., Ntella, V., Giannakas, T., Giannakoulis, V.G., Papoutsi, E., Katsaounou. P., “Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis”, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 2020.
- [18] Lai, J., Ma, S., Wang, Y., Cai, Z., Hu, J., Wei, N., et al., “Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019”, JAMA Network Open, 3(3), e203976, 2020.
- [19] Benjamin, Y.Q., Tan, M.D., Nicholas, W.S., Chew, M.D., Grace, K.H., Lee, M.D., et al., “Psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health care workers in singapore”, Annals of Internal Medicine, 2020.
- [20] Bohlken, J., Schömig, F., Lemke, M.R., Pumberger. M., Riedel-Heller, S.G., “COVID-19 Pandemic: Stress experience of healthcare workers - a short current review”, Psychiatr Prax, 47, 190–197, 2020.
- [21] Baruch,Y., Grimland, S., Vigoda-Gadot, E., “Professional vitality and career success: Mediation, age and outcomes”, European Management Journal, 32(3), 518-527, 2014.
- [22] Chu, F., Long, Y., Guo, M., “Determinants and outcomes of professional vitality: Evidence from China”, Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 43(8), 1335-1345, 2015.
- [23] Hennekam, S., “Vitality of older workers and its relationship with performance, career satisfaction and career success”, REVUE Mangement & Avenir, 15-32, 2016.
- [24] Porath, C., Spreitzer, G., Gibson, C., Flannery, G., “Thriving at work: Towards its measurement, construct validation and theoretical refinement”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(2), 250-275, 2012.
- [25] Khany, R., Malekzadeh, P., “Associations among EFL teachers' professional identity, professional vitality, and creativity”, Teaching English Language, 9(2), 37-74, 2015.
- [26] Carmeli, A., Positive work relationships, vitality, and job performance. In /Ed. N. Ashkanasy., WJ, Zerbe., & CEJ. Härtel. Research on emotions in organizations: The effect of affect in organizational settings. UK: Emerald, pp. 45–71, 2009.
- [27] Nix, G.A., Ryan, R.M., Manly, J.B., Deci, E.L., “Animation through self-regulation: The effects of autonomous and controlled motivation on happiness and vitality”, Experimental Journal of Social Psychology, 35, 266-284, 1999.
- [28] Ryan, R.M., Frederick, C., “On energy, personality, and health: Subjective vitality as a dynamic reflection of wellbeing, Journal of Personality, 65, 529-565, 1997.
- [29] Usher, K., Bhullar, N., Jackson, D., “Life in the pandemic: Social isolation and mental health”, Journal od Clinical Nursing, 1-2, 2020.
- [30] Shaw, S., “Hopelessness, helplessness and resilience: The importance of safeguarding our trainees' mental wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic”, Nurse Education In Practice, 44, 102780, 2020.
- [31] Barutçu, E., Çöllü, B., “Öğrenilmiş çaresizlik ile motivasyon arasındaki ilişki: Pamukkale üniversitesi öğrencileri üzerinde bir araştırma”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(1), 1-13, 2020.
- [32] Yüksel, F., Özkiraz, A., “The main problem of Turkish public administration: Learned helplessness”, African Journal of Business Management, 6(4), 1214-1221, 2012.
- [33] Ateş, H., “Impacts of learned helplessness theory on new public management reforms: A case study in Turkish health sector”, Medeniyet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(5), 43-61, 2018.
- [34] Harvey, T.A., “Professional Vitality and The Principalship: A Construct Validity Study”, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Maine, 2002.
- [35] Uzunbacak, H.H., Akçakanat, T., “Mesleki canlılık ölçeği Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması”, Journal of Social And Humanities Sciences Research, 5, 3222-3230, 2018.
- [36] Quđnless, F.W., Nelson, M.A., “Development of a measure of learned helplessness”, Nurs. Res., 37, 11–15, 1998.
- [37] Boysan, M., Çok Örneklemli Yapısal Eşitlik Modelleri, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi, Van, Türkiye, 2006.
- [38] Yavaş, T., Ortaöğretim Okul Yöneticileri ve Öğretmenlerinin Öğrenilmiş Çaresizlik, Tükenmişlik ve Öz-Yeterlik Algılarının Örgütsel Öğrenme Düzeylerine Etkileri, Doktora Tezi, Fırat Üniversitesi, Elazığı, Türkiye, 2012.
- [39] Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., Anderson. R.E., Tatham, R.L., Multivariate Data Analysis: Pearson Education Limited, 2013.
- [40] Öztürk, Z., Yılmazer, Ö., Erdem, Ö., “Hastanelerde sağlık çalışanlarının motivasyon düzeylerinin örgütsel bağlılıklarına etkileri: Kırıkkale ili örneği”, Uluslararası Sağlık Yönetimi ve Stratejileri Araştırma Dergisi, 5(1), 21-50, 2019.
- [41] Alpar, R., Spor, Sağlık ve Eğitim Bilimlerinde Örneklerle Uygulamalı Istatistik ve Geçerlilik-Güvenirlik, Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara, 2018.
- [42] Dejoy, D.M., Della, L.J., Vandenberg, R.J., Wilson, M.G., “Making work safer: Testing a model of social exchange and safety management”, Journal of Safety Research, 41(2), 163–171, 2010.
- [43] Carmeli, A., Spreitzer, G.M., “Trust, connectivity, and thriving: Implications for innovative behaviors at work”, Journal of Creative Behavior, 43(3), 169-191, 2009.
- [44] Kark, R., Carmeli, A., Alive and creating: “The mediating role of vitality and aliveness in the relationship between psychological safety and creative work involvement”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(6), 785–804, 2009.
- [45] Vallerand. R.J., Paquet, V., Philippe, F.L., Charest, J., “On the role of passion in work in burnout: A process model”, Journal of Personality, 78(1), 289–312, 2010.
- [46] Dries, N., Vantilborgh, T., Pepermans, R., “The role of learning agility and career variety in the identification and development of high potential employees”, Personnel Review, 41(3), 340–358, 2012.
- [47] Tummers, L., Steijn, B., Nevicka, B., Heerema, M., “The effects of leadership and job autonomy on vitality: Survey and experimental evidence”, Review of Public Personnel Administration, 38(3), 355–377, 2018.
- [48] Basinska, B.A., Thriving in a multicultural workplace in. (Ed. M, Rozkwitalska., L, Sułkowski., & S, Magala), Intercultural Interactions in the Multicultural Workplace. Contributions to Management Science. Springer, Cham, Intercultural Interactions in the Multicultural Workplace, 109-121, 2016.
- [49] Ryan, R.M., Deci, E.L., “From ego depletion to vitality: Theories and findings related to facilitating the available energy for the self”, Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2, 702 – 717, 2008.
- [50] Heun-Keung, Y., “Learned helplessness and helpless behavior of nursing students”, Korean Journal of Health Nursing, 29(2), 244-256, 2015.
- [51] Yaman, A., Esen, İ., Derkuş, S., “A study on the liaison between learned helplessness and academic language achievement”, Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 20(2), 457-469, 2011.
- [52] Büyükşahin, Ç.G., Gündoğdu H. “Stres, umutsuzluk, ve annelerin öğrenilmiş çaresizliğinin ergenlerin öğrenilmiş çaresizliğini yordama düzeyleri”, Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 5(43), 21-34, 2015.
- [53] Seligman, M.E.P., Öğrenilmiş İyimserlik, Hekimler Yayın Birliği, Ankara, 2011.
- [54] Polatçı, S., Boyraz, E., “Öğretmenlerin öğrenilmiş güçlülüklerinin kaynak ve sonuçlarına ilişkin bir model önerisi”, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 24(4), 137-154, 2010.
- [55] Chen, S.P., Mykletun, R.J., “Beyond post-downsizing organisational injustice and counterproductive work behaviours: Antecedents and consequences of learnt helplessness”, International Journal of Business and Management, 10(6), 1-14, 2015.