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A New Trend in Crop Production: Hemp

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 138 - 157, 15.04.2021

Merve Göre , Orhan Kurt

https://doi.org/10.38001/ijlsb.789970
Cited By: 4

Öz

Hemp is an industrial plant which has an annual, herbaceous and multi-use potential in the Cannabaceae family. Cannabis, one of the oldest plants in history, is an alternative plant with a wide range of uses ranging from pharmaceutical, food, paper, biofuel, textile, cosmetics, construction and automotive sectors. Cannabis is a satisfactory plant in terms of ecological and topographic requirements and has high adaptability. Hemp seed contains about 35% oil and 25% protein, also it is a rich source of Omega-3. Industrial hemp has recently reached the potential to contribute significantly to the industry by finding a place in large cultivation areas thanks to its quality fiber source. Unlike traditional cannabis, which is banned in our country as well as in many countries due to its narcotic properties, hemp cultivation is expanding in many countries day by day thanks to the industrial hemp varieties developed in recent years. Also, hemp has the potential to contribute significantly to the economies of countries.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hemp Cannabis sativa crop production hemp cultivation

Kaynakça

  • Referans1 Kew Science: The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2019, Cannabis sativa L". Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 2019. Available from: http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:306087-2 [Accesed 27 September 2019].
  • Referans2 Whittle, BA., GW. Guy and P. Robson, Prospects for cannabis-based Prescription Medicines. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics,2001. 1: 3-4.
  • Referans3 Colbert, M.,"Indica, Sativa, Ruderalis – Did We Get It All Wrong?", 2015 Available from www. http://theleafonline.com [Accessed: 29 September 2019].
  • Referans4 USDA, United States Department of Agriculture, Classification Report, 2019. Available from: https://plants.usda.gov/java/nameSearch. [Accessed27 September 2019].
  • Referans5 Anderson, L.C., Leaf variation among cannabis species from a controlled garden. Harvard University Botanical Museum Leafests, 1980. 28: 61-69.
  • Referans6 ElSohly, M., Marijuana and the Cannabinoids, 2007. Humana Press, ISBN 978-1-58829-456-2.
  • Referans7 Lambert, DM., Cannabinoids in Nature and Medicine, 2009. Wiley-VCH Publisher, ISBN 978-3906390567.
  • Referans8 Vavilov, NI., Centers of origin of cultivated plants, in Origin and geography of cultivated plants, V.F. Dorofeyev, Editor, 1926, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp.22-135. ISBN 0-521-40427-4.
  • Referans9 Schultes, RE., Random thoughts and queries on the botany of Cannabis. In: The botany and chemistry of Cannabis, C.R.B.Joyce and S.H. Curry, Editors, 1970, J & A Churchill, London, pp.11-38. ISBN: 0700014799.
  • Referans10 Abel, E., The First 12,000 Years Marijuana, 1980. Plenum Press. New York. ISBN 978-1-4899-2189-5.
  • Referans11 Pounds, NJG., An historical geography of Europe, 1979. Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 9780511572265.
  • Referans12 Conrad, C., Hemp, lifeline to the future, 1993. Creative Xpressions Publishing, Los Angeles, California. ISBN-10: 0963975404.
  • Referans13 Herer, J., Hemp & the marijuana conspiracy: The emperor wears no clothes, 1992. Van Nuys: Hemp Publications, California.
  • Referans14 Mathieu, JP,. Chanvre, Techniques Agricoles, 1980.5: 1-10.
  • Referans15 FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of Hemp Cultivation and Production Statistical Data, FAOSTAT, 2019. Available from: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC [Accessed 21 Mart 2020].
  • Referans16 TÜİK, Bitkisel Üretim İstatistikleri, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, 2020. Available from: https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr [Accessed: 21 Mayıs 2020].
  • Referans17 Stearn, WT., The Cannabis Plant: Botanical Characteristics, in The botany and chemistry of Cannabis. C.R.B. Joyce and S.H. Curry, Editors, 1970.J & A Churchill, London, pp.1-10. ISBN: 0700014799.
  • Referans18 Heslop-Harrison, J. and Y.Heslop-Harrison, Studies on flowering-plant growth and organogenesis III. Leaf shape changes associated with flowering and sex differentiation in Cannabis sativa. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy,1958. 59: 257-283.
  • Referans19 Clarke, RC., Marijuana Botany, 1980. Berkeley: Ronin Publishing, California.
  • Referans20 Hoffmann, W.,Hanf, Cannabis sativa, 1957. Handbuch der Pflanzenzüchtung, 5: 204-263.
  • Referans21 Neijat, M, et al., Hempseed products fed to hens effectively ıncreased n‑3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in total lipids, triacylglycerol and phospholipid of egg yolk. Lipids, 2016. 51:601–614.
  • Referans22 Karakaş, Ş., Sanayi kenevir yağının elde edilmesi ve besleyici özellikleri, 2018. Available from:https://arastirma.tarimorman.gov.tr/ktae/Belgeler/End%C3%BCstriyel%20Kenevir%20Ger%C3%A7e%C4%9Fi%20Paneli%20Sunular%C4%B1/ekg_7.pdf. [Accessed: 10 Ekim 2019].
  • Referans23 Atakan, Z., Cannabis, a complex plant: Different compounds and different effects on individuals, The Advanced Psychopharmacol,2012. 2(6): 241–254.
  • Referans24 Holoborodko, P., et al., Results of efforts by french and Ukrainian breeders to reduce cannabinoid levels in industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), 2014. Available from: www.interchanvre.com/docs/article-Laiko.pdf. [Accessed 13 October 2019].
  • Referans25 Sawler, J., et al., The genetic structure of marijuana and hemp, Plos One,2015. 10:8.
  • Referans26 Aksoy, D., S. Aytaç ve R. Paslı, Endüstriyel kenevir gerçeği, in 2.Uluslararası 19 Mayıs Yenilikçi Bilimsel Yaklaşımlar Kongresi, M. Abdullayev, Editor, 2019.Samsun, Türkiye, 27-29 Aralık 2019, İktisadi Kalkınma ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Enstitüsü, pp.850-858.
  • Referans27 ORAN, Orta Anadolu Kalkınma Ajansı, Kenevir Yetiştiriciliği, 2019. Available from: http://www.oran.org.tr/images/dosyalar/20190318134910_0.pdf.[Accessed 08 Kasım 2019].
  • Referans28 İncekara, F., Endüstri Bitkileri ve Islahı: Keyif Bitkileri ve Islahı, 1964.Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi, İzmir.
  • Referans29 Monteith, J.L., Climate and efficiency of crop production in Britain, 1997. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 281: 277-294.
  • Referans30 Cosentino, S.L., et al., Sowing Time and prediction of flowering of different hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) genotypes in Southern Europe, Industrial Crops and Products,2012. 37: 20-33.
  • Referans31 García-Tejero, I.F., et al., Impact of plant density and ırrigation on yield of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in a Mediterranean semi-arid environment, Journal of Agriculture Science Technology,2014. 16: 887-895.
  • Referans32 Van der Werf H.M.G. and W. Van den Berg, Nitrogen fertilization and sex expression affect size variability of fibre hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Oecologia, 1995. 103: 462–470.
  • Referans33 Amaducci, S., et al., Influence of agronomic factors on yield and quality of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) fibre and ımplication for an ınnovative production system. Field Crop Research, 2008. 107: 161-169.
  • Referans34 Megep, Tarım Teknolojileri: Lif Bitkileri Yetiştiriciliği Modülü,2012. Ankara. Available from:http://www.megep.meb.gov.tr/mte_program_modul/moduller_pdf/Lif%20Bitkileri%20Yeti%C5%9Ftiricili%C4%9Fi.pdf. [Accessed 12 November 2019].
  • Referans35 Schumacher, A.G.D., S. Pequito and J. Pazour, Industrial hemp fiber: A sustainable and economical alternative to cotton. Journal of Cleaner Production,2020. 268. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122180.
  • Referans36 Ebskamp, M.J.M., Engineering flax and hemp for an alternative to cotton. Trends in Biotechnology,2002. 20 (6): 229-230.
  • Referans37 Gedik, G., O.O Avinç ve A. Yavaş, Kenevir lifinin özellikleri ve tekstil endüstrisinde kullanımıyla sağladığı avantajlar. Tekstil Teknolojisi ve Elektronik Dergisi,2010. 4 (3): 39-48.
  • Referans38 Şahinbaşkan, YB., Kenevir Dokuma Kumaşa Enzimatik Ön İşlemlerin Etkisi. International Journal of Advanced Engineer Pure Science, 2019. 3: 208-213.
  • Referans39 Vantreese, V.L., Hemp support: evolution in EU regulation. Journal of International Hemp Association, 2002. 7 (12): 1-23.
  • Referans40 Santos, P.A., et al., Natural fibers plastic composites in automotive applications, 2008. SPE Automotive Composites Conference & Exhibition, Troy, MI, USA.
  • Referans41 Spoljaric, S., A. Genovese and RA. Shanks, Polypropylene-microcrystalline cellulose composites with enhanced compatibility and properties. Composite Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2009. 40: 791-799.
  • Referans42 Kymäläinen, H.R. and A.M. Sjöberg, Flax and hemp fibres as raw materials for thermal insulations. Building and Environment, 2008. 43: 1261–1269.
  • Referans43 Faruk, O., Cars from jute and other bio-fibers. Macromolecular Materials and Engineer, 2009.291: 449–457.
  • Referans44 Çavdar, D.A. ve S. Boran, Doğal Liflerin Otomotiv Sanayinde Kullanımı. Kastamonu Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 2016. 16 (1): 253-263.
  • Referans45 Heitzmann, L.F, et al., Aplicaçã de materiais de fontes renová veis na indú stria automobilí. Daimler Chrysler of Brazil, 2001. SIMEA -Simpó sio De Engenharia Automotiva, Sã Paulo. Referans46 Ashori, A., Wood-plastic composites as promising green-composites for automotive industries. Bioresource Technology, 2008. 99: 4661- 4667.
  • Referans47 Hill, K., B. Swiecki, and J. Cregger, The bio-based materials automotive value chain, 2012. 20585: Center for Automotive Research, Washington, DC.
  • Referans48 Biron, M., The plastics industry: economic overview, in Thermosets and composites, M. Biron, Editor, 2014. William Andrew Press, Oxford.pp. 25–104. ISBN:1856174115.
  • Referans49 Sekizinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı, Basım Sanayii Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu, 2000. Available from: http://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/08_BasimSanayii.pdf. [Accessed: 21 Kasım 2019].
  • Referans50 Vogl, C.R., et al., Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) as a resource for green cosmetics.Journal of Industrial Hemp,2004. 9 (1): 51-68 DOI: 10.1300/J237v09n01_06.
  • Referans51 Jones, K., Nutritional and medicinal guide to hemp seed, 1995. Rainforest Botanical Laboratory, Gibsons, BC, Canada.
  • Referans52 Anstey, A., M. Quigley and J.D. Wilkinson, Topical evening primrose oil as treatment for atrophic eczema, Journal of Dermatological Treatment, , 1990. 1: 199-221.
  • Referans53 Fiocchi, A., et al., The efficiency and safety of gamma-linolenic acid in the treatment of infantile atopic dermatitis. Journal of International Medicine Research,1994. 22: 24-32.
  • Referans54 Pate, D.W., Hemp Seed: A valuable food source, in: Advances in Hemp Research. Food Products Press New York, P. Ranalli, Editor, 1999. pp. 243-255. ISBN:1560228725.
  • Referans55 U.S National Institutes of Health, 2019. Available from: https://nccih.nih.gov/health/marijuana. [Accessed 03 October 2019].
  • Referans56 Herb, Introducing Alcohol-Free, Cannabis-Infused Wine for the World’s Classiest High, 2019. Availeble from: https://herb.co/read/[Accessed5 October.2019].
  • Referans57 Maxwell, B.A., Effects of herbicides on ındustrial hemp (cannabis sativa) phytotoxicity, biomass, and seed yield, 2016.Msc Thesis, Department of Agriculture, Western Kentucky University, Kentucky, USA.
  • Referans58 Gakhar, N., et al., Effect of feeding hemp seed and hemp seed oil on laying hen performance and egg yolk fatty acid content: Evidence of their safety and efficacy for laying hen diets. Poultry Science,2012. 91: 701–711.
  • Referans59 Carus, M., et al., The European Hemp Industry: Cultivation, processing and applications for fibres, shivs and seeds, European Industrial Hemp Association (EIHA) Report, 2012.
  • Referans60 Moxley, G., Z. Zhu and Y.P. Zhang, Efficient sugar release by the cellulose solvent-based lignocellulose fractionation technology and enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis. Journal. Agriculture Food Chemistry,2008. 56: 7885–7890.
  • Referans61 Biewinga E.E. and G. van der Bijl, Sustainability of energy crops in Europe: A Methodology Developed and Applied No. 234,1996. Centre for Agriculture and Environment: Utrecht, The Netherlands.
  • Referans62 Kuglarz, M., et al., Integrated production of cellulosic bioethanol and succinic acid from industrial hemp in a biorefinery concept. Bioresource Technology, 2016. 200: 639–647.

Bitkisel Üretimde Yeni Bir Trend: Kenevir

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 138 - 157, 15.04.2021

Merve Göre , Orhan Kurt

https://doi.org/10.38001/ijlsb.789970
Cited By: 4

Öz

Kenevir, Cannabaceae familyasında yer alan, tek yıllık, otsu ve çok yönlü kullanım potansiyeli olan bir endüstri bitkidir. Tarihin en eski bitkilerinden biri olan kenevir, ilaç, gıda, kâğıt, biyoyakıt, tekstil, kozmetik, inşaat ve otomotiv sektörüne kadar oldukça geniş yelpazede kullanım alanına sahiptir. Ekolojik ve topografı istekleri bakımından kanaatkâr bir bitki olan kenevirin adaptasyon kabiliyeti geniştir. Kenevir tohumu yaklaşık %35 yağ ve %25 protein içermesinin yanında Omega-3 kaynağı olarak da zengindir. Endüstriyel kenevir, kaliteli lif kaynağı özelliği sayesinde yakın zamanda geniş ekim alanlarında yer bularak endüstriye önemli ölçüde katkı sağlayacak potansiyele ulaşmıştır. Narkotik özelliklerinden dolayı birçok ülkede olduğu gibi ülkemizde de yasaklanan geleneksel kenevirin aksine son yıllarda geliştirilen endüstriyel amaçlı kenevir çeşitleri sayesinde kenevir tarımı birçok ülkede her geçen gün genişlemekte ve ülkelerin ekonomilerine önemli katkı sağlama potansiyeli arz etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kenevir (Cannabis Sativa) Bitkisel üretim Kenevir tarımı

Kaynakça

  • Referans1 Kew Science: The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2019, Cannabis sativa L". Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 2019. Available from: http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:306087-2 [Accesed 27 September 2019].
  • Referans2 Whittle, BA., GW. Guy and P. Robson, Prospects for cannabis-based Prescription Medicines. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics,2001. 1: 3-4.
  • Referans3 Colbert, M.,"Indica, Sativa, Ruderalis – Did We Get It All Wrong?", 2015 Available from www. http://theleafonline.com [Accessed: 29 September 2019].
  • Referans4 USDA, United States Department of Agriculture, Classification Report, 2019. Available from: https://plants.usda.gov/java/nameSearch. [Accessed27 September 2019].
  • Referans5 Anderson, L.C., Leaf variation among cannabis species from a controlled garden. Harvard University Botanical Museum Leafests, 1980. 28: 61-69.
  • Referans6 ElSohly, M., Marijuana and the Cannabinoids, 2007. Humana Press, ISBN 978-1-58829-456-2.
  • Referans7 Lambert, DM., Cannabinoids in Nature and Medicine, 2009. Wiley-VCH Publisher, ISBN 978-3906390567.
  • Referans8 Vavilov, NI., Centers of origin of cultivated plants, in Origin and geography of cultivated plants, V.F. Dorofeyev, Editor, 1926, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp.22-135. ISBN 0-521-40427-4.
  • Referans9 Schultes, RE., Random thoughts and queries on the botany of Cannabis. In: The botany and chemistry of Cannabis, C.R.B.Joyce and S.H. Curry, Editors, 1970, J & A Churchill, London, pp.11-38. ISBN: 0700014799.
  • Referans10 Abel, E., The First 12,000 Years Marijuana, 1980. Plenum Press. New York. ISBN 978-1-4899-2189-5.
  • Referans11 Pounds, NJG., An historical geography of Europe, 1979. Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 9780511572265.
  • Referans12 Conrad, C., Hemp, lifeline to the future, 1993. Creative Xpressions Publishing, Los Angeles, California. ISBN-10: 0963975404.
  • Referans13 Herer, J., Hemp & the marijuana conspiracy: The emperor wears no clothes, 1992. Van Nuys: Hemp Publications, California.
  • Referans14 Mathieu, JP,. Chanvre, Techniques Agricoles, 1980.5: 1-10.
  • Referans15 FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of Hemp Cultivation and Production Statistical Data, FAOSTAT, 2019. Available from: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC [Accessed 21 Mart 2020].
  • Referans16 TÜİK, Bitkisel Üretim İstatistikleri, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, 2020. Available from: https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr [Accessed: 21 Mayıs 2020].
  • Referans17 Stearn, WT., The Cannabis Plant: Botanical Characteristics, in The botany and chemistry of Cannabis. C.R.B. Joyce and S.H. Curry, Editors, 1970.J & A Churchill, London, pp.1-10. ISBN: 0700014799.
  • Referans18 Heslop-Harrison, J. and Y.Heslop-Harrison, Studies on flowering-plant growth and organogenesis III. Leaf shape changes associated with flowering and sex differentiation in Cannabis sativa. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy,1958. 59: 257-283.
  • Referans19 Clarke, RC., Marijuana Botany, 1980. Berkeley: Ronin Publishing, California.
  • Referans20 Hoffmann, W.,Hanf, Cannabis sativa, 1957. Handbuch der Pflanzenzüchtung, 5: 204-263.
  • Referans21 Neijat, M, et al., Hempseed products fed to hens effectively ıncreased n‑3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in total lipids, triacylglycerol and phospholipid of egg yolk. Lipids, 2016. 51:601–614.
  • Referans22 Karakaş, Ş., Sanayi kenevir yağının elde edilmesi ve besleyici özellikleri, 2018. Available from:https://arastirma.tarimorman.gov.tr/ktae/Belgeler/End%C3%BCstriyel%20Kenevir%20Ger%C3%A7e%C4%9Fi%20Paneli%20Sunular%C4%B1/ekg_7.pdf. [Accessed: 10 Ekim 2019].
  • Referans23 Atakan, Z., Cannabis, a complex plant: Different compounds and different effects on individuals, The Advanced Psychopharmacol,2012. 2(6): 241–254.
  • Referans24 Holoborodko, P., et al., Results of efforts by french and Ukrainian breeders to reduce cannabinoid levels in industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), 2014. Available from: www.interchanvre.com/docs/article-Laiko.pdf. [Accessed 13 October 2019].
  • Referans25 Sawler, J., et al., The genetic structure of marijuana and hemp, Plos One,2015. 10:8.
  • Referans26 Aksoy, D., S. Aytaç ve R. Paslı, Endüstriyel kenevir gerçeği, in 2.Uluslararası 19 Mayıs Yenilikçi Bilimsel Yaklaşımlar Kongresi, M. Abdullayev, Editor, 2019.Samsun, Türkiye, 27-29 Aralık 2019, İktisadi Kalkınma ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Enstitüsü, pp.850-858.
  • Referans27 ORAN, Orta Anadolu Kalkınma Ajansı, Kenevir Yetiştiriciliği, 2019. Available from: http://www.oran.org.tr/images/dosyalar/20190318134910_0.pdf.[Accessed 08 Kasım 2019].
  • Referans28 İncekara, F., Endüstri Bitkileri ve Islahı: Keyif Bitkileri ve Islahı, 1964.Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi, İzmir.
  • Referans29 Monteith, J.L., Climate and efficiency of crop production in Britain, 1997. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 281: 277-294.
  • Referans30 Cosentino, S.L., et al., Sowing Time and prediction of flowering of different hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) genotypes in Southern Europe, Industrial Crops and Products,2012. 37: 20-33.
  • Referans31 García-Tejero, I.F., et al., Impact of plant density and ırrigation on yield of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in a Mediterranean semi-arid environment, Journal of Agriculture Science Technology,2014. 16: 887-895.
  • Referans32 Van der Werf H.M.G. and W. Van den Berg, Nitrogen fertilization and sex expression affect size variability of fibre hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Oecologia, 1995. 103: 462–470.
  • Referans33 Amaducci, S., et al., Influence of agronomic factors on yield and quality of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) fibre and ımplication for an ınnovative production system. Field Crop Research, 2008. 107: 161-169.
  • Referans34 Megep, Tarım Teknolojileri: Lif Bitkileri Yetiştiriciliği Modülü,2012. Ankara. Available from:http://www.megep.meb.gov.tr/mte_program_modul/moduller_pdf/Lif%20Bitkileri%20Yeti%C5%9Ftiricili%C4%9Fi.pdf. [Accessed 12 November 2019].
  • Referans35 Schumacher, A.G.D., S. Pequito and J. Pazour, Industrial hemp fiber: A sustainable and economical alternative to cotton. Journal of Cleaner Production,2020. 268. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122180.
  • Referans36 Ebskamp, M.J.M., Engineering flax and hemp for an alternative to cotton. Trends in Biotechnology,2002. 20 (6): 229-230.
  • Referans37 Gedik, G., O.O Avinç ve A. Yavaş, Kenevir lifinin özellikleri ve tekstil endüstrisinde kullanımıyla sağladığı avantajlar. Tekstil Teknolojisi ve Elektronik Dergisi,2010. 4 (3): 39-48.
  • Referans38 Şahinbaşkan, YB., Kenevir Dokuma Kumaşa Enzimatik Ön İşlemlerin Etkisi. International Journal of Advanced Engineer Pure Science, 2019. 3: 208-213.
  • Referans39 Vantreese, V.L., Hemp support: evolution in EU regulation. Journal of International Hemp Association, 2002. 7 (12): 1-23.
  • Referans40 Santos, P.A., et al., Natural fibers plastic composites in automotive applications, 2008. SPE Automotive Composites Conference & Exhibition, Troy, MI, USA.
  • Referans41 Spoljaric, S., A. Genovese and RA. Shanks, Polypropylene-microcrystalline cellulose composites with enhanced compatibility and properties. Composite Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2009. 40: 791-799.
  • Referans42 Kymäläinen, H.R. and A.M. Sjöberg, Flax and hemp fibres as raw materials for thermal insulations. Building and Environment, 2008. 43: 1261–1269.
  • Referans43 Faruk, O., Cars from jute and other bio-fibers. Macromolecular Materials and Engineer, 2009.291: 449–457.
  • Referans44 Çavdar, D.A. ve S. Boran, Doğal Liflerin Otomotiv Sanayinde Kullanımı. Kastamonu Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 2016. 16 (1): 253-263.
  • Referans45 Heitzmann, L.F, et al., Aplicaçã de materiais de fontes renová veis na indú stria automobilí. Daimler Chrysler of Brazil, 2001. SIMEA -Simpó sio De Engenharia Automotiva, Sã Paulo. Referans46 Ashori, A., Wood-plastic composites as promising green-composites for automotive industries. Bioresource Technology, 2008. 99: 4661- 4667.
  • Referans47 Hill, K., B. Swiecki, and J. Cregger, The bio-based materials automotive value chain, 2012. 20585: Center for Automotive Research, Washington, DC.
  • Referans48 Biron, M., The plastics industry: economic overview, in Thermosets and composites, M. Biron, Editor, 2014. William Andrew Press, Oxford.pp. 25–104. ISBN:1856174115.
  • Referans49 Sekizinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı, Basım Sanayii Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu, 2000. Available from: http://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/08_BasimSanayii.pdf. [Accessed: 21 Kasım 2019].
  • Referans50 Vogl, C.R., et al., Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) as a resource for green cosmetics.Journal of Industrial Hemp,2004. 9 (1): 51-68 DOI: 10.1300/J237v09n01_06.
  • Referans51 Jones, K., Nutritional and medicinal guide to hemp seed, 1995. Rainforest Botanical Laboratory, Gibsons, BC, Canada.
  • Referans52 Anstey, A., M. Quigley and J.D. Wilkinson, Topical evening primrose oil as treatment for atrophic eczema, Journal of Dermatological Treatment, , 1990. 1: 199-221.
  • Referans53 Fiocchi, A., et al., The efficiency and safety of gamma-linolenic acid in the treatment of infantile atopic dermatitis. Journal of International Medicine Research,1994. 22: 24-32.
  • Referans54 Pate, D.W., Hemp Seed: A valuable food source, in: Advances in Hemp Research. Food Products Press New York, P. Ranalli, Editor, 1999. pp. 243-255. ISBN:1560228725.
  • Referans55 U.S National Institutes of Health, 2019. Available from: https://nccih.nih.gov/health/marijuana. [Accessed 03 October 2019].
  • Referans56 Herb, Introducing Alcohol-Free, Cannabis-Infused Wine for the World’s Classiest High, 2019. Availeble from: https://herb.co/read/[Accessed5 October.2019].
  • Referans57 Maxwell, B.A., Effects of herbicides on ındustrial hemp (cannabis sativa) phytotoxicity, biomass, and seed yield, 2016.Msc Thesis, Department of Agriculture, Western Kentucky University, Kentucky, USA.
  • Referans58 Gakhar, N., et al., Effect of feeding hemp seed and hemp seed oil on laying hen performance and egg yolk fatty acid content: Evidence of their safety and efficacy for laying hen diets. Poultry Science,2012. 91: 701–711.
  • Referans59 Carus, M., et al., The European Hemp Industry: Cultivation, processing and applications for fibres, shivs and seeds, European Industrial Hemp Association (EIHA) Report, 2012.
  • Referans60 Moxley, G., Z. Zhu and Y.P. Zhang, Efficient sugar release by the cellulose solvent-based lignocellulose fractionation technology and enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis. Journal. Agriculture Food Chemistry,2008. 56: 7885–7890.
  • Referans61 Biewinga E.E. and G. van der Bijl, Sustainability of energy crops in Europe: A Methodology Developed and Applied No. 234,1996. Centre for Agriculture and Environment: Utrecht, The Netherlands.
  • Referans62 Kuglarz, M., et al., Integrated production of cellulosic bioethanol and succinic acid from industrial hemp in a biorefinery concept. Bioresource Technology, 2016. 200: 639–647.
Toplam 61 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Bitki Bilimi
Bölüm Derleme Makaleler
Yazarlar

Merve Göre 0000-0001-9350-5910

Orhan Kurt 0000-0002-5662-9372

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Nisan 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

EndNote Göre M, Kurt O (01 Nisan 2021) Bitkisel Üretimde Yeni Bir Trend: Kenevir. International Journal of Life Sciences and Biotechnology 4 1 138–157.

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