Advancements in 3D in vitro Cell Culture Systems: Enhancing Drug Pharmacokinetics and Toxicity Assessment in Pharmaceutical Development
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 58 - 73, 15.04.2025
Kübranur Bayraktaroğlu
,
Enes Bal
,
Özge Rencuzoğulları
Öz
The development and screening of pharmaceuticals encounter significant predictive inaccuracies when transitioning from animal models to human trials, primarily due to interspecies differences in drug metabolism and effects. Traditional 2D and animal models, although fundamental in early drug development stages, often do not accurately reflect human physiological responses, leading to high attrition rates in clinical phases. This review highlights the emerging role of three dimensional (3D) in vitro models, including organoids and tissue chips, as more predictive and ethically favorable alternatives. These models mimic human physiological and pathophysiological conditions more closely, providing an enhanced platform for drug pharmacokinetics and toxicity assessment. Although there are some disadvantages, innovations in scaffold-based and scaffold-free 3D cultures, bioprinting techniques, and organ-on-chip technologies not only address the limitations of traditional models but also offer profound insights into complex tissue dynamics and drug behaviors. This paper discusses the significant advances in 3D in vitro technologies that promise to refine predictive accuracy, reduce reliance on animal testing, and streamline the pharmaceutical development pipeline.
Etik Beyan
No ethical statement was required.
Destekleyen Kurum
İstanbul Kültür Üniversitesi
Teşekkür
We would like to thank the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Kültür University.
Kaynakça
- Keuper-Navis, M., et al., The application of organ-on-chip models for the prediction of human pharmacokinetic profiles during drug development. Pharmacological Research, 2023. 195.
- Arrowsmith, J. and P. Miller, Phase II and Phase III attrition rates 2011–2012. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 2013. 12(8): p. 569.
- Seyhan, A. A., Lost in translation: the valley of death across preclinical and clinical divide – identification of problems and overcoming obstacles. Translational Medicine Communications, 2019. 4(1): pp. 1-19.
- Naik, N. N., et al., Advances in Animal Models and Cutting-Edge Research in Alternatives: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on 3Rs Research and Progress, Vishakhapatnam, 2022. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, 2023. 51(4): pp. 263-288.
- Spiehler, V. and B. S. Levine, Pharmacokinetics. Principles of Forensic Toxicology: Fifth Edition, 2023. pp. 91-100.
- Doogue, M. P. and T. M. Polasek, The ABCD of clinical pharmacokinetics. Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety, 2013. 4(1): p. 5-7.
- Allen, D. D., et al., Cell Lines as In Vitro Models for Drug Screening and Toxicity Studies. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2005. 31(8): pp. 757–768.
- Lu, T., et al., Xenotransplantation: Current Status in Preclinical Research, Frontiers in Immunology, 2020. 10
- Zhou, Z., et al., Harnessing 3D in vitro systems to model immune responses to solid tumours: a step towards improving and creating personalized immunotherapies. Nature Reviews Immunology 2023. 24: p. 18-32.
- Molander, D., Y. Sbirkov, and V. Sarafian, 3D Bioprinting as an Emerging Standard for Cancer Modeling and Drug Testing. Folia Medica, 2022. 64(4): pp. 559-565.
3B in vitro Hücre Kültürü Sistemlerinde Gelişmeler: Farmasötik Geliştirmede İlaç Farmakokinetiğinin ve Toksisite Değerlendirmesinin Geliştirilmesi
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 58 - 73, 15.04.2025
Kübranur Bayraktaroğlu
,
Enes Bal
,
Özge Rencuzoğulları
Öz
Farmasötiklerin geliştirilmesi ve taranması, hayvan modellerinden insan denemelerine geçiş sırasında, öncelikle ilaç metabolizması ve etkilerindeki türler arası farklılıklar nedeniyle, önemli tahmin hataları ile karşılaşmaktadır. Geleneksel 2D ve hayvan modelleri, erken ilaç geliştirme aşamalarında temel olmasına rağmen çoğu zaman insanın fizyolojik tepkilerini doğru şekilde yansıtmaz ve bu da klinik aşamalarda yüksek hata paylarına yol açar. Bu çalışmada, organoidler ve doku çipleri de dahil olmak üzere üç boyutlu (3D) in vitro modellerin daha öngörücü ve etik açıdan uygun alternatifler olarak ortaya çıkan rolünü vurgulamaktadır. Bu modeller insan fizyolojik ve patofizyolojik koşullarını daha yakından taklit ederek ilaç farmakokinetiği ve toksisite değerlendirmesi için gelişmiş bir platform sağlar. Bazı dezavantajlar olmasına rağmen, iskele tabanlı ve iskelesiz 3 boyutlu kültürler, biyobaskı teknikleri ve çip üzerinde organ teknolojilerindeki yenilikler, yalnızca geleneksel modellerin sınırlamalarına değinmekle kalmıyor, aynı zamanda karmaşık doku dinamikleri ve ilaç davranışlarına ilişkin derin bilgiler de sunuyor. Bu makale, öngörücü doğruluğu iyileştirmeyi, hayvan testlerine olan bağımlılığı azaltmayı ve farmasötik geliştirme hattını kolaylaştırmayı vaat eden 3D in vitro teknolojilerdeki önemli ilerlemeleri tartışmaktadır.
Kaynakça
- Keuper-Navis, M., et al., The application of organ-on-chip models for the prediction of human pharmacokinetic profiles during drug development. Pharmacological Research, 2023. 195.
- Arrowsmith, J. and P. Miller, Phase II and Phase III attrition rates 2011–2012. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 2013. 12(8): p. 569.
- Seyhan, A. A., Lost in translation: the valley of death across preclinical and clinical divide – identification of problems and overcoming obstacles. Translational Medicine Communications, 2019. 4(1): pp. 1-19.
- Naik, N. N., et al., Advances in Animal Models and Cutting-Edge Research in Alternatives: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on 3Rs Research and Progress, Vishakhapatnam, 2022. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, 2023. 51(4): pp. 263-288.
- Spiehler, V. and B. S. Levine, Pharmacokinetics. Principles of Forensic Toxicology: Fifth Edition, 2023. pp. 91-100.
- Doogue, M. P. and T. M. Polasek, The ABCD of clinical pharmacokinetics. Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety, 2013. 4(1): p. 5-7.
- Allen, D. D., et al., Cell Lines as In Vitro Models for Drug Screening and Toxicity Studies. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2005. 31(8): pp. 757–768.
- Lu, T., et al., Xenotransplantation: Current Status in Preclinical Research, Frontiers in Immunology, 2020. 10
- Zhou, Z., et al., Harnessing 3D in vitro systems to model immune responses to solid tumours: a step towards improving and creating personalized immunotherapies. Nature Reviews Immunology 2023. 24: p. 18-32.
- Molander, D., Y. Sbirkov, and V. Sarafian, 3D Bioprinting as an Emerging Standard for Cancer Modeling and Drug Testing. Folia Medica, 2022. 64(4): pp. 559-565.