Music Students' Use of Mobile Applications for Learning Purposes
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 299 - 325, 31.12.2021
Erkan Demirtaş
,
Sadık Özçelik
Öz
This paper analyzes the use of mobile applications for learning purposes by music education department students. The survey design was used as the research method. The Mobile Application Usage in Music Learning scale developed by the researcher was used as a data collection tool. After the validity and reliability studies were carried out, the scale was applied to 505 music education students from 5 universities. As a result of the research: It was found that the mobile application usage levels of the music education students were moderate, mobile application usage levels changed according to gender but did not change according to grade level, musical instrument type, and operating system used. At the end of the research, suggestions were made about the participant groups, the use of the scale, and mobile applications.
Kaynakça
- Ardies, J., De Maeyer, S., Gijbels, D., & van Keulen, H. (2015). Students attitudes towards technology. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 25(1), 43–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-014-9268-x
- Ayhan, A., & Ertekin, B. (2017). Notasyon videoları yoluyla solfej eğitimi çalışmaları üzerine bir değerlendirme: Muzikolaj örneği [An evaluation on solfeggio training studies through notation videos: An example of musicolage]. In A. Bakla, H. Demiröz, &
- A. Çekiç (Eds.), Uluslararası Eğitim Teknolojileri Sempozyumu (pp. 25–38). Cumhuriyet University.
- Bannerman, J. K., & O’Leary, E. J. (2020). Digital natives unplugged: Challenging assumptions of preservice music educators’ technological skills. Journal of Music Teacher Education, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/1057083720951462
- Bauer, W., & Dammers, R. (2016). Technology in music teacher education: A national survey. Research Perspectives in Music Education, 18(1), 2–15. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/fmea/rpme/2016/00000018/00000001/art00001
- Bayyurt, Y., Erçetin, G., & Karataş, N. B. (2014). The stages in mobile-assisted language learning material development. In M. Kalz, Y. Bayyurt, & M. Specht (Eds.), Mobile as Mainstream – Towards Future Challenges in Mobile Learning (pp. 339–351). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13416-1
- Birch, H. J. S. (2017). Potential of SoundCloud for mobile learning in music education: A pilot study. International Journal of Mobile Learning and Organisation, 11(1), 30–40. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMLO.2017.080895
- Borba, M. C., Askar, P., Engelbrecht, J., Gadanidis, G., Llinares, S., & Aguilar, M. S. (2016). Blended learning, e-learning and mobile learning in mathematics education. ZDM - Mathematics Education, 48(5), 589–610. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-016-0798-4
- Bryman, A., & Cramer, D. (2005). Quantitative data analysis with SPSS 12 and 13. Routledge.
- Burden, K., & Kearney, M. (2016). Conceptualising authentic mobile learning. In D. Churchill, J. Lu, T. K. F. Chiu, & B. Fox (Eds.), Mobile Learning Design Theories and Application (pp. 27–43). Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0027-0_2
- Burton, S. L., & Pearsall, A. (2016). Music-based iPad app preferences of young children. Research Studies in Music Education, 38(1), 75–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/1321103X16642630
- Büyüköztürk, Ş.; Çakmak, E. K.; Akgün, Ö. E.; Karadeniz, S.; Demirel, F. (2016). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri [Scientific research methods]. Pegem Akademi.
- Can, A. (2016). Spss ile bilimsel araştırma sürecinde nicel veri analizi [Quantitative data analysis in the scientific research process with SPSS]. Pegem Akademi.
- Çelik, A. (2013). M-öğrenme tutum ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik analizleri. [M-learning attitude scale: Validity and reliability analyzes]. Journal of Research in Education and Teaching, 2(4), 2146–9199.
- Chen, C. W. J. (2015). Mobile learning: Using application Auralbook to learn aural skills. International Journal of Music Education, 33(2), 244–259. https://doi.org/10.1177/0255761414533308
- Chmielarz, W. (2020). The usage of smartphone and mobile applications from the point of view of customers in Poland. Information, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/INFO11040220
- Chong, E. K. M. (2019). Teaching and learning music theory in the age of AI and mobile technologies. International Journal for Digital Society, 10(3), 1505–1509. https://doi.org/10.20533/ijds.2040.2570.2019.0186
- Chou, C. C., Block, L., & Jesness, R. (2012). A case study of mobile learning pilot project in K-12 schools. Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.18785/jetde.0502.02
- Cook, J., & Santos, P. (2016). Three phases of mobile learning state of the art and case of mobile help seeking tool for the health care sector. In D. Churchill, J. Lu, T. K. F. Chiu, & B. Fox (Eds.), Mobile Learning Design Theories and Application (pp. 315–335). Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0027-0_17
- Crawford, S., & Fitzpatrick, P. (2015). Use of mobile digital technology and iPod touches in physical education. In Y. A. Zhang (Ed.), Handbook of Mobile Teaching and Learning (pp. 499–509). Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54146-9_7
- Crompton, H. (2016). The theory of context-aware ubiquitous learning and the affordances of this approach for geometry learners. In D. Churchill, J. Lu, T. K. F. Chiu, & B. Fox (Eds.), Mobile Learning Design Theories and Application (pp. 303–315). Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0027-0_18
- Debevc, M., Weiss, J., Šorgo, A., & Kožuh, I. (2020). Solfeggio learning and the influence of a mobile application based on visual, auditory and tactile modalities. British Journal of Educational Technology, 51(1), 177–193. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12792
- Demirtaş, E. (2019). Bireysel çalgı dersi için ters yüz sınıf modeline uygun mobil uygulama önerisi [Mobile application proposal suitable for the flipped classroom model for individual instrument lessons]. In H. Yücel & S. Türkel Oter (Eds.), Müzik Kültürüne Dair Çeşitli Görüşler III (pp. 247–258). Eğitim Yayınevi.
- Doherty, B. (2018). The role of content, pedagogical, and technological knowledge in explaining music teacher self-efficacy. (Doctoral dissertation). https://search.proquest.com/pqdtglobal/docview/2219196002/3D20C04A288C438CPQ/8?accountid=11054
- Dyson, L. E. (2014). A vodcast project in the workplace: Understanding students’ learning processes outside the classroom. In M. Kalz, Y. Bayyurt, & M. Specht (Eds.), Mobile as Mainstream – Towards Future Challenges in Mobile Learning (pp. 258–272). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13416-1
- Ekici, M. (2018). Mobil teknoloji tabanlı öğrenme uygulamalarının bilimsel düşünme süreci üzerine etkisinin incelenmesi [Investigation of the effect of mobile technology-based learning applications on scientific thinking process] (Doctoral dissertation). https://tez.yok.gov.tr
- Fahlman, D. (2014). Nurses’ work-based mobile learning. In M. Kalz, Y. Bayyurt, & M. Specht (Eds.), Mobile as Mainstream – Towards Future Challenges in Mobile Learning (pp. 300–304). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13416-1
- Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (5th ed.). Sage Publications.
- Fulcher, L. J. (2017). Use of web-based tools in musical communities from three perspectives. (Doctoral dissertation). https://search.proquest.com/pqdtglobal/docview/1986284432/58A13A52E6314FA9PQ/13?accountid=11054
- Gaines, J. M. (2018). Music technology and the conservatory curriculum. (Doctoral dissertation). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7916/d8j11kpq
- Galanek, J. D., Gierdowski, D. C., & Brooks, D. C. (2018). Educause Center For Analysis And Research ECAR Study of Undergraduate Students and Information Technology , 2018. https://library.educause.edu/resources/2018/10/2018-students-and-technology-research-study
- George, D., & Mallery, P. (2019). IBM SPSS statistics 25 step by step a: A simple guide and reference. Routledge.
- Gilbert, A. D. (2015). An exploration of the use of and the attitudes toward technology in first-year instrumental music. (Doctoral dissertation). https://search.proquest.com/pqdtglobal/docview/1678954526/5BA29D50161E4EE0PQ/17?accountid=11054
- Gorgoretti, B. (2019). The use of technology in music education in North Cyprus according to student music teachers. South African Journal of Education, 39(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v39n1a1436
- Gu, N. (2016). Implementing a mobile app as a personal learning environment for workplace learners. In D. Churchill, J. Lu, T. K. F. Chiu, & B. Fox (Eds.), Mobile Learning Design Theories and Application (pp. 285–303). Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0027-0_17
- Haning, M. (2015). Are they ready to teach with technology? An investigation of technology instruction in music teacher education programs. Journal of Music Teacher Education, 25(3), 78–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/1057083715577696
- Hendrickson, A. E., & White, P. O. (1964). Promax: A quick method for rotation to oblique simple structure. British Journal of Statistical Psychology, 17(1), 65–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8317.1964.tb00244.x
- Herrington, A., & Herrington, J. (2007). Authentic mobile learning in higher education. In International Educational Research Conference. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICNICONSMCL.2006.103
- Hilao, M. P., & Wichadee, S. (2017). Gender differences in mobile phone usage for language learning, attitude, and performance. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 18(2), 68–79. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.306558
- Huseynov, F. (2020). Mobile application usage analysis of Android users in Turkey. In Euroasia Summit Congress on Scientific Researches and Recent Trends-6. Baku. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342260679_MOBILE_APPLICATION_USAGE_ANALYSIS_of_ANDROID_USERS_in_TURKEY
- Hwang, K. H., Chan-Olmsted, S. M., Nam, S. H., & Chang, B. H. (2016). Factors affecting mobile application usage: Exploring the roles of gender, age, and application types from behaviour log data. International Journal of Mobile Communications, 14(3), 256–272. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMC.2016.076285
- Ilic, P. (2014). The relationship between students, mobile phones and their homework. In M. Kalz, Y. Bayyurt, & M. Specht (Eds.), Mobile as Mainstream – Towards Future Challenges in Mobile Learning (pp. 146–156). Springer.
- Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291575
- Kamiyama, T., Hisazumi, K., Inamura, H., Konishi, T., Ohta, K., & Fukuda, A. (2016). Smartphone usage analysis based on actual-use survey. In MobiCASE 2016 - 8th EAI International Conference on Mobile Computing, Applications and Services. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.30-11-2016.2267052
- Kelekçi Olgun, M. (2018). Okul öncesi sanat eğitimi için geliştirilen grafik aplikasyon öğrenme modeli [Graphic application learning model developed for pre-school art education] (Doctoral dissertation). https://tez.yok.gov.tr
- Kell, T., & Wanderley, M. M. (2014). A high-level review of mappings in musical iOS applications. In Proceedings - 40th International Computer Music Conference, ICMC 2014 (pp. 565–572). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/298981497_A_High-Level_Review_of_Mappings_in_Musical_iOS_Applications/citations
- Kell, T., Wanderley, M. M., & Kit, D. (2013). A Quantitative Review of Mappings in Musical iOS Applications. Proceedings of the Sound and Music Computing Conference, 473–480. https://www-archive.idmil.org/_media/publications/2013/kell_2013_smc.pdf
- Khoo, K. Y. (2016). Enacting app-based learning activities with viewing and representing skills in preschool mathematics lessons. In D. Churchill, J. Lu, T. K. F. Chiu, & B. Fox (Eds.), Mobile Learning Design Theories and Application (pp. 351–373). Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0027-0_21
- Khoury, S. (2017). Improvise: Research-creation of a framework and software prototype for creative music learning with technology. (Doctoral dissertation). https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/1j92g990s
- Kim, Y., Briley, D. A., & Ocepek, M. G. (2015). Differential innovation of smartphone and application use by sociodemographics and personality. Computers in Human Behavior, 44, 141–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.059
- Kline, P. (1994). An easy guide to factor analysis. Routledge.
- Lehimler, E. (2019). The evaluation of music teacher candidates’ awareness of music applications and software, their frequency of use and purpose of use. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 7(10), 99–107. https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v7i10.4381
- Liaw, S., & Huang, H. (2011). A study of investigating learners attitudes toward e-learning. In The Fifth International Conference on Distance Learning and Education (Vol. 12, pp. 28–32). http://www.ipcsit.com/vol12/6-ICDLE2011E0014.pdf
- Likert, R. (1932). A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of Psychology, 22, 5–55.
- McQuiggan, S., Kosturko, L., McQuiggan, J., & Sabourin, J. (2015). Mobile learning, a handbook for developers, educators, and learners. Wiley.
- Melo, X., & Çomo, A. (2016). Mobile learning: a case study in physical chemistry laboratory. European Journal of Education Studies, 1(3), 49–59. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.55078
- Milis, K., Wessa, P., Poelmans, S., Doom, C., & Bloemen, E. (2008). The impact of gender on the acceptance of virtual learning environments. In Proceedings of the International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation, International Association of Technology, Education and Development. http://www.wessa.net/download/iceripaper2.pdf
- Morgan, G., Leech, N., Gloeckner, G., & Barrett, K. (2011). IBM SPSS for introductory statistics: Use and interpretation. Routledge.
- Ng, S. C., Lui, A. K. F., & Kwok, A. C. H. (2015). Easy-to-learn piano: A mobile application for learning basic music theory and piano skill. In J. Lam, K. Ng, S. Cheung, T. Wong, K. Li, & F.
- Wang (Eds.), Technology in Education Technology-Mediated Proactive Learning (Vol. 559, pp. 133–142). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48978-9
- Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). McGRAW-HILL.
- Okazaki, S., & Santos, L. M. R. (2012). Understanding e-learning adoption in Brazil: Major determinants and gender effects. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 13(4), 91–106. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v13i4.1266
- Özdamar Keskin, N. (2011). Akademisyenler için mobil öğrenme sisteminin geliştirilmesi ve sınanması [Development and testing of a mobile learning system for academics] (Doctoral dissertation). https://tez.yok.gov.tr
- Pachler, N., Cook, J., & Bachmair, B. (2010). Appropriation of mobile cultural resources for learning. International Journal of Mobile and Blended Learning, 2(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.4018/jmbl.2010010101
- Palazón, J., & Giráldez, A. (2018). QR codes for instrumental performance in the music classroom. International Journal of Music Education, 36(3), 447–459. https://doi.org/10.1177/0255761418771992
- Parasız, G. (2018). The use of music technologies in field education courses and daily lives of music education department students (sample of Atatürk university). Universal Journal of Educational Research, 6(5), 1005–1014. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2018.060521
- Parsons, D. (2017). Mobile learning policy formulation and enactment in New Zealand. In A. Murphy, H. Farley, L. E. Dyson, & H. Jones (Eds.), Mobile Learning in Higher Education in the Asia-Pacific Region (pp. 423–443). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4944-6_21
- Pegrum, M. (2019). Mobile lenses on learning. Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1240-7
- Pimmer, C., & Pachler, N. (2014). Mobile learning in the workplace: unlocking the value of mobile technology for work-based education. In M. Ally & A. Tsinakos (Eds.), Increasing Access through Mobile Learning (pp. 193–205). Commonwealth of Learning and Athabasca University.
- Prieto, J. C. S., Migueláñez, S. O., & García-Peñalvo, F. J. (2016). Behavioral intention of use of mobile technologies among pre-service teachers: Implementation of a technology adoption model based on TAM with the constructs of compatibility and resistance to change. In 2015 International
- Pryss, R., Schlee, W., Hoppenstedt, B., Reichert, M., Spiliopoulou, M., Langguth, B., Probst, T. (2020). Applying machine learning to daily-life data from the trackyourtinnitus mobile health crowdsensing platform to predict the mobile operating system used with high accuracy: Longitudinal observational study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(6), e15547. https://doi.org/10.2196/15547
- Raman, A., Don, Y., Khalid, R., & Rizuan, M. (2014). Usage of learning management system (Moodle) among postgraduate students: UTAUT model. Asian Social Science, 10(14), 186–192. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v10n14p186
- Salentiny, A. (2012). Analysis of preservice teacher and instructor technology uses and beliefs. (Doctoral dissertation). https://commons.und.edu/theses/1268/
- Shah, H. (2020). App usage statistics 2020. https://www.simform.com/the-state-of-mobile-app-usage/
- Song, D., & Kim, P. (2015). Inquiry-based mobilized math classroom with Stanford mobile inquiry-based learning environment (SMILE). In H. Crompton & J. Traxler (Eds.), Mobile Learning and Mathematics (pp. 33–47). Routledge.
- Steel, C. H. (2017). Enabling effective mobile language learning: Students’ perspectives, wants and needs. In A. Murphy, H. Farley, L. E. Dyson, & H. Jones (Eds.), Mobile Learning in Higher Education in the Asia-Pacific Region (pp. 523–541). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4944-6_25
- Tavşancıl, E. (2014). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi [Measuring attitudes and data analysis with SPSS]. Nobel Akademik.
- Traxler, J. (2010). Students and mobile devices. ALT-J: Research in Learning Technology, 18(2), 149–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687769.2010.492847
- Unesco. (2015). Rethinking education towards a global common good ? Unesco. https://unevoc.unesco.org/e-forum/RethinkingEducation.pdf
- Upitis, R., Abrami, P. C., & Boese, K. (2016). The use of digital tools by independent music teachers. In I. A. Sanchez & P. Isaias (Eds.), 12th International Conference on Mobile Learning 2016 (pp. 108–112). Vilamoura: International Association for Development of the Information Society. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED571442.pdf
- van der Kaay, C. D., & Young, W. H. (2012). Age-related differences in technology usage among community college faculty. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 36(8), 570–579. https://doi.org/10.1080/10668920903054865
- Ventura, M. D. (2017). Creating inspiring learning environments by means of digital technologies: A case study of the effectiveness of WhatsApp in music education. In G. Vincenti, A.
- Bucciero, M. Helfert, & M. Glowatz (Eds.), E-Learning, E-Education, and Online Training. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering (Vol. 180, pp. 36–45). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49625-2_5
- Wai, I. S. H., Ng, S. S. Y., Chiu, D. K. W., Ho, K. K. W., & Lo, P. (2018). Exploring undergraduate students’ usage pattern of mobile apps for education. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 50(1), 34–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961000616662699
- Webster, P. R., & Williams, D. B. (2018). Technology’s role for achieving creativity, diversity and integration in the American undergraduate music curriculum: Some theoretical, historical and practical perspectives. Journal of Music, Technology and Education, 11(1), 5–36. https://doi.org/10.1386/jmte.11.1.5_1
- Wong, G. K. W. (2016). A new wave of innovation using mobile learning analytics for flipped classroom. In D. Churchill, J. Lu, T.
- K. F. Chiu, & B. Fox (Eds.), Mobile Learning Design Theories and Application (pp. 189–218). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0027-0_12
- YÖK. (2020). Yükseköğretim Kurulu [The Council of Higher Education]. https://istatistik.yok.gov.tr
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 299 - 325, 31.12.2021
Erkan Demirtaş
,
Sadık Özçelik
Kaynakça
- Ardies, J., De Maeyer, S., Gijbels, D., & van Keulen, H. (2015). Students attitudes towards technology. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 25(1), 43–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-014-9268-x
- Ayhan, A., & Ertekin, B. (2017). Notasyon videoları yoluyla solfej eğitimi çalışmaları üzerine bir değerlendirme: Muzikolaj örneği [An evaluation on solfeggio training studies through notation videos: An example of musicolage]. In A. Bakla, H. Demiröz, &
- A. Çekiç (Eds.), Uluslararası Eğitim Teknolojileri Sempozyumu (pp. 25–38). Cumhuriyet University.
- Bannerman, J. K., & O’Leary, E. J. (2020). Digital natives unplugged: Challenging assumptions of preservice music educators’ technological skills. Journal of Music Teacher Education, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/1057083720951462
- Bauer, W., & Dammers, R. (2016). Technology in music teacher education: A national survey. Research Perspectives in Music Education, 18(1), 2–15. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/fmea/rpme/2016/00000018/00000001/art00001
- Bayyurt, Y., Erçetin, G., & Karataş, N. B. (2014). The stages in mobile-assisted language learning material development. In M. Kalz, Y. Bayyurt, & M. Specht (Eds.), Mobile as Mainstream – Towards Future Challenges in Mobile Learning (pp. 339–351). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13416-1
- Birch, H. J. S. (2017). Potential of SoundCloud for mobile learning in music education: A pilot study. International Journal of Mobile Learning and Organisation, 11(1), 30–40. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMLO.2017.080895
- Borba, M. C., Askar, P., Engelbrecht, J., Gadanidis, G., Llinares, S., & Aguilar, M. S. (2016). Blended learning, e-learning and mobile learning in mathematics education. ZDM - Mathematics Education, 48(5), 589–610. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-016-0798-4
- Bryman, A., & Cramer, D. (2005). Quantitative data analysis with SPSS 12 and 13. Routledge.
- Burden, K., & Kearney, M. (2016). Conceptualising authentic mobile learning. In D. Churchill, J. Lu, T. K. F. Chiu, & B. Fox (Eds.), Mobile Learning Design Theories and Application (pp. 27–43). Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0027-0_2
- Burton, S. L., & Pearsall, A. (2016). Music-based iPad app preferences of young children. Research Studies in Music Education, 38(1), 75–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/1321103X16642630
- Büyüköztürk, Ş.; Çakmak, E. K.; Akgün, Ö. E.; Karadeniz, S.; Demirel, F. (2016). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri [Scientific research methods]. Pegem Akademi.
- Can, A. (2016). Spss ile bilimsel araştırma sürecinde nicel veri analizi [Quantitative data analysis in the scientific research process with SPSS]. Pegem Akademi.
- Çelik, A. (2013). M-öğrenme tutum ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik analizleri. [M-learning attitude scale: Validity and reliability analyzes]. Journal of Research in Education and Teaching, 2(4), 2146–9199.
- Chen, C. W. J. (2015). Mobile learning: Using application Auralbook to learn aural skills. International Journal of Music Education, 33(2), 244–259. https://doi.org/10.1177/0255761414533308
- Chmielarz, W. (2020). The usage of smartphone and mobile applications from the point of view of customers in Poland. Information, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/INFO11040220
- Chong, E. K. M. (2019). Teaching and learning music theory in the age of AI and mobile technologies. International Journal for Digital Society, 10(3), 1505–1509. https://doi.org/10.20533/ijds.2040.2570.2019.0186
- Chou, C. C., Block, L., & Jesness, R. (2012). A case study of mobile learning pilot project in K-12 schools. Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.18785/jetde.0502.02
- Cook, J., & Santos, P. (2016). Three phases of mobile learning state of the art and case of mobile help seeking tool for the health care sector. In D. Churchill, J. Lu, T. K. F. Chiu, & B. Fox (Eds.), Mobile Learning Design Theories and Application (pp. 315–335). Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0027-0_17
- Crawford, S., & Fitzpatrick, P. (2015). Use of mobile digital technology and iPod touches in physical education. In Y. A. Zhang (Ed.), Handbook of Mobile Teaching and Learning (pp. 499–509). Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54146-9_7
- Crompton, H. (2016). The theory of context-aware ubiquitous learning and the affordances of this approach for geometry learners. In D. Churchill, J. Lu, T. K. F. Chiu, & B. Fox (Eds.), Mobile Learning Design Theories and Application (pp. 303–315). Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0027-0_18
- Debevc, M., Weiss, J., Šorgo, A., & Kožuh, I. (2020). Solfeggio learning and the influence of a mobile application based on visual, auditory and tactile modalities. British Journal of Educational Technology, 51(1), 177–193. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12792
- Demirtaş, E. (2019). Bireysel çalgı dersi için ters yüz sınıf modeline uygun mobil uygulama önerisi [Mobile application proposal suitable for the flipped classroom model for individual instrument lessons]. In H. Yücel & S. Türkel Oter (Eds.), Müzik Kültürüne Dair Çeşitli Görüşler III (pp. 247–258). Eğitim Yayınevi.
- Doherty, B. (2018). The role of content, pedagogical, and technological knowledge in explaining music teacher self-efficacy. (Doctoral dissertation). https://search.proquest.com/pqdtglobal/docview/2219196002/3D20C04A288C438CPQ/8?accountid=11054
- Dyson, L. E. (2014). A vodcast project in the workplace: Understanding students’ learning processes outside the classroom. In M. Kalz, Y. Bayyurt, & M. Specht (Eds.), Mobile as Mainstream – Towards Future Challenges in Mobile Learning (pp. 258–272). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13416-1
- Ekici, M. (2018). Mobil teknoloji tabanlı öğrenme uygulamalarının bilimsel düşünme süreci üzerine etkisinin incelenmesi [Investigation of the effect of mobile technology-based learning applications on scientific thinking process] (Doctoral dissertation). https://tez.yok.gov.tr
- Fahlman, D. (2014). Nurses’ work-based mobile learning. In M. Kalz, Y. Bayyurt, & M. Specht (Eds.), Mobile as Mainstream – Towards Future Challenges in Mobile Learning (pp. 300–304). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13416-1
- Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (5th ed.). Sage Publications.
- Fulcher, L. J. (2017). Use of web-based tools in musical communities from three perspectives. (Doctoral dissertation). https://search.proquest.com/pqdtglobal/docview/1986284432/58A13A52E6314FA9PQ/13?accountid=11054
- Gaines, J. M. (2018). Music technology and the conservatory curriculum. (Doctoral dissertation). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7916/d8j11kpq
- Galanek, J. D., Gierdowski, D. C., & Brooks, D. C. (2018). Educause Center For Analysis And Research ECAR Study of Undergraduate Students and Information Technology , 2018. https://library.educause.edu/resources/2018/10/2018-students-and-technology-research-study
- George, D., & Mallery, P. (2019). IBM SPSS statistics 25 step by step a: A simple guide and reference. Routledge.
- Gilbert, A. D. (2015). An exploration of the use of and the attitudes toward technology in first-year instrumental music. (Doctoral dissertation). https://search.proquest.com/pqdtglobal/docview/1678954526/5BA29D50161E4EE0PQ/17?accountid=11054
- Gorgoretti, B. (2019). The use of technology in music education in North Cyprus according to student music teachers. South African Journal of Education, 39(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v39n1a1436
- Gu, N. (2016). Implementing a mobile app as a personal learning environment for workplace learners. In D. Churchill, J. Lu, T. K. F. Chiu, & B. Fox (Eds.), Mobile Learning Design Theories and Application (pp. 285–303). Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0027-0_17
- Haning, M. (2015). Are they ready to teach with technology? An investigation of technology instruction in music teacher education programs. Journal of Music Teacher Education, 25(3), 78–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/1057083715577696
- Hendrickson, A. E., & White, P. O. (1964). Promax: A quick method for rotation to oblique simple structure. British Journal of Statistical Psychology, 17(1), 65–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8317.1964.tb00244.x
- Herrington, A., & Herrington, J. (2007). Authentic mobile learning in higher education. In International Educational Research Conference. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICNICONSMCL.2006.103
- Hilao, M. P., & Wichadee, S. (2017). Gender differences in mobile phone usage for language learning, attitude, and performance. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 18(2), 68–79. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.306558
- Huseynov, F. (2020). Mobile application usage analysis of Android users in Turkey. In Euroasia Summit Congress on Scientific Researches and Recent Trends-6. Baku. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342260679_MOBILE_APPLICATION_USAGE_ANALYSIS_of_ANDROID_USERS_in_TURKEY
- Hwang, K. H., Chan-Olmsted, S. M., Nam, S. H., & Chang, B. H. (2016). Factors affecting mobile application usage: Exploring the roles of gender, age, and application types from behaviour log data. International Journal of Mobile Communications, 14(3), 256–272. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMC.2016.076285
- Ilic, P. (2014). The relationship between students, mobile phones and their homework. In M. Kalz, Y. Bayyurt, & M. Specht (Eds.), Mobile as Mainstream – Towards Future Challenges in Mobile Learning (pp. 146–156). Springer.
- Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291575
- Kamiyama, T., Hisazumi, K., Inamura, H., Konishi, T., Ohta, K., & Fukuda, A. (2016). Smartphone usage analysis based on actual-use survey. In MobiCASE 2016 - 8th EAI International Conference on Mobile Computing, Applications and Services. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.30-11-2016.2267052
- Kelekçi Olgun, M. (2018). Okul öncesi sanat eğitimi için geliştirilen grafik aplikasyon öğrenme modeli [Graphic application learning model developed for pre-school art education] (Doctoral dissertation). https://tez.yok.gov.tr
- Kell, T., & Wanderley, M. M. (2014). A high-level review of mappings in musical iOS applications. In Proceedings - 40th International Computer Music Conference, ICMC 2014 (pp. 565–572). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/298981497_A_High-Level_Review_of_Mappings_in_Musical_iOS_Applications/citations
- Kell, T., Wanderley, M. M., & Kit, D. (2013). A Quantitative Review of Mappings in Musical iOS Applications. Proceedings of the Sound and Music Computing Conference, 473–480. https://www-archive.idmil.org/_media/publications/2013/kell_2013_smc.pdf
- Khoo, K. Y. (2016). Enacting app-based learning activities with viewing and representing skills in preschool mathematics lessons. In D. Churchill, J. Lu, T. K. F. Chiu, & B. Fox (Eds.), Mobile Learning Design Theories and Application (pp. 351–373). Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0027-0_21
- Khoury, S. (2017). Improvise: Research-creation of a framework and software prototype for creative music learning with technology. (Doctoral dissertation). https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/1j92g990s
- Kim, Y., Briley, D. A., & Ocepek, M. G. (2015). Differential innovation of smartphone and application use by sociodemographics and personality. Computers in Human Behavior, 44, 141–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.059
- Kline, P. (1994). An easy guide to factor analysis. Routledge.
- Lehimler, E. (2019). The evaluation of music teacher candidates’ awareness of music applications and software, their frequency of use and purpose of use. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 7(10), 99–107. https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v7i10.4381
- Liaw, S., & Huang, H. (2011). A study of investigating learners attitudes toward e-learning. In The Fifth International Conference on Distance Learning and Education (Vol. 12, pp. 28–32). http://www.ipcsit.com/vol12/6-ICDLE2011E0014.pdf
- Likert, R. (1932). A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of Psychology, 22, 5–55.
- McQuiggan, S., Kosturko, L., McQuiggan, J., & Sabourin, J. (2015). Mobile learning, a handbook for developers, educators, and learners. Wiley.
- Melo, X., & Çomo, A. (2016). Mobile learning: a case study in physical chemistry laboratory. European Journal of Education Studies, 1(3), 49–59. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.55078
- Milis, K., Wessa, P., Poelmans, S., Doom, C., & Bloemen, E. (2008). The impact of gender on the acceptance of virtual learning environments. In Proceedings of the International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation, International Association of Technology, Education and Development. http://www.wessa.net/download/iceripaper2.pdf
- Morgan, G., Leech, N., Gloeckner, G., & Barrett, K. (2011). IBM SPSS for introductory statistics: Use and interpretation. Routledge.
- Ng, S. C., Lui, A. K. F., & Kwok, A. C. H. (2015). Easy-to-learn piano: A mobile application for learning basic music theory and piano skill. In J. Lam, K. Ng, S. Cheung, T. Wong, K. Li, & F.
- Wang (Eds.), Technology in Education Technology-Mediated Proactive Learning (Vol. 559, pp. 133–142). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48978-9
- Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). McGRAW-HILL.
- Okazaki, S., & Santos, L. M. R. (2012). Understanding e-learning adoption in Brazil: Major determinants and gender effects. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 13(4), 91–106. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v13i4.1266
- Özdamar Keskin, N. (2011). Akademisyenler için mobil öğrenme sisteminin geliştirilmesi ve sınanması [Development and testing of a mobile learning system for academics] (Doctoral dissertation). https://tez.yok.gov.tr
- Pachler, N., Cook, J., & Bachmair, B. (2010). Appropriation of mobile cultural resources for learning. International Journal of Mobile and Blended Learning, 2(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.4018/jmbl.2010010101
- Palazón, J., & Giráldez, A. (2018). QR codes for instrumental performance in the music classroom. International Journal of Music Education, 36(3), 447–459. https://doi.org/10.1177/0255761418771992
- Parasız, G. (2018). The use of music technologies in field education courses and daily lives of music education department students (sample of Atatürk university). Universal Journal of Educational Research, 6(5), 1005–1014. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2018.060521
- Parsons, D. (2017). Mobile learning policy formulation and enactment in New Zealand. In A. Murphy, H. Farley, L. E. Dyson, & H. Jones (Eds.), Mobile Learning in Higher Education in the Asia-Pacific Region (pp. 423–443). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4944-6_21
- Pegrum, M. (2019). Mobile lenses on learning. Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1240-7
- Pimmer, C., & Pachler, N. (2014). Mobile learning in the workplace: unlocking the value of mobile technology for work-based education. In M. Ally & A. Tsinakos (Eds.), Increasing Access through Mobile Learning (pp. 193–205). Commonwealth of Learning and Athabasca University.
- Prieto, J. C. S., Migueláñez, S. O., & García-Peñalvo, F. J. (2016). Behavioral intention of use of mobile technologies among pre-service teachers: Implementation of a technology adoption model based on TAM with the constructs of compatibility and resistance to change. In 2015 International
- Pryss, R., Schlee, W., Hoppenstedt, B., Reichert, M., Spiliopoulou, M., Langguth, B., Probst, T. (2020). Applying machine learning to daily-life data from the trackyourtinnitus mobile health crowdsensing platform to predict the mobile operating system used with high accuracy: Longitudinal observational study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(6), e15547. https://doi.org/10.2196/15547
- Raman, A., Don, Y., Khalid, R., & Rizuan, M. (2014). Usage of learning management system (Moodle) among postgraduate students: UTAUT model. Asian Social Science, 10(14), 186–192. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v10n14p186
- Salentiny, A. (2012). Analysis of preservice teacher and instructor technology uses and beliefs. (Doctoral dissertation). https://commons.und.edu/theses/1268/
- Shah, H. (2020). App usage statistics 2020. https://www.simform.com/the-state-of-mobile-app-usage/
- Song, D., & Kim, P. (2015). Inquiry-based mobilized math classroom with Stanford mobile inquiry-based learning environment (SMILE). In H. Crompton & J. Traxler (Eds.), Mobile Learning and Mathematics (pp. 33–47). Routledge.
- Steel, C. H. (2017). Enabling effective mobile language learning: Students’ perspectives, wants and needs. In A. Murphy, H. Farley, L. E. Dyson, & H. Jones (Eds.), Mobile Learning in Higher Education in the Asia-Pacific Region (pp. 523–541). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4944-6_25
- Tavşancıl, E. (2014). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi [Measuring attitudes and data analysis with SPSS]. Nobel Akademik.
- Traxler, J. (2010). Students and mobile devices. ALT-J: Research in Learning Technology, 18(2), 149–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687769.2010.492847
- Unesco. (2015). Rethinking education towards a global common good ? Unesco. https://unevoc.unesco.org/e-forum/RethinkingEducation.pdf
- Upitis, R., Abrami, P. C., & Boese, K. (2016). The use of digital tools by independent music teachers. In I. A. Sanchez & P. Isaias (Eds.), 12th International Conference on Mobile Learning 2016 (pp. 108–112). Vilamoura: International Association for Development of the Information Society. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED571442.pdf
- van der Kaay, C. D., & Young, W. H. (2012). Age-related differences in technology usage among community college faculty. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 36(8), 570–579. https://doi.org/10.1080/10668920903054865
- Ventura, M. D. (2017). Creating inspiring learning environments by means of digital technologies: A case study of the effectiveness of WhatsApp in music education. In G. Vincenti, A.
- Bucciero, M. Helfert, & M. Glowatz (Eds.), E-Learning, E-Education, and Online Training. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering (Vol. 180, pp. 36–45). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49625-2_5
- Wai, I. S. H., Ng, S. S. Y., Chiu, D. K. W., Ho, K. K. W., & Lo, P. (2018). Exploring undergraduate students’ usage pattern of mobile apps for education. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 50(1), 34–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961000616662699
- Webster, P. R., & Williams, D. B. (2018). Technology’s role for achieving creativity, diversity and integration in the American undergraduate music curriculum: Some theoretical, historical and practical perspectives. Journal of Music, Technology and Education, 11(1), 5–36. https://doi.org/10.1386/jmte.11.1.5_1
- Wong, G. K. W. (2016). A new wave of innovation using mobile learning analytics for flipped classroom. In D. Churchill, J. Lu, T.
- K. F. Chiu, & B. Fox (Eds.), Mobile Learning Design Theories and Application (pp. 189–218). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0027-0_12
- YÖK. (2020). Yükseköğretim Kurulu [The Council of Higher Education]. https://istatistik.yok.gov.tr