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Türkiye’de Mahalli İdare Harcamaları ve Kentlerin Yaşanabilirliğinin Bireylerin Göç Kararları Üzerindeki Etkisi: Tiebout Hipotezi Açısından Bir Ekonometrik Analizi

Yıl 2022, , 477 - 492, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.1150097

Öz

Yaşanabilir kentler, yöre halkının bireysel ve toplumsal refahının iyileştirilmesi için tüm yerel aktörleriyle çaba gösteren kentlerdir. Mahalli idarelerin başını çektiği bu aktörler, yaşanabilir kentler oluşturabilmek adına eğitimden sağlığa, altyapıdan kültür hizmetlerine kadar çok çeşitli alanlarda yaşanabilirliği etkileyen yerel kamusal mal ve hizmetleri etkinlikle sunabilmektedir. Gerek mahalli idareler tarafından gerekse diğer yerel aktörler tarafından sunulmuş olsun, kamusal mal ve hizmetlerle bir kentin yaşanabilirliğinin iyileştirilmesi, kent üzerinde sosyal, ekonomik, demografik, siyasi vb. açılardan birtakım değişiklikler yaratmaktadır. Bu değişikliklerden birisi, kentin cazibe noktası haline gelmesi sebebiyle aldığı göç miktarının artmasıdır. Charles Mills Tiebout da literatürde “ayak ile oy verme” olarak adlandırılan hipotezinde, bazı varsayımlar altında, bireylerin refahlarını maksimize edebilmek için başka bölgelere göç edeceklerini ifade etmektedir. Bu bakış açısıyla çalışmada, Türkiye’de yerel harcamaların ve kentlerin yaşanabilirliğinin alınan göç üzerindeki etkisi sınanmıştır. Panel veri analizi yönteminin benimsendiği ve Türkiye’deki tüm illerin dâhil edildiği çalışmada yerel harcamaların ve kentlerin yaşanabilirliğinin aldığı göç miktarını istatistiki açıdan anlamlı ve pozitif bir biçimde etkilediği ortaya konulmuştur.

Teşekkür

Çalışmanın fikir anlamında olgunlaşmasını sağlayan değerli hocam Prof. Dr. Selçuk İPEK’e ve gelişmesine katkıda bulunan değerli hocam Prof. Dr. Özhan ÇETİNKAYA’ya teşekkür ederim.

Kaynakça

  • Akdemir, T. (2010). Yönetimlerarası görev ve harcama tahsisi: Teori ve Türkiye uygulaması. İçinde F. Altuğ & Ö. Çetinkaya & S. İpek (Ed.), Mahalli idareler maliyesi üzerine yazılar (ss. 151–202). Ekin Yayınevi.
  • Badland, H., Whitzman, C., Lowe, M., Davern, M., Aye, L., Butterworth, I., Hes, D., & Giles-Corti, B. (2014). Urban liveability: Emerging lessons from Australia for exploring the potential for indicators to measure the social determinants of health. Social Science & Medicine, 111, 64–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.04.003
  • Bailey, J. S. (1999). Local Government Economics: Principles and Practice (1st ed.). Macmillan Press Ltd.
  • Balsas, C. J. L. (2004). Measuring the livability of an urban centre: An exploratory study of key performance indicators. Planning Practice & Research, 19(1), 101–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269745042000246603
  • de Haan, F. J., Ferguson, B. C., Adamowicz, R. C., Johnstone, P., Brown, R. R., & Wong, T. H. F. (2014). The needs of society: A new understanding of transitions, sustainability and liveability. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 85, 121–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2013.09.005
  • Dowding, K., John, P., & Biggs, S. (1994). Tiebout: A survey of the empirical literature. Urban Studies, 31(4–5), 767–797. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420989420080671
  • Economist Intelligence Unit (2019). The global liveability index 2019. https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=liveability2019
  • Iyanda, S. A., Ismail, O., Fabunmi, F. O., Adeogun, A. S., & Mohit, M. A. (2018). Evaluating neighborhoods livability in Nigeria: A structural equation modelling (SEM) approach”. International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability, 5(1), 47–55. https://doi.org/10.11113/ijbes.v5.n1.245
  • Karagöz, B. (2015). Türkiye’de mali yerelleşme emareleri ve yatay eşitsizlik sorunu. Sosyoekonomi Dergisi, 23(26), 139–163. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sosyoekonomi/issue/21086/227043
  • Kayalıdere, G. (2016). Maliye politikası araçlarının iç göçteki rolü: Tiebout hipotezi. İçinde P. Yazgan & F. Tilbe (Ed.), Türk göçü 2016: Seçilmiş bildiriler 1 (ss. 87–93). Transnational Press.
  • Kennedy, R., & Buys, L. (2010). Dimensions of liveability: A tool for sustainable cities. In A. Burgos (Ed.), Proceedings of the SB10 mad sustainable building conference (pp. 1–11). CIB. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/38526
  • Khan, A. (2019). Fundamentals of public budgeting and finance. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19226-6
  • Khorasani, M., & Zarghamfard, M. (2018). Analyzing the impacts of spatial factors on livability of peri-urban villages. Social Indicators Research, 136(2), 693–717. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1546-4
  • Leach, J. M., Braithwaite, P. A., Lee, S. E., Bouch, C. J., Hunt, D. V. L., & Rogers, C. D. F. (2016). Measuring urban sustainability and liveability performance: The city analysis methodology. International Journal of Complexity in Applied Science and Technology, 1(1), 86–106. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJCAST.2016.081296
  • Leach, J. M., Lee, S. E., Boyko, C. T., Coulton, C. J., Cooper, R., Smith, N., Joffe, H., Büchs, M., Hale, J. D., Sadler, J. P., Braithwaite, P. A., Blunden, L. S., De Laurentiis, V., Hunt, D. V. L., Bahaj, A. S., Barnes, K., Bouch, C. J., Bourikas, L., Cavada, M., … Rogers, C. D. F. (2017a). Dataset of the livability performance of the city of Birmingham, UK, as measured by its citizen wellbeing, resource security, resource efficiency and carbon emissions. Data in Brief, 15, 691–695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.10.004
  • Leach, J. M., Lee, S. E., Hunt, D. V. L., & Rogers, C. D. F. (2017b). Improving city-scale measures of livable sustainability: A study of urban measurement and assessment through application to the city of Birmingham, UK. Cities, 71, 80–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.06.016
  • Leby, J. L., & Hashim, A. H. (2010). Liveability dimensions and attributes: Their relative importance in the eyes of neighbourhood residents. Journal of Construction in Developing Countries, 15(1), 67–91.
  • Liu, J., & Han, J. (2017). Does a certain rule exist in the long-term change of a city’s livability? Evidence from New York, Tokyo, and Shanghai. Sustainability, 9(10), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101681
  • McCrea, R., & Walters, P. (2012). Impacts of urban consolidation on urban liveability: Comparing an inner and outer suburb in Brisbane, Australia. Housing, Theory and Society, 29(2), 190–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/14036096.2011.641261
  • Mohit, M. A., & Iyanda, S. A. (2016). Liveability and low-income housing in Nigeria. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 222, 863–871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.198
  • Muhasebat Genel Müdürlüğü (2022). İller itibariyle mahalli yönetim bütçe istatistikleri. Hazine ve Maliye Bakanlığı. https://muhasebat.hmb.gov.tr/iller-itibariyle-mahalli-yonetim-butce-istatistikleri-2006-2018
  • Oates, W. E. (2006). The many faces of the Tiebout model. In W.A. Fischel (Ed.), The Tiebout model at fifty: Essays in public economics in honor of Wallace Oates (pp. 21–45). Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.
  • Paul, A., & Sen, J. (2020). A critical review of liveability approaches and their dimensions. Geoforum, 117, 90–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.09.008
  • Samuelson, P. A. (1954). The pure theory of public expenditure. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 36(4), 387–389. https://doi.org/10.2307/1925895
  • Şolt, H. B. H. (2018). Yerel kalkınma olgusunun yaşanabilir kentler açısından değerlendirilmesi. Uluslararası Yönetim ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(9), 39–46. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/uysad/issue/37764/436011
  • Takahashi, K., Kudo, S., Tateishi, E., Furukawa, N., Nordqvist, J., & Allasiw, D. I. (2018). Identifying context-specific categories for visualizing livability of cities - A case study of Malmö. Challenges in Sustainability, 6(1), 52–64. https://doi.org/10.12924/cis2018.06010052
  • Tanzi, V. (2020). Advanced introduction to public finance (1st ed.). Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Taşpınar, S. (2016). Tüm yönleriyle belediye gelirleri (1st ed.). Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Tiebout, C. M. (1956), A pure theory of local expenditures. Journal of Political Economy, 64(5), 416–424. https://doi.org/10.1086/257839
  • Tullock, G. (1971). Public decisions as public goods. Journal of Political Economy, 79(4), 913–918. https://doi.org/10.1086/259799
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (2016, 22 Ocak). İllerde yaşam endeksi, 2015. https://tuikweb.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=24561
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (2022a). İç göç istatistikleri. https://tuikweb.tuik.gov.tr/PreIstatistikTablo.do?istab_id=1595
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (2022b). Tüketici fiyat endeksleri (2003=100). https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=enflasyon-ve-fiyat-106
  • Uluslararası Rekabet Araştırmaları Kurumu [URAK] (2019). İllerarası rekabetçilik endeksi 2018. http://www.urak.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/URAK_%C4%B0RE_2018-2.pdf
  • Ulusoy, A., & Akdemir, T. (2012). Mahalli İdareler (7. bs). Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Varcan, N. (2019). Mahalli idarelerin sorunları ve çözüm önerileri. İçinde T. Çakır (Ed.), Mahalli idareler maliyesi (ss. 190–215). Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları. https://ets.anadolu.edu.tr/storage/nfs/MLY302U/ebook/MLY302U-14V0S1-8-0-1-SV3-ebook.pdf
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2012). Panel veri ekonometrisi: Stata uygulamalı (1. bs). Beta Yayıncılık.
  • Yuen, B., & Ooi, G. L. (2009). Introduction: World cities — challenges of liveability, sustainability and vibrancy. In G. L. Ooi & B. Yuen (Ed.), World cities: Achieving liveability and vibrancy (pp. 1–11). Co-published with Civil Service College Singapore, Institute of Policy Studies, National University of Singapore, World Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814280730_0001
  • Yüksel, C. (2020). Tiebout hipotezi çerçevesinde yerel mali değişkenlerin mekânsal tercihe etkisi: Türkiye örneği. Turkish Studies - Economics, Finance, Politics, 15(1), 629–643. http://dx.doi.org/10.29228/TurkishStudies.40112
  • Zhan, D., Kwan, M.-P., Zhang, W., Fan, J., Yu, J., & Dang, Y. (2018). Assessment and determinants of satisfaction with urban livability in China. Cities, 79, 92–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.02.025

The Effect of Local Administration Expenditures and the Livability of Cities on Individuals’ Migration Decisions in Türkiye: An Econometric Analysis in Terms of the Tiebout Hypothesis

Yıl 2022, , 477 - 492, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.1150097

Öz

Livable cities are cities that make efforts with all their local actors to improve the individual and social welfare of the local people. These actors, led by local administrations, can effectively offer local public goods and services that affect livability in a wide variety of fields, from health to education and from cultural services to infrastructure, in order to create livable cities. Improving the livability of a city with public goods and services, whether offered by local administrations or other local actors, creates some changes in terms of social, economic, demographic, and political effects on the city. One of these changes is the increase in immigration due to the city becoming a point of attraction. In his hypothesis, which is called “voting with the feet,” Charles Mills Tiebout states that under some assumptions, individuals will migrate to other regions to maximize their welfare. From this point of view, this study tested the effect of local expenditures and livability of cities on immigration in Türkiye. Panel data analysis was applied, including all provinces in Türkiye, and according to the findings, it was concluded that local expenditures and the livability of the cities affected the amount of migration in a statistically significant and positive way.

Kaynakça

  • Akdemir, T. (2010). Yönetimlerarası görev ve harcama tahsisi: Teori ve Türkiye uygulaması. İçinde F. Altuğ & Ö. Çetinkaya & S. İpek (Ed.), Mahalli idareler maliyesi üzerine yazılar (ss. 151–202). Ekin Yayınevi.
  • Badland, H., Whitzman, C., Lowe, M., Davern, M., Aye, L., Butterworth, I., Hes, D., & Giles-Corti, B. (2014). Urban liveability: Emerging lessons from Australia for exploring the potential for indicators to measure the social determinants of health. Social Science & Medicine, 111, 64–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.04.003
  • Bailey, J. S. (1999). Local Government Economics: Principles and Practice (1st ed.). Macmillan Press Ltd.
  • Balsas, C. J. L. (2004). Measuring the livability of an urban centre: An exploratory study of key performance indicators. Planning Practice & Research, 19(1), 101–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269745042000246603
  • de Haan, F. J., Ferguson, B. C., Adamowicz, R. C., Johnstone, P., Brown, R. R., & Wong, T. H. F. (2014). The needs of society: A new understanding of transitions, sustainability and liveability. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 85, 121–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2013.09.005
  • Dowding, K., John, P., & Biggs, S. (1994). Tiebout: A survey of the empirical literature. Urban Studies, 31(4–5), 767–797. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420989420080671
  • Economist Intelligence Unit (2019). The global liveability index 2019. https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=liveability2019
  • Iyanda, S. A., Ismail, O., Fabunmi, F. O., Adeogun, A. S., & Mohit, M. A. (2018). Evaluating neighborhoods livability in Nigeria: A structural equation modelling (SEM) approach”. International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability, 5(1), 47–55. https://doi.org/10.11113/ijbes.v5.n1.245
  • Karagöz, B. (2015). Türkiye’de mali yerelleşme emareleri ve yatay eşitsizlik sorunu. Sosyoekonomi Dergisi, 23(26), 139–163. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sosyoekonomi/issue/21086/227043
  • Kayalıdere, G. (2016). Maliye politikası araçlarının iç göçteki rolü: Tiebout hipotezi. İçinde P. Yazgan & F. Tilbe (Ed.), Türk göçü 2016: Seçilmiş bildiriler 1 (ss. 87–93). Transnational Press.
  • Kennedy, R., & Buys, L. (2010). Dimensions of liveability: A tool for sustainable cities. In A. Burgos (Ed.), Proceedings of the SB10 mad sustainable building conference (pp. 1–11). CIB. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/38526
  • Khan, A. (2019). Fundamentals of public budgeting and finance. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19226-6
  • Khorasani, M., & Zarghamfard, M. (2018). Analyzing the impacts of spatial factors on livability of peri-urban villages. Social Indicators Research, 136(2), 693–717. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1546-4
  • Leach, J. M., Braithwaite, P. A., Lee, S. E., Bouch, C. J., Hunt, D. V. L., & Rogers, C. D. F. (2016). Measuring urban sustainability and liveability performance: The city analysis methodology. International Journal of Complexity in Applied Science and Technology, 1(1), 86–106. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJCAST.2016.081296
  • Leach, J. M., Lee, S. E., Boyko, C. T., Coulton, C. J., Cooper, R., Smith, N., Joffe, H., Büchs, M., Hale, J. D., Sadler, J. P., Braithwaite, P. A., Blunden, L. S., De Laurentiis, V., Hunt, D. V. L., Bahaj, A. S., Barnes, K., Bouch, C. J., Bourikas, L., Cavada, M., … Rogers, C. D. F. (2017a). Dataset of the livability performance of the city of Birmingham, UK, as measured by its citizen wellbeing, resource security, resource efficiency and carbon emissions. Data in Brief, 15, 691–695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.10.004
  • Leach, J. M., Lee, S. E., Hunt, D. V. L., & Rogers, C. D. F. (2017b). Improving city-scale measures of livable sustainability: A study of urban measurement and assessment through application to the city of Birmingham, UK. Cities, 71, 80–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.06.016
  • Leby, J. L., & Hashim, A. H. (2010). Liveability dimensions and attributes: Their relative importance in the eyes of neighbourhood residents. Journal of Construction in Developing Countries, 15(1), 67–91.
  • Liu, J., & Han, J. (2017). Does a certain rule exist in the long-term change of a city’s livability? Evidence from New York, Tokyo, and Shanghai. Sustainability, 9(10), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101681
  • McCrea, R., & Walters, P. (2012). Impacts of urban consolidation on urban liveability: Comparing an inner and outer suburb in Brisbane, Australia. Housing, Theory and Society, 29(2), 190–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/14036096.2011.641261
  • Mohit, M. A., & Iyanda, S. A. (2016). Liveability and low-income housing in Nigeria. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 222, 863–871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.198
  • Muhasebat Genel Müdürlüğü (2022). İller itibariyle mahalli yönetim bütçe istatistikleri. Hazine ve Maliye Bakanlığı. https://muhasebat.hmb.gov.tr/iller-itibariyle-mahalli-yonetim-butce-istatistikleri-2006-2018
  • Oates, W. E. (2006). The many faces of the Tiebout model. In W.A. Fischel (Ed.), The Tiebout model at fifty: Essays in public economics in honor of Wallace Oates (pp. 21–45). Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.
  • Paul, A., & Sen, J. (2020). A critical review of liveability approaches and their dimensions. Geoforum, 117, 90–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.09.008
  • Samuelson, P. A. (1954). The pure theory of public expenditure. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 36(4), 387–389. https://doi.org/10.2307/1925895
  • Şolt, H. B. H. (2018). Yerel kalkınma olgusunun yaşanabilir kentler açısından değerlendirilmesi. Uluslararası Yönetim ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(9), 39–46. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/uysad/issue/37764/436011
  • Takahashi, K., Kudo, S., Tateishi, E., Furukawa, N., Nordqvist, J., & Allasiw, D. I. (2018). Identifying context-specific categories for visualizing livability of cities - A case study of Malmö. Challenges in Sustainability, 6(1), 52–64. https://doi.org/10.12924/cis2018.06010052
  • Tanzi, V. (2020). Advanced introduction to public finance (1st ed.). Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Taşpınar, S. (2016). Tüm yönleriyle belediye gelirleri (1st ed.). Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Tiebout, C. M. (1956), A pure theory of local expenditures. Journal of Political Economy, 64(5), 416–424. https://doi.org/10.1086/257839
  • Tullock, G. (1971). Public decisions as public goods. Journal of Political Economy, 79(4), 913–918. https://doi.org/10.1086/259799
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (2016, 22 Ocak). İllerde yaşam endeksi, 2015. https://tuikweb.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=24561
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (2022a). İç göç istatistikleri. https://tuikweb.tuik.gov.tr/PreIstatistikTablo.do?istab_id=1595
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (2022b). Tüketici fiyat endeksleri (2003=100). https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=enflasyon-ve-fiyat-106
  • Uluslararası Rekabet Araştırmaları Kurumu [URAK] (2019). İllerarası rekabetçilik endeksi 2018. http://www.urak.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/URAK_%C4%B0RE_2018-2.pdf
  • Ulusoy, A., & Akdemir, T. (2012). Mahalli İdareler (7. bs). Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Varcan, N. (2019). Mahalli idarelerin sorunları ve çözüm önerileri. İçinde T. Çakır (Ed.), Mahalli idareler maliyesi (ss. 190–215). Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları. https://ets.anadolu.edu.tr/storage/nfs/MLY302U/ebook/MLY302U-14V0S1-8-0-1-SV3-ebook.pdf
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2012). Panel veri ekonometrisi: Stata uygulamalı (1. bs). Beta Yayıncılık.
  • Yuen, B., & Ooi, G. L. (2009). Introduction: World cities — challenges of liveability, sustainability and vibrancy. In G. L. Ooi & B. Yuen (Ed.), World cities: Achieving liveability and vibrancy (pp. 1–11). Co-published with Civil Service College Singapore, Institute of Policy Studies, National University of Singapore, World Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814280730_0001
  • Yüksel, C. (2020). Tiebout hipotezi çerçevesinde yerel mali değişkenlerin mekânsal tercihe etkisi: Türkiye örneği. Turkish Studies - Economics, Finance, Politics, 15(1), 629–643. http://dx.doi.org/10.29228/TurkishStudies.40112
  • Zhan, D., Kwan, M.-P., Zhang, W., Fan, J., Yu, J., & Dang, Y. (2018). Assessment and determinants of satisfaction with urban livability in China. Cities, 79, 92–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.02.025
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mehmet Öksüz 0000-0002-3298-0280

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 28 Temmuz 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

APA Öksüz, M. (2022). Türkiye’de Mahalli İdare Harcamaları ve Kentlerin Yaşanabilirliğinin Bireylerin Göç Kararları Üzerindeki Etkisi: Tiebout Hipotezi Açısından Bir Ekonometrik Analizi. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 15(2), 477-492. https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.1150097

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