Ethnomethodological Evaluation of the COVID-19 Process

Yıl 2024, , 425 - 448, 31.08.2024

Coşkun Sağlık

https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.1436759

Öz

The sudden change in the existing order due to the COVID-19 pandemic caused chaos and confusion. The uncertainty and anxiety caused by chaos and confusion necessitated the reconstruction of the social order in accordance with the pandemic conditions. Therefore, we should consider the sudden change of the social order and its reconstruction when evaluating the COVID-19 pandemic in a sociological context. Since these two processes are ethnomethodologically significant, the aim of the study is to interpret the social changes that occurred during the COVID-19 process within the framework of ethnomethodology theory. Various examples provide an ethnomethodological evaluation of Türkiye’s reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent re-establishment of social order. This article analyzes, using ethnomethodology concepts, the irrational reactions of people in a life without rules due to the sudden disruption of the existing order by COVID-19, the helplessness of social institutions in the face of the pandemic, and the reconstruction of social order with rational rules to lessen anxiety and chaos.

Anahtar Kelimeler

COVID-19 pandemic, ethnomethodology, ethnomethodological evaluation, social order

Etik Beyan

The author declares that this article complies with ethical standards and rules.

Destekleyen Kurum

No financial support was received from any person or institution for the study.

Kaynakça

• Adak, M. M., & Koç, M. (2022). COVID-19 pandemi döneminde uygulanan uzaktan eğitim sürecinde bilişim teknolojileri öğretmenlerinin deneyimlerinin incelenmesi [Examining information technology teachers’ experiences in the distance education process during the COVID-19 pandemic]. Uşak Üniversitesi Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(1), 30–45. https://doi.org/10.29065/usakead.1038646
• Aile, Çalışma ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı. (2021). Covid-19 döneminde uzaktan çalışma rehberi [Remote Work Guide During the Covid-19 Period]. Retrieved July 04, 2024, from https://www.csgb.gov.tr/media/68338/kiplas-covid-19-doneminde-uzaktan-calisma-rehberi-26022021.pdf
• Akın, I. (2017). Davranışsal finans açısından yatırımcıların kararlarının incelenmesi [Behavioral finance in terms of the evaluation of investor decisions]. International Journal of Academic Value Studies, 3(15), 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.23929/javs.446
• Aktan, C.C. (2020). Davranışsal politik iktisat. L-T Akademia.
• Al-Ghuraibi, M. A., & Aldossry, T. M. (2022). Social Stigma as an outcome of the cultural repercussions toward COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia. Cogent Social Sciences, 8(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2053270
• Allan, K. (2006). Contemporary social and sociological theory. Sage Publications.
• Arber, S., & Meadows, R. (2020, March 23). Class inequalities in health and the Coronavirus: A cruel irony? The Blog of the Department of Sociology at the University of Surrey. https://blogs.surrey.ac.uk/sociology/2020/03/23/class-inequalities-in-health-and-the-coronavirus-a-cruel-irony
• Aristeidou, M., & Cross, S. (2021). Disrupted distance learning: The impact of Covid-19 on study habits of distance learning university students. Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning, 36(3), 263–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680513.2021.1973400
• Arnado, J. M., Kabelen, M. A. M., & Doron, R. O. (2022). The accomplishment of spirituality in the everyday pandemic life of religion-practicing Filipinos. Journal for the Study of Spirituality, 12(1), 36–49.
• Atkinson, P. (1988). Ethnomethodology: A critical review. Annual Review of Sociology, 14(1988), 441–465. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.14.080188.002301
• Azhari, B., & Fajri, I. (2021). Distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: School closure in Indonesia. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 53(7), 1934–1954. https://doi.org/10.1080/0020739X.2021.1875072
• Barber, M. (2020). George Psathas: Phenomenology and ethnomethdology. Human Studies, 43(3), 343–351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10746-020-09538-3
• BBC News Türkçe. (2020, April 11). Sokağa çıkma yasağı ilan edilmesiyle fırın ve marketlerin önünde uzun kuyruklar oluştu [Following the declaration of the curfew, long lines formed in front of bakeries and markets]. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-52251144
• Beck, U. (1992). Risk Society: Towards a new modernity. Sage Publication.
• Bilgin, N. (2014). Kimlik inşası [Identity construction]. Mediform Matbaacılık.
• Breitnauer, J. (2019). The Spanish Flu Epidemic and its influence on history: Stories from the 1918–1920 Global Flu Pandemic. Pen and Sword History.
• Can, N., & Köroğlu, Y. (2020). Covid-19 döneminde yaygınlaşan uzaktan eğitimin değerlendirilmesi ve eğitim emekçileri açısından incelenmesi [The evaluation of remote education that became widespread during the Covid-19 period and its examination from the perspective of educational workers]. Madde, Diyalektik ve Toplum, 3(4), 370–380.
• Cuff, E. C., Sharrock, W. W., & Francis, D. W. (1998). Perspectives in sociology. Routledge.
• Çapcıoğlu, İ., & Kaya, E. (2021). Pandemi döneminde Türkiye’de dini hayat: din görevlileri örneğinde din hizmetlerine genel bir bakış [Religious life in Türkiye during the pandemic: A general overview of religious services through the example of religious officials]. Diyanet-Sen. https://www.diyanetsen.org.tr/kitaplar/pandemidinihayat.pdf
• Çelik, İ. (2011). Kıtlık ve rekabet: Rekabetin negatif sonuçları [Scarcity and competition: The negative consequences of competition]. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 25(1), 1–12. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/atauniiibd/issue/2697/35624
• Çetin, E. (2017). Gündelik hayata sosyolojik bakmak [Looking at everyday life from a sociological perspective]. Siyasal Kitabevi.
• Çıtak, N. (2021). Toplumsal eşitsizlikler ve Covid-19 [Social inequalities and COVID-19]. Toplum ve Hekim, 36(3), 198–217.
• Davidson, C. (2012). Ethnomethodology and literacy research: A methodological “road less travelled”. English Teaching: Practice and Critique, 11(1), 26–42.
• Deep Knowledge Group. (2020). COVID-19 Regional Safety Assessment (200 Regions). Retrieved July 16, 2024, from https://www.dkv.global/covid-safety-assessment-200-regions
• Denney, D. (2006). Risk and society. SAGE Publications.
• Dennis, A. (2011). Symbolic interactionism and ethnomethodology. Symbolic Interaction, 34(3), 349–356. https://doi.org/10.1525/si.2011.34.3.349
• Devakumar, D., Shannon, G., Bhopal, S. S., & Abubakar, I. (2020). Racism and discrimination in COVID-19 responses. The Lancet, 395(10231), 1194. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30792-3
• Diamond, J. (2002). Tüfek, mikrop ve çelik-insan topluluklarının yazgıları [Guns, germs, and steel - The fates of human societies] (Ü. İnce, Trans.). TÜBİTAK Popüler Bilim Kitapları. (Original work published 1997).
• Doğan, B., & Oral, S. (2020). Toplumsal gerçekliğin inşasında etnometodoloji ve simgesel etkileşimcilik kuramlarının etkisini kavramak [Understanding the effect of the theories of ethnometodology and symbolic interactions in the construction of social reality]. Hafıza: Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(1), 39–50. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/hafizadergisi/issue/55303/742782
• Dowling, M. (2007). Ethnomethodology: Time for a revisit? A discussion paper. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 44(5), 826–833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2006.05.002
• Drury, J., & Stokoe, E. (2022). The interactional production and breach of new norms in the time of COVID-19: Achieving physical distancing in public spaces. British Journal of Social Psychology, 61(3), 971–990. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12513
• Durmaz, N., & Hengirmen, E. (2022). The dramatic increase in anti-vaccine discourses during the COVID-19 pandemic: A social network analysis of Twitter. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2021.2025008
• Ertem, M. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemisi ve sosyal damgalama [COVID-19 pandemic and social stigmatization]. İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(2) 135–138. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ikcusbfd/issue/55773/740099
• Erzen, E., & Ceylan, M. (2020). COVİD-19 salgını ve uzaktan eğitim: Uygulamadaki sorunlar [COVID-19 Pandemic and distance education: Problems in implementation]. EKEV Akademi Dergisi, 24(84), 229–248. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sosekev/issue/71841/1154770
• Euronews. (2020, April 10). Türkiye'de sokağa çıkma yasağını duyanlar marketlere akın etti [People flocked to markets after hearing about the curfew in Türkiye]. https://tr.euronews.com/2020/04/10/turkiye-de-sokaga-c-kma-yasag-n-duyanlar-marketlere-ak-n-etti
• Faraguna, A. (2023). Supporting family video visits during COVID-19: The experiences of the Community Restorative Centre. Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 35(4), 440–446. https://doi.org/10.1080/10345329.2023.2203284
• Frith, J. (2012). The history of plague - Part 1. The three great pandemics. Journal of Military and Veterans’ Health, 20(2), 11–16. https://doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2021-22485863/JMVHVol20No2
• Garfinkel, H. (1967). Studies in Ethnomethodology. Prentice-Hall.
• Gee, G. C., Ro, M. J., & Rimoin, A. W. (2020). Seven reasons to care about racism and COVID-19 and seven things to do to stop it. American Journal of Public Health, 110(7), 954–955. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305712
• Giddens, A. (2013). Sosyoloji (C. Güzel, Çev.). Kırmızı Yayınları.
• Google Trends. (2020). https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=2020-01-01%202020-12-31&geo=TR&hl=tr
• Gönç Şavran, T. (2013). Etnometodoloji [Ethnomethodology]. S. Uğur (Ed.), Modern Sosyoloji Tarihi (ss. 144–174). Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları.
• Hays, J. N. (2009). The Burdens of disease epidemics and human response in western history. Rutgers University Press.
• Hargreaves, J. R., & Logie, C. H. (2020). Lifting lockdown policies: A critical moment for COVID-19 stigma. Global Public Health, 15(12), 1917–1923. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2020.1825771
• Hoang, T., & Suleri, J. (2021). Customer behaviour in restaurants before and during COVID-19: A study in Vietnam. Research in Hospitality Management, 11(3), 205–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/22243534.2021.2006921
• Homewood, N. J. (2022). Zoompartation: Benny Hinn’s touch in Zoom healing. Religion, 52(2), 250–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/0048721X.2022.2051804
• International Labour Organization [ILO]. (2020, May 18). An employers’ guide on working from home in response to the outbreak of COVID-19. https://www.ilo.org/publications/employers-guide-working-home-response-outbreak-covid-19
• İçişleri Bakanlığı. (2020, June 24). Düğün törenlerinde uygulanacak tedbirler [Measures to be implemented at wedding ceremonies]. https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/dugun-torenlerinde-uygulanacak-tedbirler
• Jacobsen, J. Kr. S., Farstad, E., Higham, J., Hopkins, D., & Landa-Mata, I. (2021). Travel discontinuities, enforced holidaying-at-home and alternative leisure travel futures after COVID-19. Tourism Geographies, 25(2–3), 615–633. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2021.1943703
• Kaplan, S. (2022). Covid-19 sürecinde ibadetler; Değişim ve süreklilik [Worship during the Covid-19 process: Change and continuity]. Darulhadis İslami Araştırmalar Dergisi, (3), 68-105. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/darulhadisdergisi/issue/74182/1180128
• Kaplıca, K. (2020, April 20). COVID-19 salgınında hangi ülkeler daha başarılı? [Which countries are more successful in the COVID-19 pandemic?]. Doğrulukpayı. https://www.dogrulukpayi.com/bulten/covid-19-salgininda-hangi-ulkeler-daha-basarili?gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjwtNi0BhA1EiwAWZaANDxttvSVvPPVf5JifgnJuxBEuGyYQlNHPfr3jis2FMyFJZehi57CsBoCFsQQAvD_BwE
• Kaya, M., & Sarıçoban, S. (2021). Google arama hacmi verileri ile Türkiye’de Covid-19 pandemisine ilişkin kavramların değerlendirilmesi [Evaluation of concepts relating to the COVID-19 pandemic in Türkiye with Google search volume data]. Uluslararası Sağlık Yönetimi ve Stratejileri Araştırma Dergisi, 7(3), 489-504. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/usaysad/issue/67428/1050140
• Keck, F. (2019). Postscript: Epidemic villains and the ecologies of nuisance. In C. Lynteris (Ed.), Framing Animals as Epidemic Villains: Histories of Non-Human Disease Vectors (pp. 229–237). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26795-7_9
• Khadafi, R., Nurmandi, A., Qodir, Z., & Misran. (2022). Hashtag as a new weapon to resist the COVID-19 vaccination policy: a qualitative study of the anti-vaccine movement in Brazil, USA, and Indonesia. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2022.2042135
• Kiriş Yılmaz, N. (2021). Pandemi karşısında ‘maske’ takan insan [The Person who has wore a “Mask” against to Pandemic]. Tabula Rasa: Felsefe ve Teoloji, 2020(34), 35–52. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tabula/issue/60521/888983
• Kocabaş, A. (2020, September 17). Eşitsizlik ve COVID-19 [Inequality and COVID-19]. In TTB Covid-19 Pandemisi Altıncı Ayı Değerlendirme Raporu (pp. 394-414). Türk Tabipler Birliği. https://www.ttb.org.tr/kutuphane/covid19-rapor_6.pdf
• Koller, J. E., Villinger, K., Lages, N. C., Brünecke, I., Debbeler, J. M., Engel, K. D., Grieble, S., Homann, P. C., Kaufmann, R., Koppe, K. M., Oppenheimer, H., Radtke, V. C., Rogula, S., Stähler, J., Renner, B., & Schupp, H. T. (2021). Stigmatization of Chinese and Asian-looking people during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1296. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11270-1
• Kubacka, M., Luczys, P., Modrzyk, A., & Stamm, A. (2023). Pandemic rage: Everyday frustrations in times of the COVID-19 crisis. Current Sociology, 71(5), 887–904. https://doi.org/10.1177/00113921211050116
• Larrain, J. (2013). Ideology and cultural identity: Modernity and the third world presence. John Wiley & Sons.
• Linstead, S. (2006). Ethnomethodology and sociology: An introduction. The Sociological Review, 54(3), 399–404. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2006.00622.x
• Liu, S. J. S., & Wan, T. L. A. (2024). COVID success? For whom? Examining the political representation of migrants in Taiwan. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2024.2362455
• Lorea, C. E., Mahadev, N., Lang, N., & Chen, N. (2022). Religion and the COVID-19 pandemic: Mediating presence and distance. Religion, 52(2), 177–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/0048721X.2022.2061701
• Low, J. (2008). Structure, agency, and social reality in Blumerian symbolic interactionism: The influence of Georg Simmel. Symbolic Interaction, 31(3), 325–343. https://doi.org/10.1525/si.2008.31.3.325
• Mahmud, A., Zaman, F., & Islam, M. R. (2021). COVID-19 syndemic, stigmatization, and social vulnerabilities: A case of Bangladesh. Local Development & Society, 3(2), 242–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/26883597.2021.1952846
• Maynard, D. W., & Clayman, S. E. (1991). The Diversity of Ethnomethodology. Annual Review of Sociology, 17(1991), 385–418. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.17.080191.002125
• Mead, G. H. (1972). Mind, self and society. The Universıty of Chicago Press.
• Meçik, O., & Aytun, U. (2020). COVID-19 döneminde eşitsizlikler: Çalışma içerikleri ve ücretler [Inequalities in the COVID-19 Era: Work contents and wages]. Emek Araştırma Dergisi (GEAD), 11(18), 1–26.
• Medetoğlu, B., & Saldanlı, A. (2019). Sürü davranışının hisse senedi fiyat hareketliliğine etkisi: BİST 100 örneği [The impact of herd behavior on stock price mobility: The BIST 100 Case]. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(2), 1191–1204. https://isarder.org/index.php/isarder/article/view/826
• Meyer, C. (2019). Ethnomethodology’s Culture. Human Studies, 42, 281–303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10746-019-09515-5
• Mishra, S., Sahoo, S., & Pandey, S. (2021). Research trends in online distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Distance Education, 42(4), 494–519. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2021.1986373
• Mondada, L., Bänninger, J., Bouaouina, S. A., Camus, L., Gauthier, G., Hänggi, P., Koda, M., Svensson, H., & Tekin, B. S. (2020). Human sociality in the times of the Covid-19 pandemic: A systematic examination of change in greetings. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 24(4), 441-468. https://doi.org/10.1111/josl.12433
• Mostowlansky, T. (2016). “The very act of cutting”: Ethnomethodology, interaction and the emic-etic debate. Method & Theory in the Study of Religion, 28(4/5), 400–420.
• Ng, E. (2020). The pandemic of hate is giving COVID-19 a helping hand. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 102(6), 1158–1159. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0285
• Obuz, A. (2023). Covid-19 salgını sürecinin ortaya çıkardığı toplumsal eşitsizlikler üzerine sosyolojik bir analiz [A sociological analysis on social inequalities revealed by the Covid-19 Pandemic process] [Master’s thesis, Ordu University]. http://earsiv.odu.edu.tr:8080/xmlui/handle/11489/5410
• Okray, Z. (2021). COVID-19 Pandemisi ve obsesif kompulsif bozukluk [COVID-19 pandemic and obsessive compulsive disorder]. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 13(3), 588–604. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.829348
• Özsöz, C. (2007). Harold Garfinkel ve Etnometodoloji [Harold Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology]. Sosyoloji Notları Dergisi, (1), 4–8.
• Pollner, M. (2012). Reflections on Garfinkel and ethnomethodology’s program. The American Sociologist, 43(2012), 36–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12108-011-9146-x
• Radley, K., King, N., & Wager, N. (2023). A thematic analysis investigating the impact of COVID-19 on the way people think and talk about death and dying. Mortality, 29(3), 416–430. https://doi.org/10.1080/13576275.2023.2169824
• Rains, S. A., Harber, P., Warner, E. L., & Leroy, G. (2022). Public responses to COVID-19 mask mandates: examining pro and anti-Mask anger in tweets before and after state-level mandates. Communication Monographs, 89(4), 539–557. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2022.2043555
• Rathnayake, D., Clarke, M., & Jayasinghe, V. I. (2020). Health system performance and health system preparedness for the post-pandemic impact of COVID-19: A review. International Journal of Healthcare Management, 14(1), 250–254. https://doi.org/10.1080/20479700.2020.1836732
• Quéré, L. (2012). Is there any good reason to say goodbye to “Ethnomethodology”? Human Studies, 35(2), 305–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10746-012-9234-0
• Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2020, September 29). Maske, mesafe ve temizlik. Bu üç tedbirde birleşelim (Kamu Spotu). [Mask, distance, and cleaning. Let’s unite in these three measures]. (Public Service Announcement). COVID-19 Bilgilendirme Platformu. https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/TR-73287/maske-mesafe-ve-temizlik-bu-uc-tedbirde-birleselim.html
• Samaddar, R. (2020). Borders of an epidemic, covid 19 and migrants workers. Calcutta Research Group.
• Scambler, G. (2020). Covid-19 as a ‘breaching experiment’: Exposing the fractured society. Health Sociology Review, 29(2), 140–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/14461242.2020.1784019
• Schüttpelz, E. (2019). From documentary meaning to documentary method: A preliminary comment on the third chapter of Harold Garfinkel’s studies in ethnomethodology. Human Studies, 42(2), 221–237.
• Shevchenko, V., Malysh, N., & Tkachuk-Miroshnychenko, O. (2021). Distance learning in Ukraine in COVID-19 emergency. Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning, 39(1), 4–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680513.2021.1967115
• Straker, J. K., & Choi, M. S. (2021). Facility and family communication during the COVID-19 visit restriction: Early perspectives of family members. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 64(8), 902–913. https://doi.org/10.1080/01634372.2021.1969714
• Swingewood, A. (2010). Sosyolojik düşüncenin kısa tarihi [A short history of sociological thought] (O. Akınhay, Trans.). Agora Kitaplığı.
• Tarhan, E. (2022). Covid-19 salgını nedeniyle geleneklerin sanal ortama taşınması: Evlenme örneği [The transfer of traditions to virtual environments due to the COVID-19 pandemic: The example of marriage]. Folklor Akademi Dergisi, 5(3), 603–615. https://doi.org/10.55666/folklor.1146636
• Torabi, M. A. (2010). Ethnomethodology and conversational analysis. Journal of English Language Teaching and Learning, 53(217), 156-165.
• TRTHaber. (2020, June 15). Cerrahi maskeler gelinliklerin parçası oldu [Surgical masks have become part of wedding dresses]. https://www.trthaber.com/foto-galeri/cerrahi-maskeler-gelinliklerin-parcasi-oldu/26603/sayfa-1.html
• Türkiye Psikiyatri Derneği. (2020). COVID-19 ve damgalama [COVID-19 and stigmatization]. https://psikiyatri.org.tr/uploadFiles/243202019327-DamgalanmaCOVID.pdf
• UNAIDS. (2023). Global HIV & AIDS statistics–2020 fact sheet. Retrieved December 14, 2023, from https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet
• Wallace, R. A., & Wolf, A. (2018). Çağdaş sosyoloji kuramları [Contemporary sociological theory: Expanding the classical tradition] (L. Elburuz & M. R. Ayas, Trans.). Doğu Batı Yayınları. (Original work published 1999).
• Walter, S., & Glas, S. (2024). The political representation of minoritized groups in times of crisis: Covid-19 and beyond. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2024.2362318
• Whitehead, K. A. (2019). Using ethnomethodology and conversation analysis to study social categories: The case of racial categories in South African radio talk. In S. Laher, A. Fynn, & S. Kramer (Eds.), Transforming Research Methods in the Social Sciences: Case Studies from South Africa (pp. 251–264). Wits University Press.
• Wilandika, A., Gartika, N., & Salami, S. (2022). Social stigma against individuals with COVID-19: scale development and validation. Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/21642850.2022.2155166
• WHO. (2022, February 3). Cancer. World Health Organization. Retrieved December 12, 2023, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer
• WHO. (2023, May 5). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing – 5 May 2023. World Health Organization. Retrieved June 27, 2024, from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing---5-may-2023
• Worldometer. (2023). Covid-19 coronavirus pandemic. Retrieved December 25, 2023, from https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus
• Wu, N. (2020, March 18). GOP senator says China “to blame” for coronavirus spread because of “culture where people eat bats and snakes and dogs”. USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/03/18/coronavirus-sen-john-cornyn-says-chinese-eating-bats-spread-virus/2869342001/