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Digital Parenthood, Vaccine Hesitancy and Covid-19: Determining Digital Parents’ Attitudes on Covid-19 Anti-Vaccination Movement

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 56, 165 - 184, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.47998/ikad.994956

Öz

With the start of the production and use of COVID-19 vaccine, discussions on the content and qualities of the vaccines developed also increased. In this process, in which individuals seeking information about vaccine closely follow the discussions in questions, it was observed that a large number of fake content about the negative effects of the vaccine on individual health also got into circulation. The rapid spread of negative discourses about COVID-19 vaccine, especially over the digital media, individuals, is very important due to its potential effect on causing individuals to be sceptical about the qualities of the vaccine and indecisive about getting vaccinated, and poses an obstacle on vaccination, which is one of the most important phases of the fight against COVID-19 pandemic. Based on this perspective, the research focuses on the attitudes of parents, who, for their interests and those of their children, follow the developments about COVID-19 through digital media, towards the anti-vaccine movement, and aims to determine digital parents’ attitudes towards COVID-19 and present the relationship of such attitudes with various factors. In line with this purpose a relational field study based on questionnaire was conducted. As a result of the study, it was determined that digital parents are not against COVID-19 vaccine, but digital parents, well-educated parents who follow digital platforms related to anti-vaccine movement, and trust the content they find on these platforms, have a higher tendency to be indecisive about vaccination.

Kaynakça

  • Akarsu, B., Özdemir, D.C., Başer, D.A., Fidancı, İ., Aksoy, H. & Cankurtaran, M. (2020). “COVID-19 aşı araştırmaları devam ederken; toplumun gelecekteki COVID-19 aşısına yönelik düşünce ve tutumları”. 19.Ulusal Aile Hekimliği Kongresi, Erişim tarihi: 01.07.2021. https://cutt.ly/umdOn3v
  • Argüt, N., Yetim, A. & Gökçay, G. (2016). Aşı kabulünü etkileyen faktörler. Çocuk Dergisi, 16(1-2): 16-24.
  • Ashkenazi, S., Livni, G., Klein, A., Kremer, N., Havlin, A. & Berkowitz, O. (2020). “The relationship between parental source of information and knowledge about measles/measles vaccine and vaccine hesitancy”. Vaccine, 18(46): 7292-7298.
  • Azizi, F.S.M., Kew, Y. & Moy, F.M. (2017). “Vaccine hesitancy among parents in a multi-ethnic country, Malaysia”. Vaccine, 35(22): 2955-2961.
  • Barker, L.E., Chu, S.Y. & Smith, P.J. (2004). “Disparities in immunization”. American Journal of Public Health, 94(6): 906-906.
  • Betsch C., Ulshöfer C., Renkewitz F. & Betsch T. (2011). “The influence of narrative v. statistical information on perceiving vaccination risks”. Medical Desicion Making, 31(5): 742-753.
  • Broadbent, J.J. (2019). “Vaccine hesitancy: Misinformation on social media”. BMJ, 366: 14457.
  • Broniatowski, D.A., Jamison, A.M., Qi, S., AlKulaib, L., Chen, T., Benton, A., Quinn, S.C. & Dredze, M. (2018). “Weaponized health communication: Twitter bots and Russian trolls amplify the vaccine debate”. American Journal of Public Health, 108(10), 1378–1384.
  • Carrieri, V., Madio, L. & Principe, F. (2019). “Vaccine hesitancy and (fake) news: Quasi-experimental evidence from Italy”. Health Economics Letter, 28: 1377-1382.
  • Catalan-Matamoros, D. & Elías, C. (2020). “Vaccine hesitancy in the age of coronavirus and fake news: Analysis of journalistic sources in the Spanish quality press”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21): 8136-8151.
  • Centers for Disease and Prevention (CDC). (2012a). “National, state, and local area vaccination coverage among children aged 19-35 months – United States 2011”. Morbidity and Mortalitiy Weekly Report, 61: 689-696.
  • Centers for Disease and Preventation (CDC). (2012b). “National, state vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13-17 years – United States, 2011”. Morbidity and Mortalitiy Weekly Report, 61: 671-677.
  • Cockerell, I. (2021). “Anti-vaxxers make up to $1.1 billion for social media companies”. Rappler Erişim Tarihi: 20.06.2021. https://bit.ly/3y1CuH8
  • Chadwick, A., Kaiser, J., Vaccari, C., Freeman, D., Lambe, S., Loe, B.S., Vanderslott, S., Lewandowsky, S., Conray, M., Ross, A.R.N., Innocenti, S., Pollard, A.J., Waite, F., Larkin, M., Rosenbrock, L., Jenner, L., McShane, H., Giubilini, A., Petit, A. & Yu, L.M. (2021). “Online social endorsement and Covid-19 hesitancy in the United Kingdom”. Social Media and Society, 1-17.
  • de las Heras-Pedrosa, C., Rando-Cueto, D., Jambrino-Maldonado, C. & Paniagua-Rojano, F.J. (2020). “Exploring the social media on the communication professionals in public health: Spanish offical medical colleges case study”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(13): 48-59.
  • Dillon, C. (2021). “Ebeveynler çocuklarına aşı yaptıracak mı?”. Deutsche Welle Türkiye, Erişim tarihi: 24.05.2021 https://bit.ly/3i2kEPV
  • Downs, J.S., Bruin, W.B. & Fischhoff, B. (2008). “Parent’s vaccination comprehension and decisions”, Vaccine, 26(12): 1595-1607.
  • Dror, A.A., Eisenbach, N., Taiber, S., Morozov, N.G., Mizrachi, M., Zigron, A., Srouji, S. & Sela, E. (2020). “Vaccine hesitancy: The next challenge in the fight against COVID-19”. European Journal of Epidemiology, 35(8): 775-779.
  • Dube, E., Gagnon, D., Nickels, E., Jeram, S. & Schuster, M. (2014). “Mapping vaccine hesitancy – country-spesific characteristics of a global phenomenon”. Vaccine, 32(49): 6649-6654.
  • Facciola, A., Visalli, G., Orlando, A., Bertuccio, M.P., Spataro, P., Squeri, R., Picerno, I. & Di Pietro, A. (2019). “Vaccine hesitancy: An overview on parents’ opinions about vaccination and possible reasons of vaccine refusal”. Journal of Public Health Research, 8(1): 1436.
  • Germani F, Biller-Andorno N (2021) “The anti-vaccination infodemic on social media: A behavioral analysis”. PLOS ONE, 16(3): e0247642.
  • Getman, R., Helmi, M., Roberts, H., Yansane, A., Cutler, D. & Seymour, B. (2018). “Vaccine hesitancy and online information: The influence on digital networks”. Health Education & Behavior, 45(4): 599-606.
  • Gül-Ünlü, D. (2020). “Dijital ebeveynlik ve mobil uygulamalar: Dijital ebeveynlerin mobil uygulama kullanım pratiklerinin incelenmesi”. İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi, 50: 56-73.
  • Gür, E. (2019). “Aşı kararsızlığı – Aşı reddi”. Türk Pediatri Arşivi, 54(1): 1-2.
  • Hou, Z., Tong, Y., Du, F., Lu, L., Zhao, S., Yu, K., Piatek, S., Larson, A.J. & Lin, L. (2021). “Assessing COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, confidence, and public engagement: A global social listening study”. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(6): e27632.
  • Jacobson, R. M., St Sauver, J. L., Griffin, J. M., MacLaughlin, K. L. & Finney Rutten, L. J. (2020). “How health care providers should address vaccine hesitancy in the clinical setting: Evidence for presumptive language in making a strong recommendation”. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 16(9): 2131–2135.
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Dijital Ebeveynlik, Aşı Kararsızlığı ve Covid-19: Dijital Ebeveynlerin Covıd-19 Aşısı Karşıtlığına İlişkin Tutumlarının Belirlenmesi

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 56, 165 - 184, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.47998/ikad.994956

Öz

COVID-19 aşılarının üretimi ve kullanımının başlamasıyla birlikte, geliştirilen aşıların içeriği ve niteliğine ilişkin tartışmalar da artmıştır. Aşı hakkında bilgi arayan bireyler tarafından söz konusu tartışmaların yakından takip edildiği bu süreçte, aşının birey sağlığı üzerindeki olumsuz sonuçları hakkında çok sayıda gerçek dışı içeriğin de dolaşıma girdiği görülmüştür. Özellikle dijital ortam üzerinden COVID-19 aşısına dair olumsuz söylemlerin hızla yayılması, bireylerin aşının niteliğine şüpheyle yaklaşmaları ve aşı yaptırma kararsızlığı duymaları gibi sonuçlara yol açması bakımından oldukça önem taşımakta, COVID-19 pandemisiyle mücadelenin en önemli aşamalarından biri olan aşılamanın önünde engel teşkil etmektedir. Bu perspektiften yola çıkan araştırma kapsamında, COVID-19 aşılarının uygulanmaya başlanmasıyla birlikte, dijital ortam üzerinden aşı gelişmelerini takip eden ebeveynlerin kendileri ve çocuklarıyla ilgili olarak COVID-19 aşısı karşıtlığına ilişkin tutumlarına odaklanılmakta, dijital ebeveynlerin COVID-19 aşısı karşıtlığına yönelik tutumlarının belirlenerek, çeşitli değişkenlerle ilişkisinin ortaya koyulması amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaca uygun olarak, soru formuna dayanan ilişkisel bir alan araştırması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, dijital ebeveynlerin COVID-19 aşısı karşıtı olmadıkları; ancak dijital annelerin, yüksek eğitimli, aşı karşıtlığıyla ilgili dijital platformları takip eden ve bu platformlarda karşılaştıkları içerikleri güvenilir bulan ebeveynlerin aşı kararsızlıklarının daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Akarsu, B., Özdemir, D.C., Başer, D.A., Fidancı, İ., Aksoy, H. & Cankurtaran, M. (2020). “COVID-19 aşı araştırmaları devam ederken; toplumun gelecekteki COVID-19 aşısına yönelik düşünce ve tutumları”. 19.Ulusal Aile Hekimliği Kongresi, Erişim tarihi: 01.07.2021. https://cutt.ly/umdOn3v
  • Argüt, N., Yetim, A. & Gökçay, G. (2016). Aşı kabulünü etkileyen faktörler. Çocuk Dergisi, 16(1-2): 16-24.
  • Ashkenazi, S., Livni, G., Klein, A., Kremer, N., Havlin, A. & Berkowitz, O. (2020). “The relationship between parental source of information and knowledge about measles/measles vaccine and vaccine hesitancy”. Vaccine, 18(46): 7292-7298.
  • Azizi, F.S.M., Kew, Y. & Moy, F.M. (2017). “Vaccine hesitancy among parents in a multi-ethnic country, Malaysia”. Vaccine, 35(22): 2955-2961.
  • Barker, L.E., Chu, S.Y. & Smith, P.J. (2004). “Disparities in immunization”. American Journal of Public Health, 94(6): 906-906.
  • Betsch C., Ulshöfer C., Renkewitz F. & Betsch T. (2011). “The influence of narrative v. statistical information on perceiving vaccination risks”. Medical Desicion Making, 31(5): 742-753.
  • Broadbent, J.J. (2019). “Vaccine hesitancy: Misinformation on social media”. BMJ, 366: 14457.
  • Broniatowski, D.A., Jamison, A.M., Qi, S., AlKulaib, L., Chen, T., Benton, A., Quinn, S.C. & Dredze, M. (2018). “Weaponized health communication: Twitter bots and Russian trolls amplify the vaccine debate”. American Journal of Public Health, 108(10), 1378–1384.
  • Carrieri, V., Madio, L. & Principe, F. (2019). “Vaccine hesitancy and (fake) news: Quasi-experimental evidence from Italy”. Health Economics Letter, 28: 1377-1382.
  • Catalan-Matamoros, D. & Elías, C. (2020). “Vaccine hesitancy in the age of coronavirus and fake news: Analysis of journalistic sources in the Spanish quality press”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21): 8136-8151.
  • Centers for Disease and Prevention (CDC). (2012a). “National, state, and local area vaccination coverage among children aged 19-35 months – United States 2011”. Morbidity and Mortalitiy Weekly Report, 61: 689-696.
  • Centers for Disease and Preventation (CDC). (2012b). “National, state vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13-17 years – United States, 2011”. Morbidity and Mortalitiy Weekly Report, 61: 671-677.
  • Cockerell, I. (2021). “Anti-vaxxers make up to $1.1 billion for social media companies”. Rappler Erişim Tarihi: 20.06.2021. https://bit.ly/3y1CuH8
  • Chadwick, A., Kaiser, J., Vaccari, C., Freeman, D., Lambe, S., Loe, B.S., Vanderslott, S., Lewandowsky, S., Conray, M., Ross, A.R.N., Innocenti, S., Pollard, A.J., Waite, F., Larkin, M., Rosenbrock, L., Jenner, L., McShane, H., Giubilini, A., Petit, A. & Yu, L.M. (2021). “Online social endorsement and Covid-19 hesitancy in the United Kingdom”. Social Media and Society, 1-17.
  • de las Heras-Pedrosa, C., Rando-Cueto, D., Jambrino-Maldonado, C. & Paniagua-Rojano, F.J. (2020). “Exploring the social media on the communication professionals in public health: Spanish offical medical colleges case study”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(13): 48-59.
  • Dillon, C. (2021). “Ebeveynler çocuklarına aşı yaptıracak mı?”. Deutsche Welle Türkiye, Erişim tarihi: 24.05.2021 https://bit.ly/3i2kEPV
  • Downs, J.S., Bruin, W.B. & Fischhoff, B. (2008). “Parent’s vaccination comprehension and decisions”, Vaccine, 26(12): 1595-1607.
  • Dror, A.A., Eisenbach, N., Taiber, S., Morozov, N.G., Mizrachi, M., Zigron, A., Srouji, S. & Sela, E. (2020). “Vaccine hesitancy: The next challenge in the fight against COVID-19”. European Journal of Epidemiology, 35(8): 775-779.
  • Dube, E., Gagnon, D., Nickels, E., Jeram, S. & Schuster, M. (2014). “Mapping vaccine hesitancy – country-spesific characteristics of a global phenomenon”. Vaccine, 32(49): 6649-6654.
  • Facciola, A., Visalli, G., Orlando, A., Bertuccio, M.P., Spataro, P., Squeri, R., Picerno, I. & Di Pietro, A. (2019). “Vaccine hesitancy: An overview on parents’ opinions about vaccination and possible reasons of vaccine refusal”. Journal of Public Health Research, 8(1): 1436.
  • Germani F, Biller-Andorno N (2021) “The anti-vaccination infodemic on social media: A behavioral analysis”. PLOS ONE, 16(3): e0247642.
  • Getman, R., Helmi, M., Roberts, H., Yansane, A., Cutler, D. & Seymour, B. (2018). “Vaccine hesitancy and online information: The influence on digital networks”. Health Education & Behavior, 45(4): 599-606.
  • Gül-Ünlü, D. (2020). “Dijital ebeveynlik ve mobil uygulamalar: Dijital ebeveynlerin mobil uygulama kullanım pratiklerinin incelenmesi”. İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi, 50: 56-73.
  • Gür, E. (2019). “Aşı kararsızlığı – Aşı reddi”. Türk Pediatri Arşivi, 54(1): 1-2.
  • Hou, Z., Tong, Y., Du, F., Lu, L., Zhao, S., Yu, K., Piatek, S., Larson, A.J. & Lin, L. (2021). “Assessing COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, confidence, and public engagement: A global social listening study”. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(6): e27632.
  • Jacobson, R. M., St Sauver, J. L., Griffin, J. M., MacLaughlin, K. L. & Finney Rutten, L. J. (2020). “How health care providers should address vaccine hesitancy in the clinical setting: Evidence for presumptive language in making a strong recommendation”. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 16(9): 2131–2135.
  • Kata, A. (2012). “Anti-vaccine activists, web 2.0, and the postmodern paradigm – an overview of tactics and tropes used online by the anti-vaccination movement”. Vaccine, 30(25): 3778-3789.
  • Keelan, J., Pavri, V., Balakrishnan, R. & Wilson, K. (2010). “An analysis of the human papilloma virus vaccine debate on MySpce blogs”. Vaccine, 28(6): 1535-1540.
  • Larson, H.J., Jarrett, C., Schulz, W.S., Chaudhuri, M., Zhou, Y., Dube, E., Schuster, M., MacDonald, N.E., Wilson, R. & The SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy. (2015). “Measuring vaccine hesitancy: The development of survey tool”. Vaccine, 33(34): 4165-4175.
  • Larson, H.J., Jarrett, C., Eckersberger, E., Smith, D.M. & Paterson, P. (2014). “Understanding vaccine hesitancy around vaccines and vaccination from a global perspective: A systematic review of published literature, 2007-2012”. Vaccine, 32: 2150-2159.
  • LaVail, K.H. & Kennedy, A.M. (2012). “The role of attitudes about vaccine safety, efficacy, and value in explaining parents’ reported vaccination behavior”. Health Education & Behavior, 40: 544-555.
  • Ljungholm, D.P. & Olah, M.L. (2020). “Regulating fake news content during COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence-based reality, trustworthy sources, and responsible media reporting”. Review of Contemporary Philosophy, 19: 43-49.
  • Loomba, S., de Figueiredo, A., Piatek, S.J., de Graaf, K., & Larson, H.J. (2021). “Measuring the impact of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation on vaccination intent in the UK and USA”. Nature Human Behaviour, 1-12.
  • Lupton, D., Pedersen, S. & Thomas, G. (2016). “Parenting and digital media: From the early web to contemporary digital society”, Sociology Compass, 10(8): 730-743.
  • Ma, J. & Stahl, L. (2017). “A multimodal critical discourse analysis of anti-vaccination information on Facebook”. Library and Information Science Research, 39: 303-310.
  • Marco-Franco, J.E., Pita-Barros, P., Vivas-Orts, D., Gonzales-de-Julian, S. & Vivas-Consuelo, D. (2021). “COVID-19, fake news, and vacciness: Should regulation be implemented?”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2): 744-755.
  • Martin, S., Kilich, E., Dada, S., Kummervold, P.E., Denny, C., Paterson, P. & Larson, H.J. (2020). “Vaccines for pregnant women…?! Absurt” – Mapping maternal vaccination discourse and stance on social media over six months”. Vaccine, 38(42): 6627-6637.
  • McClure, C.C., Cataldi, J.R. & O’Leary, S.T. (2017). “Vaccine hesitancy: Where we are and where are we going”. Clinical Therapeutics, 39(8): 1550-1562.
  • Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Kalogeropoulos, A., Levy, D.A. & Nielsen, R.K. (2017). “Reuters Institute Digital News Report, 2017”. Erişim 8 Nisan 2021. https://cutt.ly/qcZrVLy
  • O’Callaghan, D., Greene, D., Conway, M., Carthy, J. & Cunningham, P. (2015). “Down the (white) rabbit hole: The extreme right and online recommender systems”. Social Science Computer Review, 33(4): 459-478.
  • Opel, D.J., Taylor, J.A., Mangione-Smith, R., Solomon, C., Zhan, C., Catz, S. & Martin, D. (2011). “Validity and reliability of a survey to identify vaccine-hesitant parents”. Vaccine, 29(38): 6598-605.
  • Piedrahita-Valdes, H., Piedrahita-Catillo, D., Bermejo-Higuera, J., Guillem-Saiz, P., Bermejo-Higuera, J.R., Guillem-Saiz, J., Sicillia-Montalva, J.A. & Machio-Regidor, F. (2021). “Vaccine hesitancy on social media: Sentiment analysis from June 2011 to April 2019”. Vaccines, 9(28): 1-12.
  • Prislin, R., Dyer, J.A., Blakely, C.H. & Johnson, C.D. (1998). “Immunization status and sociodemographic characteristics: The mediating role of beliefs attitudes and perceived control”. American Journal of Public Health, 88: 1821-1826.
  • Puri, N., Coomes, E.A., Haghbayan, H. & Gunaratre, K. (2020). “Social media and vaccine hesitancy: New updates for era of COVID-19 and globalized infectious diseases”. Human Vaccines & Immunotheraputics, 16(11): 2586-2593.
  • Restivo, V., Napoli, G., Marsala, M.G., Bonanno, V., Sciuto, V., Amodia, E., Calamusa, G., Vitale, F. & Firenze, A. (2015). “Factors associated with poor adherence to MMR vaccination in parents who follow vaccination schedule”. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 11: 140-145.
  • Rodriguez N.J. (2016). “Vaccine-hesitant justifications: “Too many, too soon” narrative persuasion, and the conflation of expertise”. Global Qualitative Nursing Research, 3: 1-10.
  • Romer, D. & Jamieson, K.H. (2020). “Conspiracy theories as barriers to controlling the spread of COVID-19 in the U.S.”. Social Science and Medicine, 263: 1-8.
  • Roozenbeek, J., Schneider, C.R., Druhurst, S., Kerr, J., Freeman, A.L.J., Recchia, G., van der Bles, A.M. & van der Linden, S. (2020). “Susceptibility to misinformation about COVID-19 around the world”. Royal Society Open Science, 7(10): 201199.
  • Rozbroj, T., Lyons, A. & Lucke, J. (2019). “Vaccine-hesitant and vaccine-refusing parents’ reflections on the way parenthood changed their attitudes to vaccination”. Journal of Community Health, 45: 63-72.
  • Sallam, M., Dababseh, D., Eid, H., Hasan, H., Taim, D., Al-Mahzoum, K., Al-Haidar, A., Yaseen, A., Ababneh, N.A., Assaf, A., Bakri, F.G., Matar, S. ve Mahafzah, A. (2021). “Low COVID-19 vaccine acceptance is correlated with conspiracy beliefs among university students in Jordan”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5): 2407-2420.
  • Scerri, M. & Grech, V. (2020). “COVID-19, Its novel vaccination and fake news–What a brew”. Early Human Development, 105256.
  • Shoup, J., Wagner, N., Kraus, C., Narwaney, K., Goddard, K. & Glanz, J. (2015). “Development of an interactive social media tool for parents with concerns about vaccines”. Health Education & Behavior, 42: 302-312.
  • Smith, T.C. & Reiss, D.R. (2020). “Digging the rabbit hole, COVID-19 Edition: Anti-vaccine themes and the discourse around COVID-19”. Microbes and Infection, 22: 608-610.
  • Smith, P.J., Chu, S.Y. & Barker, L.E. (2004). “Children who have received no vaccines: Who are they and where do they live?”. Pediatrics, 114: 187-195.
  • Solmaz, B., Tekin, G., Herzem, Z. & Demir, M. (2013). “İnternet ve sosyal medya kullanımı üzerine bir uygulama”. Selçuk İletişim Dergisi, 7(4): 23-32.
  • Tang, L., Fujimoto, K., Amith, M, Cunningham, R., Costantini, R., York, F., Xiong, G., Boom, J. & Tao, C. (2021). “Down the rabbit hole” of vaccine misinformation on YouTube: Network exposure study”. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(1): e23262
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TUIK), (2019). https://bit.ly/2W4wBJR
  • Türkay, M., Ay, E.G. & Aytekin, M.R. (2017). “Antalya ilinde seçilmiş bir grupta aşı karşıtı olma durumu”. Akdeniz Tıp Dergisi, 2: 107-112.
  • Ülker, P. (2021). “İnfodemi: Türkiye’de yalan haber salgınında artış”. Deutsche Welle Türkiye, Erişim: 5 Nisan 2021. https://cutt.ly/IcQ9Cid
  • Weiner, J.L., Fisher, A.M., Nowack, G.J., Basket, M.M. & Gellin, B.G. (2015). “Childhood immunizations: First-time expectant mothers’ knowledge, beliefs, intentions, and behaviors”. Vaccine, 33(Suppl. 4), D92-D98.
  • Wheeler, M. & Buttenheim, A.M. (2013). “Parental vaccine concerns, information source, and choice of alternative immunization schedules”. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 9: 1782-1789.
  • Wilson, K. & Keelan, J. (2013). “Social media and the empowering of opponents of medical technologies: The case of anti-vaccinationism”. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15(5): e103.
  • Wilson, S.L. & Wiysonge, C. (2020). “Social media and vaccine hesitancy”. BMJ Global Health, 5: e004206.
  • Witteman, H.O. & Zikmund-Fisher, B.J. (2012). “The defining characteistics of web 2.0 and their potential influence in the online vaccination debate”. Vaccine, 30(25): 3734-3740.
  • Wolfe, R.M. & Sharp, L.K. (2002). “Anti-vaccinationists past and present”. The BMJ, 325(7361): 430-432.
  • World Health Organization (2019). “Ten threats to global health in 2019”. Erişim tarihi: 27.06.2021. https://bit.ly/3h1nxzw
  • Yıldız, Y., Telatar, T.G., Baykal, M.H., Aykanat-Yurtsever, B. & Yıldız, İ.E. (2021). “COVID-19 pandemisi döneminde aşı reddinin değerlendirilmesi”. Düzce Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 11(2): 200-205.
  • Yiğit, T., Oktay, B.Ö., Özdemir, C.N. & Moustafa-Pasa, S. (2020). “Aşı karşıtlığı ve fikri gelişimi”. Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences Research, 7(53): 1244-1261.
Toplam 68 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İletişim ve Medya Çalışmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Derya Gül Ünlü 0000-0003-3936-7988

Yıldıray Kesgin 0000-0001-6535-9151

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Eylül 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Sayı: 56

Kaynak Göster

APA Gül Ünlü, D., & Kesgin, Y. (2021). Dijital Ebeveynlik, Aşı Kararsızlığı ve Covid-19: Dijital Ebeveynlerin Covıd-19 Aşısı Karşıtlığına İlişkin Tutumlarının Belirlenmesi. İletişim Kuram Ve Araştırma Dergisi, 2021(56), 165-184. https://doi.org/10.47998/ikad.994956