The Relationship Between Gut Microbiota and Exercise

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 365 - 372, 31.05.2022

Menşure Nur Çelik , Feride Ayyıldız

Öz

Nowadays, gut microbiota, which is one of the important research areas, plays an important role on host health by sending signals to non-intestinal organs. Some unchangeable factors such as age, gender, genetics are effective in the modulation of gut microbiota, there are also changeable environmental factors such as nutrition and exercise. It has been shown that exercise increases microbiota biodiversity and is associated with the presence of beneficial microorganisms. It is also thought that exercise may be a possible modulator of gut microbiome composition Although various mechanisms have been discussed for the effect of exercise on microbiota modulation, there is no exact mechanism explaining this relationship. In addition, studies are still continuing to show that exercise can play a role in the treatment of some diseases by providing microbiota modification and positive changes in the gut microbiota. Overall, results from animal and human studies show that exercise has an effect on the gut microbiota. There is a need for longitudinal studies with large sample groups on this subject.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Exercise, gut microbiota, probiotic

Egzersiz ve Bağırsak Mikrobiyotası Arasındaki İlişki

Öz

Günümüz önemli araştırma alanlarından biri olan bağırsak mikrobiyotası, bağırsak dışı organlara sinyaller göndererek konakçı sağlığı üzerinde önemli rol oynamaktadır. Bağırsak mikrobiyotasının modülasyonunda; yaş, cinsiyet, genetik gibi bazı değiştirilemez faktörlerin yanı sıra beslenme, egzersiz gibi değiştirilebilir çevresel faktörler de etkilidir. Egzersizin mikrobiyota biyoçeşitliliğini artırdığı ve faydalı mikroorganizmaların varlığı ile ilişkili olduğu gösterilmektedir. Ayrıca egzersizin bağırsak mikrobiyom bileşiminin olası bir modülatörü olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Egzersizin mikrobiyota modülasyonu üzerinde etkisi için çeşitli mekanizmalar üzerinde durulsa da bu ilişkiyi açıklayan net bir mekanizma bulunmamaktadır. Ayrıca, egzersizin mikrobiyota modifikasyonunu sağlaması ve bağırsak mikroflorasında meydana getirdiği olumlu değişikliklerle bazı hastalıkların tedavisinde rol oynayabileceğine dair çalışmalar halen devam etmektedir. Genel olarak, hayvan ve insan çalışmalarından elde edilen sonuçlar, egzersizin bağırsak mikrobiyotası üzerinde etkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu konuda geniş örneklem gruplarıyla uzunlamasına yapılacak çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

egzersiz, bağırsak mikrobiyotası, probiyotik

Kaynakça

• Qin J, Li R, Raes J, Arumugam M, Burgdorf KS, Manichanh C, et al. A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing. Nature. 2010;464(7285):59-65.
• Turroni S, Brigidi P, Cavalli A, Candela M. Microbiota–host transgenomic metabolism, bioactive molecules from the inside: miniperspective. J Med Chem. 2018;61(1):47-61.
• Grenham S, Clarke G, Cryan JF, Dinan TG. Brain–gut–microbe communication in health and disease. Front Physiol. 2011;2:94.
• O'Hara AM, Shanahan F. The gut flora as a forgotten organ. EMBO Rep. 2006;7(7):688-93.
• Steves CJ, Bird S, Williams FM, Spector TD. The microbiome and musculoskeletal conditions of aging: a review of evidence for impact and potential therapeutics. J Bone Miner Res. 2016;31(2):261-9.
• Jang L-G, Choi G, Kim S-W, Kim B-Y, Lee S, Park H. The combination of sport and sport-specific diet is associated with characteristics of gut microbiota: an observational study. JJ Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2019;16(1):1-10.
• Pedersini P, Turroni S, Villafañe JH. Gut microbiota and physical activity: is there an evidence-based link? Sci Total Environ. 2020;727:138648.
• Mach N, Fuster-Botella D. Endurance exercise and gut microbiota: A review. J Sport Health Sci. 2017;6(2):179-97.
• Gizard F, Fernandez A, De Vadder F. Interactions between gut microbiota and skeletal muscle. Nutr Metab Insights. 2020;13:1178638820980490.
• Keohane DM, Woods T, O’Connor P, Underwood S, Cronin O, Whiston R, et al. Four men in a boat: Ultra-endurance exercise alters the gut microbiome. J Sci Med Sport. 2019;22(9):1059-64.
• Ehrenpreis ED, Swamy RS, Zaitman D, Noth I. Short duration exercise increases breath hydrogen excretion after lactulose ingestion: description of a new phenomenon. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97(11):2798-802.
• Park S, Bae J-H. Probiotics for weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition research. 2015;35(7):566-75.
• Sulaiman I, Farouk R, Aliya I, Adzim M, Uday Y, Zahri M, et al. Interdiscip J Microinflammation2014
• Mika A, Van Treuren W, González A, Herrera JJ, Knight R, Fleshner M. Exercise is more effective at altering gut microbial composition and producing stable changes in lean mass in juvenile versus adult male F344 rats. PLoS One. 2015;10(5):e0125889.
• Choi JJ, Eum SY, Rampersaud E, Daunert S, Abreu MT, Toborek M. Exercise attenuates PCB-induced changes in the mouse gut microbiome. Environ Health Perspect. 2013;121(6):725-30.
• Queipo-Ortuño MI, Seoane LM, Murri M, Pardo M, Gomez-Zumaquero JM, Cardona F, et al. Gut microbiota composition in male rat models under different nutritional status and physical activity and its association with serum leptin and ghrelin levels. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):e65465.
• Forsythe P, Bienenstock J, Kunze WA. Vagal pathways for microbiomebrain-gut axis communication. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2014;817:115-33.
• Hsu YJ, Chiu CC, Li YP, Huang WC, Te Huang Y, Huang CC, et al. Effect of intestinal microbiota on exercise performance in mice. J Strength Cond Res. 2015;29(2):552-8.
• Okamoto T, Morino K, Ugi S, Nakagawa F, Lemecha M, Ida S, et al. Microbiome potentiates endurance exercise through intestinal acetate production. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2019;316(5):E956-E66.
• Petersen LM, Bautista EJ, Nguyen H, Hanson BM, Chen L, Lek SH, et al. Community characteristics of the gut microbiomes of competitive cyclists. Microbiome. 2017;5(1):1-13.
• Scheiman J, Luber JM, Chavkin TA, MacDonald T, Tung A, Pham L-D, et al. Meta-omics analysis of elite athletes identifies a performanceenhancing microbe that functions via lactate metabolism. Nat Med. 2019;25(7):1104-9.
• Barton W, Penney NC, Cronin O, Garcia-Perez I, Molloy MG, Holmes E, et al. The microbiome of professional athletes differs from that of more sedentary subjects in composition and particularly at the functional metabolic level. Gut. 2018;67(4):625-33.
• Clarke SF, Murphy EF, O'Sullivan O, Lucey AJ, Humphreys M, Hogan A, et al. Exercise and associated dietary extremes impact on gut microbial diversity. Gut. 2014;63(12):1913-20.
• Allen JM, Mailing LJ, Niemiro GM, Moore R, Cook MD, White BA, et al. Exercise alters gut microbiota composition and function in lean and obese humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2018;50(4):747-57.
• Lahiri S, Kim H, Garcia-Perez I, Reza MM, Martin KA, Kundu P, et al. The gut microbiota influences skeletal muscle mass and function in mice. Sci Transl Med. 2019;11(502).
• Monda V, Villano I, Messina A, Valenzano A, Esposito T, Moscatelli F, et al. Exercise modifies the gut microbiota with positive health effects. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017.
• Cook MD, Allen JM, Pence BD, Wallig MA, Gaskins HR, White BA, et al. Exercise and gut immune function: evidence of alterations in colon immune cell homeostasis and microbiome characteristics with exercise training. Immunol Cell Biol. 2016;94(2):158-63.
• Petriz BA, Castro AP, Almeida JA, Gomes CP, Fernandes GR, Kruger RH, et al. Exercise induction of gut microbiota modifications in obese, non-obese and hypertensive rats. BMC genomics. 2014;15(1):1-13.
• Bermon S, Petriz B, Kajeniene A, Prestes J, Castell L, Franco OL. The microbiota: an exercise immunology perspective. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2015;21(21):70-9.
• De Sire R, Rizzatti G, Ingravalle F, Pizzoferrato M, Petito V, Lopetuso L, et al. Skeletal muscle-gut axis: emerging mechanisms of sarcopenia for intestinal and extra intestinal diseases. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 2018;64(4):351-62.
• Peters H, De Vries W, Vanberge-Henegouwen G, Akkermans L. Potential benefits and hazards of physical activity and exercise on the gastrointestinal tract. Gut. 2001;48(3):435-9.
• Pizzoferrato M, de Sire R, Ingravalle F, Mentella MC, Petito V, Martone AM, et al. Characterization of sarcopenia in an IBD population attending an Italian gastroenterology tertiary center. Nutrients. 2019;11(10):2281.
• Ticinesi A, Nouvenne A, Cerundolo N, Catania P, Prati B, Tana C, et al. Gut microbiota, muscle mass and function in aging: A focus on physical frailty and sarcopenia. Nutrients. 2019;11(7):1633.
• Picca A, Ponziani FR, Calvani R, Marini F, Biancolillo A, CoelhoJúnior HJ, et al. Gut microbial, inflammatory and metabolic signatures in older people with physical frailty and sarcopenia: Results from the BIOSPHERE Study. Nutrients. 2020;12(1):65.
• Rehrer NJ, Smets A, Reynaert H, Goes E, De Meirleir K. Effect of exercise on portal vein blood flow in man. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(9):1533-7.
• Evans CC, LePard KJ, Kwak JW, Stancukas MC, Laskowski S, Dougherty J, et al. Exercise prevents weight gain and alters the gut microbiota in a mouse model of high fat diet-induced obesity. PLoS One. 2014;9(3):e92193.
• Woo J, Shin KO, Park SY, Jang KS, Kang S. Effects of exercise and diet change on cognition function and synaptic plasticity in high fat diet induced obese rats. Lipids Health Dis. 2013;12(1):1-10.
• Chieffi S, Conson M, Carlomagno S. Movement velocity effects on kinaesthetic localisation of spatial positions. Exp Brain Res. 2004;158(4):421-6.
• Molteni R, Wu A, Vaynman S, Ying Z, Barnard R, Gomez-Pinilla F. Exercise reverses the harmful effects of consumption of a high-fat diet on synaptic and behavioral plasticity associated to the action of brainderived neurotrophic factor. Neuroscience. 2004;123(2):429-40.
• Kang SS, Jeraldo PR, Kurti A, Miller MEB, Cook MD, Whitlock K, et al. Diet and exercise orthogonally alter the gut microbiome and reveal independent associations with anxiety and cognition. Mol Neurodegener. 2014;9(1):1-12.
• Campbell SC, Wisniewski PJ, Noji M, McGuinness LR, Häggblom MM, Lightfoot SA, et al. The effect of diet and exercise on intestinal integrity and microbial diversity in mice. PLoS One. 2016;11(3):e0150502.
• Estaki M, Pither J, Baumeister P, Little JP, Gill SK, Ghosh S, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness as a predictor of intestinal microbial diversity and distinct metagenomic functions. Microbiome. 2016;4(1):1-13.
• McKinney J, Lithwick DJ, Morrison BN, Nazzari H, Isserow SH, Heilbron B, et al. The health benefits of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness. B C Med J. 2016;58(3):131-7.
• Morita E, Yokoyama H, Imai D, Takeda R, Ota A, Kawai E, et al. Aerobic exercise training with brisk walking increases intestinal bacteroides in healthy elderly women. Nutrients. 2019;11(4):868.