Negatif Ateizm Ateizmi Gerekçelendirebilir mi?
Yıl 2024,
Sayı: 61, 164 - 178, 30.06.2024
Fatma Nur Ağca
Öz
Ateizmin gerekçelendirilmesi gereken bir tutum olup olmadığı ve hangi koşulların sağlanması durumunda rasyonel bir gerekçelendirmeden bahsedilebileceği sorunu, en az teizmin gerekçelendirilmesi sorunu kadar önemlidir. Bu makalede ateizmin inançsızlık veya Tanrı inancının bulunmaması şeklinde negatif yolla tanımlanması durumunda nasıl bir gerekçelendirmenin
öngörüldüğü ele alınmaktadır. Ateizm, inançsızlık olarak ele alınırsa, bu durum onun gerekçelendirmeden muaf olduğu sonucuna götürebilir mi? Ateistin “Tanrı vardır” önermesinin yanlış, “Tanrı yoktur” önermesinin doğru olduğunu gösterme amaçlı bir ispat yükümlülüğü bulunmamakta mıdır? Ateistik gerekçelendirme söz konusu olduğunda karşımıza delilin yokluğu yaklaşımı ve yokluğun delili yaklaşımı olmak üzere iki farklı seçenek çıkar. Bu makalenin konusu olan delilin yokluğu yaklaşımının değerlendirilebilmesi için öncelikle “Tanrı vardır” önermesinin doğruluğuna dair yeterli delil bulunmaması durumunda bu önermenin inkârının zorunlu olup olamayacağı ele alınmıştır. Daha sonra ise yeterli delil bulunmaması durumunun negatif ateizmden pozitif ateizme geçişi meşru kılıp kılamayacağı irdelenmiştir. Makalede ateizmin gerekçelendirilebilmesinin, delilin yokluğunun yokluğun delili için yeterli görüldüğü bir savunmadan ziyade pozitif deliller ile mümkün olabileceği savunulmaktadır. Ateizm, önermesel bir tutumdan ziyade bir tür psikolojik inançsızlık hâli olarak değerlendirilirse bu durum, onun epistemik boyutunun göz ardı edilmesine neden olacaktır. Bu
çalışmada ateizmin Tanrı’nın varlığına dair inançsızlık veya bir tür kayıtsızlık hâli olarak görülmesinin imkânı irdelenmekte ve bu durumun ateistik savunuya bir katkı sağlayamayacağının gösterilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Delilci bir bakış açısından herhangi bir delil sunmadan ateizmin doğru olduğu sonucuna ulaşılması, kendi kendisine referansla tutarsız görünmektedir.
Etik Beyan
Derginize gönderdiğim çalışmamın etik kurul izni gerektiren çalışmalar arasında yer almadığını beyan ederim.
Destekleyen Kurum
Bu makale için finansal destek alınmamıştır.
Teşekkür
Konunun belirlenmesi ve şekillenmesindeki katkılarından dolayı Prof. Dr. Mehmet Sait Reçber'e içten bir teşekkür borçluyum.
Kaynakça
- Aydın, Mehmet. “Ateizm ve Çıkmazları”. AÜİFD 24/1 (Haziran 1981), 187-204.
- Bell, Martin. “Review: Is There Room for Agnosticism?”. Religious Studies 29/4 (Aralık 1993), 543-553. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0034412500022587
- Bullivant, Stephen. “Defining ‘Atheism’”. The Oxford Handbook of Atheism. ed. Stephen Bullivant & Michael Ruse. 11-21. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.
- Clifford, W. K. “The Ethics of Belief”. The Rationality of Belief in God. ed. George I. Mavrodes. 152-160. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1970.
- Copan, Paul. “Atheism and The Burden of Proof”. Enrichment (2013), 26-29.
- Copi, Irving M. vd. Introduction to Logic. New York: Pearson, 14. Basım, 2014.
- Corlett, J. Angelo. “Dawkins’ Godless Delusion”. International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 65/3 (Haziran 2009), 125-138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11153-008-9187-4
- Corlett, J. Angelo. The Errors of Atheism. New York: Continuum, 2010.
- Corlett, J. Angelo - Cangelosi, Josh. “Atheism and Epistemic Justification”. International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 78/1 (Eylül 2015), 91-106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11153-014-9484-z
- Cornman, James W. vd., Philosophical Problems and Arguments: An Introduction. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 4. Basım, 1992.
- Craig, William Lane. “Theism Undefeated”. God?: A Debate Between A Christian and An Atheist. Craig, William Lane - Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter. 107-128. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
- Draper, Paul. “Atheism and Agnosticism”. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ed. Edward N. Zalta. Erişim 5 Ağustos 2019. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/atheism-agnosticism/
- Evans, C. Stephen. “Normative Objections to Atheism”. A Companion to Atheism and Philosophy. ed. Graham Oppy. 491-505. Hoboken: Wiley, 2019.
- Hanson, Norwood Russell. “The Agnostic’s Dilemma”. Faith & Reason. ed. Paul Helm. 338-342. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
- Jacoby, Henry. “Is Agnosticism Unreasonable?” Sophia 30 (Ekim 1991), 35-41. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02789731
- Krabbe, Erik C. W. “Appeal to Ignorance”. Fallacies: Classical and Contemporary Readings. ed. Hans V. Hansen - Robert C. Pinto. 251-264. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995.
- Lovering, Rob. God and Evidence: Problems for Theistic Philosophers. New York & London, Bloomsbury Academic, 2013.
- Martin, Michael. Atheism: A Philosophical Justification. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990.
- Martin, Michael. “Response to Bell” Religious Studies 29/4 (Aralık 1993), 555-558. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0034412500022599
- Martin, Michael. “General Introduction”. The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. ed. Michael Martin. 1-7. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
- McCabe, Joseph. “Atheism”. A Rationalist Encyclopedia: A Book of Reference on Religion, Philosophy, Ethics, and Science. 36-37. London: Watts & Co., 2. Basım, 1950.
- McCraw, Benjamin W. “Appeal to Ignorance”. Bad Arguments: 100 of the Most Important Fallacies in Western Philosophy. ed. Robert Arp vd. 106-111. New Jersey, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, 2019.
- McGrath, P. J. “Atheism or Agnosticism”. Analysis 47/1 (Ocak 1987), 54-57. https://doi.org/10.2307/3328711
- Mehdiyev, Nebi. Çağdaş Din Felsefesinde Epistemolojik Yaklaşımlar ve Tanrı İnancının Rasyonelliği. İstanbul: İSAM, 2008.
- Moser, Paul K. “Undermining the Case for Evidential Atheism” Religious Studies 48/1 (Mart 2012), 83-93. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0034412511000114
- Morris, Thomas V. “Agnosticism”. Analysis 45/4 (Ekim 1985), 219-224. https://doi.org/10.1093/analys/45.4.219
- Oppy, Graham. “Atheism: A Retrospective”. Philo 10/1 (2007), 35-58. https://doi.org/10.5840/philo20071014
- Ögcem, Ergin. Ateizmden Aklın Tanrısına. Bursa: Emin Yayınları, 2018.
- Plantinga, Alvin. “Reason and Belief in God”. Faith and Rationality: Reason and Belief in God. ed. Alvin Plantinga - Nicholas Wolterstorff. 16-93. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2004.
- Plantinga, Alvin. “Is Atheism Irrational?” (Görüşmeci: Gary Gutting, Görüşme Transkripsiyonu). The New York Times (9 Şubat 2014). https://archive.nytimes.com/opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/02/09/is-atheism-irrational/?smid=pl-share
- Plantinga, Alvin. “Theism, Atheism and Rationality”, Erişim 12.02.2021. http://www.leaderu.com/truth/3truth02.html
- Robinson, Richard. “Arguing from Ignorance”. The Philosophical Quarterly 21/83 (Nisan 1971), 97-108. https://doi.org/10.2307/2218332
- Rowe, William L. “Atheism”. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ed. Edward Craig. 1/530-534. London & New York: Routledge, 1998.
- Russell. Bertrand. “Is There a God?”. Atheism: A Reader. ed. S. T. Joshi. 87-94. New York: Prometheus Books, 2000.
Scriven, Michael. Primary Philosophy. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966.
- Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter. “The Argument from Ignorance”. The Improbability of God. ed. Michael Martin - Ricki Monnier. 380-384. New York: Prometheus Books, 2006.
- Smith, George H. Atheism: The Case Against God. New York: Prometheus Books, 1979.
- Smith, George H. Why Atheism?. New York: Prometheus Books, 2000.
- Stubenberg, Leopold. “The Principle of Disbelief”. Analysis 48/4 (Ekim 1988) 184-190. https://doi.org/10.2307/3328496
- Tindale, Christopher W. Fallacies and Argument Appraisal. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
- Tooley, Michael. “Does God Exist?”. Knowledge of God. Alvin Plantinga - Michael Tooley. 70-150. Malden, MA & Oxford: Blackwell, 2008.
- Topaloğlu, Aydın. Teizm ya da Ateizm: Tanrıtanımazlığın Felsefî Boyutları. İstanbul: Kaknüs Yayınları, 2001.
- Walters, Kerry. Atheism: A Guide for the Perplexed. New York & London: Continuum Books, 2010.
Can Negative Atheism Justify Atheism?
Yıl 2024,
Sayı: 61, 164 - 178, 30.06.2024
Fatma Nur Ağca
Öz
The question of whether atheism is a position that needs justification and under what conditions a rational justification can be mentioned is as important as the problem of justification of theism.
This article examines what kind of justification is set forth when atheism is defined negatively, such as the nonbelief or the absence of belief in God. If atheism is considered as absence of belief,
does this imply that it is exempt from justification? Do not atheists have the burden of provingthe proposition "God exists" is false, and the proposition "There is no God" is true? When it comes
to atheistic justification, two different approaches emerge: the absence of evidence approach and the evidence of absence approach. The article discusses whether the denial of the
proposition "God exists" is necessary when there is no sufficient evidence for its truth. Another problematic approach discussed in the article is the question of whether the absence of sufficient
evidence can legitimize the transition from negative atheism to positive atheism. It is argued that atheism needs positive evidence for its justification rather than relying on the absence of
evidence as evidence of absence. If atheism is considered as a psychological state of nonbelief rather than a propositional attitude, this would lead us to disregard its epistemic dimension. In
this study, the possibility of viewing atheism as a state of nonbelief or indifference towards the existence of God is examined, and this study aims to demonstrate that this perspective cannot
contribute to atheistic argumentation. From an evidentialist perspective, inferring that atheism is true without presenting evidence seems internally inconsistent.
Kaynakça
- Aydın, Mehmet. “Ateizm ve Çıkmazları”. AÜİFD 24/1 (Haziran 1981), 187-204.
- Bell, Martin. “Review: Is There Room for Agnosticism?”. Religious Studies 29/4 (Aralık 1993), 543-553. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0034412500022587
- Bullivant, Stephen. “Defining ‘Atheism’”. The Oxford Handbook of Atheism. ed. Stephen Bullivant & Michael Ruse. 11-21. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.
- Clifford, W. K. “The Ethics of Belief”. The Rationality of Belief in God. ed. George I. Mavrodes. 152-160. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1970.
- Copan, Paul. “Atheism and The Burden of Proof”. Enrichment (2013), 26-29.
- Copi, Irving M. vd. Introduction to Logic. New York: Pearson, 14. Basım, 2014.
- Corlett, J. Angelo. “Dawkins’ Godless Delusion”. International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 65/3 (Haziran 2009), 125-138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11153-008-9187-4
- Corlett, J. Angelo. The Errors of Atheism. New York: Continuum, 2010.
- Corlett, J. Angelo - Cangelosi, Josh. “Atheism and Epistemic Justification”. International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 78/1 (Eylül 2015), 91-106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11153-014-9484-z
- Cornman, James W. vd., Philosophical Problems and Arguments: An Introduction. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 4. Basım, 1992.
- Craig, William Lane. “Theism Undefeated”. God?: A Debate Between A Christian and An Atheist. Craig, William Lane - Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter. 107-128. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
- Draper, Paul. “Atheism and Agnosticism”. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ed. Edward N. Zalta. Erişim 5 Ağustos 2019. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/atheism-agnosticism/
- Evans, C. Stephen. “Normative Objections to Atheism”. A Companion to Atheism and Philosophy. ed. Graham Oppy. 491-505. Hoboken: Wiley, 2019.
- Hanson, Norwood Russell. “The Agnostic’s Dilemma”. Faith & Reason. ed. Paul Helm. 338-342. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
- Jacoby, Henry. “Is Agnosticism Unreasonable?” Sophia 30 (Ekim 1991), 35-41. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02789731
- Krabbe, Erik C. W. “Appeal to Ignorance”. Fallacies: Classical and Contemporary Readings. ed. Hans V. Hansen - Robert C. Pinto. 251-264. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995.
- Lovering, Rob. God and Evidence: Problems for Theistic Philosophers. New York & London, Bloomsbury Academic, 2013.
- Martin, Michael. Atheism: A Philosophical Justification. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990.
- Martin, Michael. “Response to Bell” Religious Studies 29/4 (Aralık 1993), 555-558. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0034412500022599
- Martin, Michael. “General Introduction”. The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. ed. Michael Martin. 1-7. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
- McCabe, Joseph. “Atheism”. A Rationalist Encyclopedia: A Book of Reference on Religion, Philosophy, Ethics, and Science. 36-37. London: Watts & Co., 2. Basım, 1950.
- McCraw, Benjamin W. “Appeal to Ignorance”. Bad Arguments: 100 of the Most Important Fallacies in Western Philosophy. ed. Robert Arp vd. 106-111. New Jersey, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, 2019.
- McGrath, P. J. “Atheism or Agnosticism”. Analysis 47/1 (Ocak 1987), 54-57. https://doi.org/10.2307/3328711
- Mehdiyev, Nebi. Çağdaş Din Felsefesinde Epistemolojik Yaklaşımlar ve Tanrı İnancının Rasyonelliği. İstanbul: İSAM, 2008.
- Moser, Paul K. “Undermining the Case for Evidential Atheism” Religious Studies 48/1 (Mart 2012), 83-93. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0034412511000114
- Morris, Thomas V. “Agnosticism”. Analysis 45/4 (Ekim 1985), 219-224. https://doi.org/10.1093/analys/45.4.219
- Oppy, Graham. “Atheism: A Retrospective”. Philo 10/1 (2007), 35-58. https://doi.org/10.5840/philo20071014
- Ögcem, Ergin. Ateizmden Aklın Tanrısına. Bursa: Emin Yayınları, 2018.
- Plantinga, Alvin. “Reason and Belief in God”. Faith and Rationality: Reason and Belief in God. ed. Alvin Plantinga - Nicholas Wolterstorff. 16-93. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2004.
- Plantinga, Alvin. “Is Atheism Irrational?” (Görüşmeci: Gary Gutting, Görüşme Transkripsiyonu). The New York Times (9 Şubat 2014). https://archive.nytimes.com/opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/02/09/is-atheism-irrational/?smid=pl-share
- Plantinga, Alvin. “Theism, Atheism and Rationality”, Erişim 12.02.2021. http://www.leaderu.com/truth/3truth02.html
- Robinson, Richard. “Arguing from Ignorance”. The Philosophical Quarterly 21/83 (Nisan 1971), 97-108. https://doi.org/10.2307/2218332
- Rowe, William L. “Atheism”. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ed. Edward Craig. 1/530-534. London & New York: Routledge, 1998.
- Russell. Bertrand. “Is There a God?”. Atheism: A Reader. ed. S. T. Joshi. 87-94. New York: Prometheus Books, 2000.
Scriven, Michael. Primary Philosophy. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966.
- Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter. “The Argument from Ignorance”. The Improbability of God. ed. Michael Martin - Ricki Monnier. 380-384. New York: Prometheus Books, 2006.
- Smith, George H. Atheism: The Case Against God. New York: Prometheus Books, 1979.
- Smith, George H. Why Atheism?. New York: Prometheus Books, 2000.
- Stubenberg, Leopold. “The Principle of Disbelief”. Analysis 48/4 (Ekim 1988) 184-190. https://doi.org/10.2307/3328496
- Tindale, Christopher W. Fallacies and Argument Appraisal. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
- Tooley, Michael. “Does God Exist?”. Knowledge of God. Alvin Plantinga - Michael Tooley. 70-150. Malden, MA & Oxford: Blackwell, 2008.
- Topaloğlu, Aydın. Teizm ya da Ateizm: Tanrıtanımazlığın Felsefî Boyutları. İstanbul: Kaknüs Yayınları, 2001.
- Walters, Kerry. Atheism: A Guide for the Perplexed. New York & London: Continuum Books, 2010.