Empirical evidence transformation into local agro-governance pathways for enhanced agro-productivity in rural mid-hills of Nepal

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 11 - 22, 30.06.2024

Dipesh Kattel

https://doi.org/10.61192/indpol.1478320

Öz

Agriculture with livelihood is vital for the Nepalese economy. The primary sector contributes approximately 27% to the national GDP and acts as a safety net in economic woes. However, this sector faces various challenges. State restructuring from unitary to federal governance enables sustainable and resilient agro-governance even from local levels. Thus, local agro-governance has a crucial role in identifying policy constraints and enhancing land productivity. Thus, this study tries to explore different observed variables of local agriculture governance and agriculture production. Structured questionnaires were distributed to farmers and primary data was collected (285 samples) from Tamakoshi Rural Municipality, Dolakha for the study. This quantitative research design integrates diverse constructs encompassing agro-production and local agro-governance while estimating land productivity through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) employing multiple regression analysis. The competencies of policy implementation hinge primarily on socioeconomic indices; the findings highlighted the mechanization policies, farm inputs, efficient use of production factors, and governance enrichment to enhance land productivity. Thus, it's crucial to minimize policy shocks and implement targeted and tailored approaches with multi-stakeholder engagement. Focusing on agro-specific and sensitive long-term strategies; it's essential to pursue state and non-state actors' governing pathways to enhance land productivity and foster comprehensive agro-development.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Targeted and tailored approaches, Local agro-governance, Land productivity, Farm inputs

Teşekkür

I revised the article after receiving the Similarity Index Report yesterday. This is the new one. Please find the attachment.

Kaynakça

• Abro, Z. A., Alemu, B.A., Hanjra, M.A. (2014). Policies for agricultural productivity growth and poverty reduction in rural Ethiopia. World Dev. 59, 461-474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.01.033. Awoyemi, B. O., Afolabi, B., & Akomolafe, K. J. (2017). Agricultural productivity and economic growth: impact analysis from Nigeria. Scientific Research Journal (SCIRJ), 5(10), 1-7.
• Babu, S. C., Mavrotas, G., Prasai, N. (2018). Integrating environmental considerations in the agricultural policy process: evidence from Nigeria. Environ. Dev. 25, 111-125.
• Barkley, A. & Barkley, P. W. (2020). Principles of Agricultural Economics, (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge, 2020. ISBN 0429284799, 9780429284793, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429284793.
• Basnet, B. M. S. (2012). Rice: Water, food security and climate change in Nepal. Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy, and Environment, 78-80.
• Basnet, B.M.S. (2010a). Environmentally-friendly and sustainable rice production: A success story, Congress program, a paper presented at the IRRI, 3rd International Rice Congress, Hanoi, Vietnam, 8-12, November 2010.
• Basnet, B.M.S. (2010b). Climate change and food security, a paper presented at the Nepal Federation of Environment Journalists (NEFEJ), Kathmandu, Nepal.
• Bedari, A., Rawat, G., Amgain, L. P., Thapa, D. B., & Poudel, M. (2020). Productivity and profitability of different varieties of Chaite rice grown under different sowing methods at Baniyani, Jhapa. Nepalese Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2020, 19, 155-164.
• Bhandari, D. R., Sanjel, P. K., & Adhikari, S. (2017). Policy review of paddy production in Nepal. Rice Science and Technology in Nepal (MN Poudel, DR Bhandari, MP Khanal, BK Joshi, P Acharya and KH Ghimire, eds) Crop Development Directorate (CCD), Hariharbhawan and Agronomy Society of Nepal (ASoN) Khumaltar, 719-734.
• Bhatt, R., Adhikari, R. K., Karki, R., Khanal, S., & Rajbhandari, S. (2024). Comparative Economics of Main Season and Spring Rice Production in Kanchanpur District, Nepal.
• Bishwakarma, B.K., Upreti, B.R., Devkota, D. and Devkota, N.R. (2021). Agricultural Functions and Policies in the Context of Sectoral Restructuring in Nepal. International Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development Studies, 8(2), 12-28.
• Blanco, M., Ramos, F., Van Doorslaer, B., Martínez, P., Fumagalli, D., Ceglar, A., & Fernández, F. J. (2017). Climate change impacts on EU agriculture: A regionalized perspective taking into account market-driven adjustments. Agricultural systems, 156, 52-66.
• Brodt, S., Six, J., Feenstra, G., Ingels, C., & Campbell, D. (2011). Sustainable agriculture. Nat. Educ. Knowl., 3(1). CBS (Central Bureau of Statistics). (2013). National Sample Census of Agriculture 2011/2012: National Report, Kathmandu: Central Bureau of Statistics, National Planning Commission, Government of Nepal.
• Chaudhary, D. (2018). Agricultural policies and rural development in Nepal: An overview. Research Nepal Journal of Development Studies, 1(2), 34-46.
• Chhetri, R., Yokying, P., Smith, A., Van Den Hoek, J., Hurni, K., Saksena, S., & Fox, J. (2023). Forest, agriculture, and migration: contemplating the future of forestry and agriculture in the middle-hills of Nepal. The journal of peasant studies, 50(1), 411-433.
• Choudhary, D., Banskota, K., Khanal, N. P., McDonald, A. J., Krupnik, T. J., & Erenstein, O. (2022). Rice subsector development and farmer efficiency in Nepal: implications for further transformation and food security. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 5, 740546.
• Collier, J. (2020). Applied structural equation modeling using AMOS: Basic to advanced techniques. Routledge.
• Corral, S., Díaz, A. S., Monagas, M. D. C., & García, E. C. (2017). Agricultural policies and their impact on poverty reduction in developing countries: Lessons learned from three water basins in Cape Verde. Sustainability, 9(10), 1841. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101841.
• Devkota, S., & Upadhyay, M. (2013). Agricultural Productivity and Poverty Reduction in Nepal. Review of Development Economics, 17(4), 732-746.
• FAO (2018). Mechanization. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Retrieved from: http://www.fao.org/tc/exact/sustainable-agriculture-platform-pilot-website/energy-management/mechanization/en/
• FIARCC. (2016). Unbundling/Detailing of List of Exclusive and Concurrent Powers of the Federation, the State (Province), and the Local Level Provisioned in the Schedule-5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 of the Constitution of Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal, Report on Federalism Implementation and Administration Restructuring Coordination Committee.
• Fitri, Y., & Nainggolan, S. (2022). Model Increasing Productivity and Sustainability of Lowland Rice Farming in Tanjung Jabung Barat District-Indonesia (With a SEM Partial Least Square Approach). International Journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food Science (IJHAF), 6(3), 14-21.
• Gairhe, S., Yadaw, R. B., & Timsina, K. (2018, June). Status of rice after NARC establishment in Nepal. In Proceedings of 29th National Summer Crops Workshop (Bhandari D, HK Upreti, R Shrestha, J Tripati, HK Shrestha, KK Mishra, BK Joshi, AR Ansari, BP Tripathi, S Baidya, J Shrestha, M Tripathi, P Paneru eds), held on (pp. 17-18).
• Gauchan, D. (2008). Agricultural development in Nepal: contribution to economic growth, food security, and poverty reduction. Socio-Economic Development Panorama, 1(3), 49-64.
• GC, A., Yeo, J. H., & Ghimire, K. (2019). Determinants of farm mechanization in Nepal. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 7(1), 87-91.
• Ghosh, BK. (2010). Determinants of Farm Mechanization in Modern Agriculture: A Case Study of Burdwan Districts of West Bengal. International Journal of Agricultural Research, 5(12), 1107-1115. Available from: https://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=ijar.2010.1107.1115 DOI: 10.3923/ijar.2010.1107.1115.
• Goyal, A., & Nash, J. (2017). Reaping Richer Returns: Public Spending Priorities for African Agriculture Productivity Growth. World Bank Publications.
• Gurung, N. K. (2012). Commercializing Agriculture. JICA Nepal Office Quarterly Newsletter. Vol. 64.
• Habib, M., Khan, M. Z., Iqbal, M., Nawab, K., & Ali, S. (2007). Role of farmer field schools on sugarcane productivity in Malakand, Pakistan. In African Crop Sci. Conf. Proceed, 8, pp. 1443-1446.
• Hassan, J. (1991). Influence of NPK fertilizer on the technological qualities of plant cane, variety CB. Int. Sugar J., 84, 76-82.
• Ivanic, M., & Martin, W. (2018). Sectoral productivity growth and poverty reduction: National and global impacts. World Development, 109, 429-439.
• Jones, J. W., Antle, J. M., Basso, B., Boote, K. J., Conant, R. T., Foster, I., ... & Wheeler, T. R. (2017). Brief history of agricultural systems modeling. Agricultural Systems, 155, 240-254.
• Kapri, K., & Ghimire, S. (2020). Migration, remittance, and agricultural productivity: Evidence from the Nepal Living Standard Survey. World Development Perspectives, 19, 100198.
• Karki, S., Burton, P., & Mackey, B. (2020). Climate change adaptation by subsistence and smallholder farmers: Insights from three agro-ecological regions of Nepal. Cogent Social Sciences, 6(1), 1720555.
• Kaur, H. (2013). Agriculture: The way to inclusive growth. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 9(6), 42-47.
• Khanal, N. R., Nepal, P., Zhang, Y., Nepal, G., Paudel, B., Liu, L., & Rai, R. (2020). Policy provisions for agricultural development in Nepal: A review. Journal of cleaner production, 261, 121241.
• Kharel, M., Dahal, B. M., & Raut, N. (2022). Good agriculture practices for safe food and sustainable agriculture in Nepal: A review. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 10, 100447.
• Lewison, E. (2019). Value chains and development brokers: engineering inclusive agricultural markets in Jumla, Nepal. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, 42(5), 903-919.
• Lillesø, J. P. B., Shrestha, T. B., Dhakal, L. P., Nayaju, R. P., & Shrestha, R. (2005). The map of potential vegetation of Nepal: a forestry/agro-ecological/biodiversity classification system. Development and Environment, 2, 76.
• MoAD (Ministry of Agriculture Development) (2014). Agriculture Development Strategy (ADS) 2015-2035. Part: 1. Ministry of Agriculture Development, Kathmandu.
• MoALD (Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development). (2020). Collection of Agriculture Policies, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, Kathmandu.
• Mogues, Tewodaj., & Erman, Alvania. (2016). Institutional arrangements to make public spending responsive to the poor— (where) have they worked?: Review of the evidence on four major intervention types. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) discussion papers, (1519).
• Mueller, B., & Mueller, C. (2016). The political economy of the Brazilian model of agricultural development: Institutions versus sectoral policy. The quarterly review of economics and finance, 62, 12-20.
• NLSS (National Statistics Office). (2024). Nepal Living Standard Survey IV, 2022-23, National Statistics Office, Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers, Government of Nepal, Kathmandu.
• NPC (National Planning Commission) (2020). The Fifteenth Plan (2019/20-2023/24). National Planning Commission, Kathmandu.
• NSO (National Statistics Office). (2023). National Population and Housing Census, 2021. (In Nepali). National Statistics Office, Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers, Government of Nepal, Kathmandu.
• NSO (National Statistics Office). (2023a). National Sample Census of Agriculture Nepal, 2021/22. National Statistics Office, Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers, Government of Nepal, Kathmandu.
• Nyaupane, B. R. (2023). Contribution of Expenditure to Agriculture Growth in Nepal. Management, 5(1).
• Oldekop, J. A., Sims, K. R., Whittingham, M. J., & Agrawal, A. (2018). An upside to globalization: International outmigration drives reforestation in Nepal. Global Environmental Change, 52, 66-74.
• Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2001). Measuring Productivity: Measurement of Aggregate and Industry Level Productivity Growth: OECD Manual. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.
• Paudel, M. N. (2016). Prospects and limitations of agriculture industrialization in Nepal. Agronomy Journal of Nepal, 4, 38-63.
• Pokhrel, A., Subedi, S., Katuwal, D. R., Adhikari, B. B., & Shrestha, A. (2024). Assessing the economic and energy use efficiencies of hybrid and inbred rice varieties through omission-plot technique in Lamjung, Nepal. Heliyon.
• Pradhanang, U. B., Pradhanang, S. M., Sthapit, A., Krakauer, N. Y., Jha, A., & Lakhankar, T. (2015). National livestock policy of Nepal: needs and opportunities. Agriculture, 5(1), 103-131.
• Ranjit, J. D., Bellinder, R. R., Hobbs, P., Rajbhandari, N. K., & Kataki, P. (2006). Mapping Phalaris minor under the rice-wheat cropping system in different agro-ecological regions of Nepal. Nepal Agriculture Research Journal, 7, 54-63.
• Rasouli F., Sadighi H., Minaei S. (2009). Factors affecting agricultural mechanization: A case study on sunflower seed farms in Iran. J. Agri. Sci. Technol., 11(1): 39-48.
• Sachs, J. D., Schmidt-Traub, G., Mazzucato, M., et al. (2019). Six Transformations to Achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. Nat Sustain 2, 805–814. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0352-9
• Saint Ville, A. S., Hickey, G. M., & Phillip, L. E. (2017). Institutional analysis of food and agriculture policy in the Caribbean: The case of Saint Lucia. Journal of Rural Studies, 51, 198-210.
• Salmon, P. (2019). Yardstick competition among governments: accountability and policymaking when citizens look across borders. Oxford University Press.
• Sam, I. O. (2013). The measurement of productive and technical efficiency of cassava farmers in the North-Central Zone of Nigeria. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management. 2(10), 323-331.
• Shrestha, N., Mishra, S. R., Ghimire, S., Gyawali, B., Pradhan, P. M. S., & Schwarz, D. (2020). Application of single-level and multi-level modeling approach to examine geographic and socioeconomic variation in underweight, overweight and obesity in Nepal: findings from NDHS 2016. Scientific reports, 10(1), 1-14.
• Sidibé, A., Totin, E., Thompson-Hall, M., Traoré, O. T., Traoré, P. C. S., & Olabisi, L. S. (2018). Multi-scale governance in agriculture systems: Interplay between national and local institutions around the production dimension of food security in Mali. NJAS-Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences, 84, 94-102.
• Sigdel, U. P., Pyakuryal, K. N., Devkota, D., & Ojha, G. P. (2022a). Paddy farmers' knowledge, perception, and satisfaction on the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools in Nepal. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 10(6), 1149-1157.
• Sigdel, U. P., Pyakuryal, K. N., Devkota, D., & Ojha, G. P. (2022b). Paddy farmers' knowledge, perception, and satisfaction on the use of farm machinery in Nepal. International Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development Studies, 10(2), 20-31.
• Singh, S. (2012). Institutional and policy aspects of Punjab agriculture: A smallholder perspective. Economic and Political Weekly, 51-57.
• Stringer, R. (2001). How Important are the Non-traditional Economic Roles of Agriculture in Development? Centre for International Economic Studies.
• Subedi, Y. R., Kristiansen, P., & Cacho, O. (2022). Reutilizing abandoned cropland in the Hill agroecological region of Nepal: Options and farmers’ preferences. Land Use Policy, 117, 106082.
• Survey Department. (2023). Ministry of Land Management, Cooperatives and Poverty Alleviation, Government of Nepal, retrieved from: http://dos.gov.np/downloads/nepal-map.
• Swinnen, J. (2018). The Political Economy of Agricultural and Food Policies. Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
• Takeshima, H., & Liu, Y. (2018). The role of plant-breeding R&D in tractor adoptions among smallholders in Asia: Insights from Nepal Terai (Vol. 1719). Intl. Food Policy Res. Inst.
• Tamang, K., Neupane, A., & Jaishi, M. (2020). Agricultural Extension Service Delivery in Provincial and Local Government of Nepal: An Integrative Literature Review. Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, 36(1), 269-277.
• Tamsah, H., & Yusriadi, Y. (2022). Quality of agricultural extension on productivity of farmers: Human capital perspective. Uncertain Supply Chain Management, 10(2), 625-636.
• Thapa, N., Basnet, K. B., Subedi, S., & Amgain, L. P. (2020). Assessing rice productivity as influenced by cultivars, age of seedlings, planting geometry, and number of seedlings hill-1 in sub-tropical condition of Nepal. Nepalese Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2020, vol. 19, 165.
• Timsina, K. P., Shrestha, K. P., & Pandey, S. (2012, April). Factors affecting the adoption of new modern varieties of Rice in eastern Terai of Nepal. In the proceeding of 4th Society of Agricultural Scientist-Nepal (SAS-N) conference held at Lalitpur from (pp. 4-6).
• Uprety, R. (2010, November). Meshing mechanization with SRI methods for rice cultivation in Nepal. In 28th International Rice Research Conference (pp. 8-12).
• World Bank Group. (2016). Nepal: Sources of Growth in Agriculture for Poverty Reduction and Shared Prosperity. World Bank.
• World Bank. (2007). World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development. The World Bank.