Gelişmiş Batı Ülkelerinde Suç Oranlarının Düşmesinde Güvenlik Yaklaşımının Etkisi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 25 - 58, 16.06.2022

Zahir Kızmaz

Öz

Bu makalede gelişmiş çok sayıda ülkede gözlemlenen suç oranlarının düşüşü üzerinde fırsat teorileri ve bu teorilerle ilişkili olan güvenlik tezinin etkisine odaklanılmıştır. Çalışmada ilkin suç oranlarının düşmesinde etkili olduğu varsayılan önemli bazı faktörler ele alınmıştır. Bu kapsamda gelişmiş ülkelerdeki suç düşüşleri ağırlıklı olarak uyuşturucu kullanımının azalması, kürtajın yasallaşması, polis görünürlüğünün artması, yeni polislik modellerinin geliştirilmesi, hapsetme oranlarının artması, silah politikalarındaki değişiklikler, nüfus yapısının değişmesi ve ekonomik iyileşmeler gibi çok sayıda faktör ile açıklanmaktadır. Bu faktörlerin veya bu faktörlere ilişkin yaklaşımların çoğunun suç düşüşlerini açıklamada kısmen başarılı olabileceği ve özellikle de ABD’deki suç düşüşlerini açıklamaya daha uygun olduğu tezi ileri sürülmüştür. Bu kapsamda çalışmada, Avrupa ülkelerindeki düşüşleri de kapsayan daha genel bir açıklama çerçevesi olarak güvenlik tezinin açıklama potansiyelinin önemine ve etkisine işaret edilecektir. Güvenlik hipotezi veya yaklaşımı, suç oranlarının düşmesinin nedenini, suç fırsatlarını ortadan kaldırmayı amaçlayan güvenlik önlemlerinin geliştirilmesi, iyileştirilmesi ve uygulanması ile açıklamaktadır. Çalışmada ayrıca güvenlik tezi kapsamında, proaktif polislik modellerinin suç oranlarının düşmesindeki etkisi de vurgulanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Suç oranlarının düşmesi, güvenlik tezi, fırsat teorileri, gelişmiş ülkeler

The Effect of Security Approaches on the Decline of Crime Rates in Developed Western Countries

Öz

This article focuses on the effect of opportunity theories and the security thesis associated with these theories on the decrease in crime rates observed in many developed countries. In the study, firstly, some important factors that are assumed to be effective in the decrease in crime rates are discussed. In this context, the decrease in crime in developed countries is mainly explained by many factors or approaches such as decreased drug use, legalization of abortion, increased police visibility, development of new policing models, increased incarceration rates, changes in gun policies, changes in population structure and economic improvements. It has been argued that many of these factors, or approaches to these factors, may be partially successful in explaining crime decreases and are more appropriate to explain crime decreases in the United States in particular. In this context, the importance and impact of the explanation potential of the security thesis as a more general explanation framework including the declines in European countries will be pointed out. The security hypothesis or approach explains the reason for the decrease in crime rates through the development and implementation of improved and enhanced security measures aimed at eliminating crime opportunities. Within the scope of the security thesis, the effect of proactive policing models on the drops of crime rates was also emphasized.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Decline in crime rates, crime drop, security thesis, theories of opportunity, developed countries

Kaynakça

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