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Tunus’ta Bin Ali Otoriteryanizmi ve Uluslararası Faktörler (1987-2008)

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 3, 85 - 111, 15.09.2021

Öz

Arap Baharı ile birlikte bir sarsıntı geçirmesine rağmen Orta Doğu ve Kuzey Afrika (OKA) olarak bilinen bölgede otoriter yapılar hâlen varlığını sürdürmektedir. Bu durum, otoriter yapıların sürekliliğini daha kapsamlı bir şekilde incelemenin önemini ortaya koymaktadır. Otoriterliği, devlet içi faktörlere indirgeyen yaklaşımların yanı sıra uluslararası faktörlerin önemini vurgulayan bir literatür son on yıldır gelişmektedir. Bu literatürde özelikle Batı ile kurulan siyasi, ekonomik, diplomatik, vb. bağların Batı dışı bir ülkede otoriterliğin sürekliliğinde etkili olduğu vurgulanmaktadır. Bu çalışma, gelişen bu yeni literatür bağlamında Tunus’ta Bin Ali Dönemi’ni ve otoriterliğin sürekliliğini açıklamaya çalışacaktır. Her ne kadar Tunus, Arap Baharı’nın ardından nispeten olumlu bir dönüşüm süreci geçirse de, öncesinde “ekonomik mucize” ve “demokratik istikrar” modeli olarak Bin Ali’nin otoriter yönetimi Batı tarafından desteklenmiş ve bu yönetim yirmi üç sene ayakta kalmayı başarmıştır.Çalışmanın temel argümanı şu şekilde ifade edilebilir: Batılı aktörlerin Tunus’a empoze ettiği ekonomik liberalleşme süreci sosyoekonomik eşitsizliklerin artmasına neden olurken; demokrasinin yine Batı tarafından araçsallaştırılması, sivil ve siyasi özgürlüklerin baskı altında tutulmasına hizmet etmiştir. Arap Baharı sonrası süreçte demokrasiye geçişin önündeki engeller ve fırsatlara odaklanmak yerine, Bin Ali Dönemi’nde otoriterliğin sürekliliğinde etkili olan uluslararası faktörleri incelemek,OKA’da hâlen otoriter yapıların nasıl ayakta kalabildiğine ışık tutacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • African Development Bank (ADB) ve diğerleri. (2013). Towards a New Economic Model for Tunisia.file:///C:/ Users/Hp/Desktop/%C4%B0nsan%20ve%20toplum/Towards_a_New_Economic_Model_for_Tunisia__Identifying_Tunisia_s_Binding_Constraints_to_Broad-Based_Growth.PDF adresinden 11.04.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Ambrosio, T. (2010). Constructing a framework of authoritarian diffusion: Concepts, dynamics, and future research.. International Studies Perspectives, 11(4), 375-392.
  • Ambrosio, T (2014). Democratic states and authoritarian firewalls: America as a black knight in the uprising in Bahrain. Contemporary Politics, 20(3), 331-346.
  • Alexander, C. (2010). Tunisia: Stability and reform in the modern Maghreb. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Albrecht H. and Schlumberger O. (2004).Waiting for Godot’: Regime change without democratization in the Middle East. International political science review, 25(4), 371-392.
  • Ayubi, N. (2008). Overstating the Arab State: Politics and society in the Middle East. London: IB Tauris.
  • Beblawi, H. (1987). The rentier state in the Arab World. Arab Studies Quarterly, 9(4), 383-398.
  • Bekaroğlu, E. A. ve Kurt, V. (2015). Mısır'da otoriter rejimin sürekliliği: Arap Baharı ve sonrası sürecin analizi. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 1-36.
  • Bellin, E. (2004). The robustness of authoritarianism in the Middle East: Exceptionalism in comparative perspective. Comparative politics, 36(2), 139-157.
  • Bellin, E. (2012). Reconsidering the robustness of authoritarianism in the Middle East: Lessons from the Arab spring. Comparative Politics, 44(2), 127-149.
  • Ben Rajeb, L. (2013). United States policy towards Tunisia: What new engagement after an expendable "friendship"? N. Gana, (Ed.). In The Making of the Tunisian Revolution: Contexts, Architects, Prospects (81 103). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Berman, S. (2003). Islamism, revolution, and civil society. Perspectives on Politics, 1(2), 257-72.
  • Boubekeur, A. (2016). Islamists, secularists and old regime elites in Tunisia: Bargained competition. Mediterranean Politics. 21(1), 107-127.
  • Brownlee, J. (2007). Authoritarianism in an age of democratization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Brownlee, J. (2012). Democracy prevention: the politics of the US-Egyptian alliance. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bunce V. J. ve Wolchik, S. L. (2011). Defeating authoritarian leaders in postcommunist countries. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Burnell, P. ve Schlumberger, O. (2010). Promoting democracy–promoting autocracy? International politics and national political regimes. Contemporary Politics 16(1), 1-15.
  • Carothers, T. (2006). The Backlash against Democracy Promotion. Foreign Affairs, 85(2), 55-68.
  • Cavatorta, F. (2005). The international context of Morocco’s stalled democratization. Democratization, 12(4), 548-566.
  • Cavatorta F. ve Haugbølle, R. H. (2012).The end of authoritarian rule and the mythology of Tunisia under Ben Ali. Mediterranean Politics, 17(2), 179-195.
  • Cordesman, A. (1996). The Military Balance and Arms Sales in North Africa: 1990–1996. CSIS Working Paper.
  • Doğanyılmaz Duman, D. (2020). Yasemin Devrimi, kimlik ve demokratikleşme: Tunus'ta din ve kimlik algısı üzerine bir inceleme. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Elektronik Dergisi, 11(2), 312-324.
  • Durac, V. ve Cavatorta (2009). Strengthening authoritarian rule through democracy promotion? Examining the paradox of the US and EU security strategies: the case of Bin Ali's Tunisia. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 36(1), 3-19.
  • Ehteshami, A. (2006). The Middle East and security strategy. R. Dannreuther ve J. Peterson (Ed.). In Security Strategy and Transatlantic Relations (78-96).London: Routledge.
  • Finkel, E. ve Brudny, Y. (2012) No more colour! Authoritarian regimes and colour revolutions in Eurasia.
  • Gandhi, J. ve Przeworski, A. (2007). Authoritarian institutions and the survival of autocrats. Comparative Political Studies 40(11), 1279-301.
  • Gasiorek, M. ve Mouley, S. (2017). Analyzing the impact of a EU-Tunisia DCTFA on Tunisian trade and production. https://www.femise.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/FEM43-16.pdf 11.04.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • George, A. L. ve Bennett. A. (2005). Case studies and theory development in the social sciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Gill, S. (2003). Power and resistance in the New World Order. Basingstoke: Palgrave/ Macmillan.
  • Gobe, E. (2010). The Gafsa Mining Basin between Riots and a Social Movement: meaning and significance of a protest movement in Ben Ali’s Tunisia. Working paper https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00557826 17.04.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Gowan, P. (1999) The global gamble: Washington's Faustian bid for world dominance. London: Verso.

Bin Ali Authoritarianism and International Factors in Tunisia (1987-2008)

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 3, 85 - 111, 15.09.2021

Öz

Despite being shaken by the Arab Spring, authoritarian structures still exist in the regions of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Th is situation highlights the importance of studying the continuity of authoritarian structures more comprehensively. In addition to approaches that reduce authoritarianism to intra-state factors, literature has developed over the last decade emphasizing the importance of international factors. This literature in particular emphasizes the politics, economics, and diplomacy established by the West and that ties are effective in the continuity of authoritarianism in non-Western countries. This study attempts to explain Ben Ali’s period and the continuity of authoritarianism in Tunisia in the context of this developing new literature. Although Tunisia underwent a relatively positive transformation process after the Arab Spring, Ben Ali’s authoritarian rule was supported by the West as a model of an economic miracle and democratic stability; this administration managed to survive for 23 years. The study’s main argument can be expressed as follows: While the economic liberalization process imposed on Tunis by Western actors caused an increase in socio-economic inequalities, the instrumentalization of democracy by the West again served to suppress civil and political freedoms. Instead of focusing on the obstacles and opportunities in front of the transition to democracy in the post-Arab Spring period, examining theinternational factors influencing the continuity of authoritarianism in the Ben Ali period will shed light on how authoritarian structures still survive in MENA.

Kaynakça

  • African Development Bank (ADB) ve diğerleri. (2013). Towards a New Economic Model for Tunisia.file:///C:/ Users/Hp/Desktop/%C4%B0nsan%20ve%20toplum/Towards_a_New_Economic_Model_for_Tunisia__Identifying_Tunisia_s_Binding_Constraints_to_Broad-Based_Growth.PDF adresinden 11.04.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Ambrosio, T. (2010). Constructing a framework of authoritarian diffusion: Concepts, dynamics, and future research.. International Studies Perspectives, 11(4), 375-392.
  • Ambrosio, T (2014). Democratic states and authoritarian firewalls: America as a black knight in the uprising in Bahrain. Contemporary Politics, 20(3), 331-346.
  • Alexander, C. (2010). Tunisia: Stability and reform in the modern Maghreb. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Albrecht H. and Schlumberger O. (2004).Waiting for Godot’: Regime change without democratization in the Middle East. International political science review, 25(4), 371-392.
  • Ayubi, N. (2008). Overstating the Arab State: Politics and society in the Middle East. London: IB Tauris.
  • Beblawi, H. (1987). The rentier state in the Arab World. Arab Studies Quarterly, 9(4), 383-398.
  • Bekaroğlu, E. A. ve Kurt, V. (2015). Mısır'da otoriter rejimin sürekliliği: Arap Baharı ve sonrası sürecin analizi. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 1-36.
  • Bellin, E. (2004). The robustness of authoritarianism in the Middle East: Exceptionalism in comparative perspective. Comparative politics, 36(2), 139-157.
  • Bellin, E. (2012). Reconsidering the robustness of authoritarianism in the Middle East: Lessons from the Arab spring. Comparative Politics, 44(2), 127-149.
  • Ben Rajeb, L. (2013). United States policy towards Tunisia: What new engagement after an expendable "friendship"? N. Gana, (Ed.). In The Making of the Tunisian Revolution: Contexts, Architects, Prospects (81 103). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Berman, S. (2003). Islamism, revolution, and civil society. Perspectives on Politics, 1(2), 257-72.
  • Boubekeur, A. (2016). Islamists, secularists and old regime elites in Tunisia: Bargained competition. Mediterranean Politics. 21(1), 107-127.
  • Brownlee, J. (2007). Authoritarianism in an age of democratization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Brownlee, J. (2012). Democracy prevention: the politics of the US-Egyptian alliance. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bunce V. J. ve Wolchik, S. L. (2011). Defeating authoritarian leaders in postcommunist countries. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Burnell, P. ve Schlumberger, O. (2010). Promoting democracy–promoting autocracy? International politics and national political regimes. Contemporary Politics 16(1), 1-15.
  • Carothers, T. (2006). The Backlash against Democracy Promotion. Foreign Affairs, 85(2), 55-68.
  • Cavatorta, F. (2005). The international context of Morocco’s stalled democratization. Democratization, 12(4), 548-566.
  • Cavatorta F. ve Haugbølle, R. H. (2012).The end of authoritarian rule and the mythology of Tunisia under Ben Ali. Mediterranean Politics, 17(2), 179-195.
  • Cordesman, A. (1996). The Military Balance and Arms Sales in North Africa: 1990–1996. CSIS Working Paper.
  • Doğanyılmaz Duman, D. (2020). Yasemin Devrimi, kimlik ve demokratikleşme: Tunus'ta din ve kimlik algısı üzerine bir inceleme. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Elektronik Dergisi, 11(2), 312-324.
  • Durac, V. ve Cavatorta (2009). Strengthening authoritarian rule through democracy promotion? Examining the paradox of the US and EU security strategies: the case of Bin Ali's Tunisia. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 36(1), 3-19.
  • Ehteshami, A. (2006). The Middle East and security strategy. R. Dannreuther ve J. Peterson (Ed.). In Security Strategy and Transatlantic Relations (78-96).London: Routledge.
  • Finkel, E. ve Brudny, Y. (2012) No more colour! Authoritarian regimes and colour revolutions in Eurasia.
  • Gandhi, J. ve Przeworski, A. (2007). Authoritarian institutions and the survival of autocrats. Comparative Political Studies 40(11), 1279-301.
  • Gasiorek, M. ve Mouley, S. (2017). Analyzing the impact of a EU-Tunisia DCTFA on Tunisian trade and production. https://www.femise.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/FEM43-16.pdf 11.04.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • George, A. L. ve Bennett. A. (2005). Case studies and theory development in the social sciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Gill, S. (2003). Power and resistance in the New World Order. Basingstoke: Palgrave/ Macmillan.
  • Gobe, E. (2010). The Gafsa Mining Basin between Riots and a Social Movement: meaning and significance of a protest movement in Ben Ali’s Tunisia. Working paper https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00557826 17.04.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Gowan, P. (1999) The global gamble: Washington's Faustian bid for world dominance. London: Verso.
Toplam 31 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Din Araştırmaları, Din, Toplum ve Kültür Araştırmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Rumeysa Dursun

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Eylül 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Dursun, R. (2021). Tunus’ta Bin Ali Otoriteryanizmi ve Uluslararası Faktörler (1987-2008). İnsan Ve Toplum, 11(3), 85-111.