SOSYAL PSİKOLOJİ VE DİJİTALLEŞME İLİŞKİSİNE APOKALİPTİK DİSTOPYA ÜZERİNDEN BİR YAKLAŞIM: AVENUE 5 DİZİSİ

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 20, 42 - 62, 28.06.2024

Ceren Yegen

https://doi.org/10.56133/intermedia.1443796

Öz

Bilim kurgu türde sıkça gözlenen distopya, teması ve kurgusu çerçevesindeki alt bağlamıyla bir eleştiridir. Karamsarlık, olumsuzluk üzerinden bir hikâye anlatan ya da (olası) görünüm sunan distopik medya çıktıları toplumun, sistemin bulunduğu ya da vardığı noktayı korku, panik gibi argümanlar üzerinden yordadığı gibi zaman zaman absürtlükler üzerinden de yordar. Distopik evrenin yarattığı gelecek apokaliptik ve post-apokaliptik nitelikler taşır. Teknoloji ile yaratılan sona ilişkin çıkış yolu, kurtulma aracı da yine teknolojidir. Diyalektik görünen bu ilişki, zaman zaman fantazmagorik anlatıları da kullanır. Nitekim bazı distopik medya çıktılarında aldatıcı görüntüler, sonu gelen ya da gelmiş olan evrende olan biteni hakikat algısını sorgulatarak verir; distopazlar, otoriter karakterler dikkat çeker, simüle edilmiş bir evren tasvirinde bireyin içsel yabancılaşma gibi kaçınılmaz sonda otorite karşısında itaate yöneldiği de görülür. Entropik bir süreç olarak distopik kurguda krizler ve kaos vardır ve toplum korku, panik ile yordanır. Bu çalışmada, Milgram’ın “Otoriteye İtaat Deneyi”nden hareketle sosyal psikoloji ve dijitalleşme ilişkisi, gezegenler arası yolculuğun işlendiği bir dizi olan Avenue 5 örnekleminde otoriteye itaat ve grup psikolojisini anlamak amacıyla betimsel analiz tekniği ile incelenmiştir. İnceleme sonucunda, dijitalleşmenin sayısız olanağının gösterildiği Avenue 5’da yaratılan distopik geleceğin absürd olduğu, bireyin büründüğü rol çerçevesinde kendisine yabancılaşabildiği, otoriteye itaat ve grup psikolojisi noktasındaki uyma davranışının ise bireyler arası kolektif unsurlar ile ilişkili olduğu söylenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Distopya, Apokalips, Sosyal Psikoloji, Dijitalleşme, Avenue 5

An Approach to Relationship between Social Psychology and Digitalization through Apocalyptic Dystopia: Avenue 5 TV Series

Öz

Utopia, which imagines a life and order with ideals such as perfection, flawlessness, and trouble-freeness, is not just an imagination of a place or space; It is a fiction, an idealized post-truth, and also a loss of truth. That's why it creates surreal arguments and puts dystopia in front of it. This tendency makes dystopia attractive and striking. It is known that phantasmagoria is used in utopia and dystopia. When dystopia is considered as a narrative, it has a critical quality with its theme and fiction. Indeed, critical dystopia also refers to this. Dystopian media outputs draw critical attention to the point where society and the system are or have reached, with the story they tell through pessimism and negativity, or the (possible) views they point to. In this context, dystopia predicts the situation through arguments such as fear and panic, but also sometimes through absurdities. When criticizing the situation in question, society can be portrayed as having evolved and become alienated from itself. This paradigm observed more in the case of cyberpunk, also uses fear and appeal in meta-narratives. Dystopia, which is known to criticize an order or system in a slightly exaggerated and imaginary way, also re-establishes the relationship between the future and reality. While oppressive control, the decisiveness of technology, surveillance, fear, panic, and pessimism are the arguments used to characterize it, criticisms regarding the environment of trust also attract attention. It is often portrayed in favor of the individual behaving by the group rather than individually. In dystopian outputs, various forms of control are seen. For example, a control related to public administration, such as a rule-based control or a technology-based control, is observed. The dystopian order that regulates society can also use belief as a control tool. An imaginary order is established through the collective memory and various commonalities of the society, and elements that have an impact and trace on the individual are used. While oppression and fear are tried to be attractive, the costs of breaking the rules are shown. This constructed reality reconstructs identities and selves, as well as the perception of truth. It even problematizes them and pushes them to adapt to the form of a dystopian order. Utopian or dystopian outputs sometimes present the moment, place, and situation in the form of deceptive images. This deception is sometimes attractive, often it is fiction, imaginary. However, phantasmagoria, which can be accepted as the reality or construction of that moment, is quite impressive.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Dystopia, Apocalypse, Social Psychology, Digitalization, Avenue 5

Kaynakça

• Adorno, T. W. (2017). Otoritaryen Kişilik Üzerine Niteliksel İdeoloji İncelemeleri. Çev. Doğan Şahiner, İstanbul: Sel Yayıncılık.
• Agamben, G. (1993). Stanzas: Word And Phantasm in Western Culture. Minneapolis & London: University of Minnesota Press.
• Aklilu, D. (2020). “AVENUE 5 Season 1: A Series Unable to Escape The Pull Of Iannucci’s Best Works.” URL: https://www.filminquiry.com/avenue-5-season-1/?amp=1, Erişim Tarihi: 13.02.2024.
• Almaghdi, T. (2021). The Dystopian Impulse and Media Consumption: Redefining Utopia via The Narrative Economics of The New Media Age (Master Thesis). Orange, California: Chapman University. https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1036&context=english_theses, (Erişim Tarihi: 20 Aralık 2023).
• Andreeva, N. (2022). “‘Avenue 5’ Likely Ending With Season 2, Cast of Armando Iannucci’s Hbo Space Comedy Has Been Released.” May 27, 2022, URL: https://deadline.com/2022/05/avenue-5-canceled-season-2-final-season-premiere-date-hbo-cast-released-1235034663/amp/, Erişim Tarihi: 13.02.2024.
• Arendt, H. (1958). The Origins of Totalitarianism. Cleveland & New York: Meridian.
• Asch, S. E. (1946). Forming Impressions of Personality. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 41(3), 258-290.
• Asch, S. E. (1951). Effects of Group Pressure Upon The Modification and Distortion of Judgments. In H. Guetzkow (Ed.), Groups, leadership and men; research in human relations (pp. 177-190). Pittsburgh: Carnegie Press.
• Asch, S. E. (1955). Opinions and Social Pressure. Scientific American, 193(5), 31-35.
• Avenue 5. (2020-2022). 2 Sezon, 17 Bölüm, Yaratıcı: Armando Iannucci, HBO.
• Bagley Thompson, C. (2009). Descriptive Data Analysis. Air Medical Journal, 28(2), 56-59.
• Bal Çetinkaya, K. (2021). “X, Y, Z kuşağı… peki ya ötesi?”. TÜBİTAK, Bilim ve Teknik, ss. 46-51, Nisan 2021, URL: https://bilimteknik.tubitak.gov.tr/system/files/makale/xyz.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 14.05.2024.
• Baudrillard, J. (2022). Simülakrlar ve Simülasyon. Çev. Oğuz Adanır, Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları.
• Bezrukov, A. & Bohovyk, O. (2022). Mutation of Dystopian Identity in The Age of Posthumanism: Literary Speculations. Respectus Philologicus, 42(47), 52-64.
• Bilgin, N. (2013). Tarih ve Kolektif Bellek. İstanbul: Bağlam Yayıncılık.
• Bozkurt, M. (2021). Fantazmagorik Bir Mekân Olarak Twitter ve Simülatik Flâneurler. FSM İlmî Araştırmalar İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi FSMIAD, (17), 455-480.
• Bradbury, R. (2018). Fahrenheit 451. Çev. Dost Körpe, İstanbul: İthaki Yayınları.
• Castigliano, F. (2023). Flaneuring The Buyosphere: A Comparative Historical Analysis of Shopping Environments and Phantasmagorias. Journal of Consumer Culture, 23(2), 465-481.
• Chakraborty, D. (2022). “Avenue 5 Season 2: Here’s Why You Should Be Watching This Space Comedy.” Nov 12, 2022, URL: https://movieweb.com/avenue-5-season-2-should-be-watching/, Erişim Tarihi: 14.03.2024.
• Chuba, K. (2020). “Armando Iannucci on HBO’s ‘Avenue 5’ and How The Space Comedy Compares to ‘Veep’”. January 19, 2020, URL: https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/armando-iannucci-hbos-avenue-5-how-space-comedy-compares-veep-1270143/amp/, Erişim Tarihi: 14.03.2024.
• Cohen, M. (1989). Walter Benjamin’s Phantasmagoria. New German Critique, (48), 87-107.
• Colomina, C., Sánchez Margalef, H. & Youngs, R. (2021). The Impact Of Disinformation on Democratic Processes and Human Rights in The World. Brussels, European Union European Parliament. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2021/653635/EXPO_STU(2021)653635_EN.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 3 Şubat 2023.
• Çırak, C. (2021). Bestecilikte Fantazmagorya: Geleneksel Türk Müziğinde Besteciliğin Bazı Zihinsel ve Toplumsal Dinamikleri. EJMD, (19), 76-105.
• Deng, R. & Matthes, J. (2023). Utopian or Dystopian? The Portrayal of The Metaverse In Popular News on Social Media. Heliyon, 9(4), 1-18.
• Domenach, J. M. (1995). Politika ve Propaganda. Çev. Tahsin Yücel, İstanbul: Varlık Yayınları.
• Donnie Darko. (2001). Yönetmen & Senaryo: Richard Kelly.
• Fandom. (t.y.a). “Sarah”, URL: https://avenue5.fandom.com/wiki/Sarah, Erişim Tarihi: 06.10.2023.
• Fandom. (t.y.b). “The World of Avenue 5.” URL: https://avenue5.fandom.com/wiki/The_World_of_Avenue_5, Erişim Tarihi: 06.10.2023.
• Farca, G. & Ladevèze, C. (2016). The Journey to Nature: The Last of Us As Critical Dystopia. Proceedings of 1st International Joint Conference of DiGRA and FDG, (p. 1-16), Dundee, Scotland, UK: Digital Games Research Association (DiGRA) and the Foundation of Digital Games (FDG).
• Farca, G. (2019). Playing Dystopia: Nightmarish Worlds in Video Games and The Player's Aesthetic Response. Studies of Digital Media Culture, Bielefeld: transcript publishing.
• Farhat. H. (2019). Dystopia In Contemporary Post-Apocalyptic Films (Master Thesis). Ankara: Bilkent University. https://tez.yok.gov.tr Tez No: 542687 (Erişim tarihi: 10 Aralık 2023).
• Ferreira, A. R. S. (2020). The Importance of Descriptive Analysis. Rev Col Bras Cir 47:e20202682.
• Gabor, M. R. (2010). Descriptive Methods of Data Analysis For Marketing Data – Theoretical and Practical Considerations. Management & Marketing Challenges for Knowledge Society, 5(3), 119-134.
• Greenwald, A. G. (1980). The Totalitarian Ego: Fabrication and Revision of Personal History. American Psychologist, 35(7), 603–618.
• Guarda, Rebeka F., Ohlson, Marcia P. & Romanini, Anderson V. (2018). Disinformation, Dystopia and Post-Reality in Social Media: A Semiotic-Cognitive Perspective. Education for Information, 34(3), 185-197.
• Henry, D. & Walker, B. (1966). Phantasmagoria and Idyll: An Element of Seneca’s Phaedra. Greece & Rome, 13(2), 223-239.
• Huxley, A. (2003). Cesur Yeni Dünya. Çev. Ümit Tosun, İstanbul: İthaki Yayınları.
• Hillman, A. L. (1992). International Trade Policy: Benevolent Dictators and Optimizing Politicians. Public Choice, (74), 1–15.
• Iggers, G. G. (2012). Bilimsel Nesnellikten Postmodernizme Yirminci Yüzyılda Tarih Yazımı. Çev. Gül Çağalı Güven, İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları.
• Jansen, M. A. (2020). Fashion and The Phantasmagoria of Modernity: An Introduction to Decolonial Fashion Discourse. Fashion Theory, 24(6), 815-836.
• Kaika, M. & Swyngedouw, E. (2020). Fetishizing The Modern City: The Phantasmagoria of Urban Technological Networks. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 24(1), 120-128.
• Korkmaz Çalışkan, B. (2021). Kader Algısı ve Otoriteryen Kişilik Arasındaki İlişki Üzerne Bir İnceleme (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul: İbn Haldun Üniversitesi. https://tez.yok.gov.tr Tez No: 701054, (Erişim tarihi: 10 Mart 2023).
• Lynteris, C. (2013). Ten Comments on ‘Eight Theses on Phantasmagoria. Anthropology & Materialism, (1), 1-2.
• Loeb, S., Dynarski, S., McFarland, D., Morris, P., Reardon, S. & Reber, S. (2017). Descriptive Analysis in Education: A Guide For Researchers. (NCEE 2017–4023). Washington, DC: U.S., National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance.
• Marshall, G. & Jonker, L. (2010). An Introduction to Descriptive Statistics: A Review and Practical Guide. The College Of Radiographers. Radiography, 16(4), e1-e7.
• Matusov, E. (2023). Teacher As A Benevolent Dictator: Promoting A Culture of Democratic Dialogic Education In A Conventional University. Dialogic Pedagogy: An International Online Journal, 11(2), A245-A260.
• McLeod, S. A. (2007). “The Milgram Experiment”. Updated on November 14, 2023, Reviewed by Olivia Guy-Evans, URL: www.simplypsychology.org/milgram.html, Erişim Tarihi: 07.10.2023.
• Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral Study of Obedience. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, (67), 371-378. Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to Authority: An experimental view. United States: HarperCollins.
• Montaigne, de M. (2019). Denemeler. Der. & Çev. Tülin Dagüloğlu, İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
• More, T. (2012). Open Utopia. Edited and With An Introduction by Stephen Duncombe, Port Watson: Minor Compositions.
• Murariu, M. (2014). The Nature of Totalism And Its Use in The Analysis of Militant Heterodoxies. Totalitarismus und Demokratie, 11(1), 29-48.
• Muñiz, A. (2022). Gang Phantasmagoria: How Racialized Gang Allegations Haunt Immigration Legal Work. Critical Criminology, (30), 159–175.
• Nyrup, J. (2020). The Myth of The Benevolent Autocrat? Internal Constraints, External Constraints, and Economic Development in Autocracies (PhD Thesis). Oxford: University of Oxford. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:bf62b975-2259-474b-a468-dba7f01e879c (Erişim Tarihi: 13 Şubat 2023).
• Orwell, G. (2000). 1984. Çev. Celal Üster, İstanbul: Can Yayınları.
• Özdemir, E. (2019). Akira Örnekleminde Post Apokaliptik Toplum ve Çevre Tasvirlerinin Siberpunk Kültüründeki Yeri (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul: Maltepe Üniversitesi. https://tez.yok.gov.tr Tez No: 608956 (Erişim tarihi: 30 Ağustos 2023).
• Rabbit-Reviews. (2009). “Donnie Darko [2001]”. May 26, 2009, URL: https://www.rabbit-reviews.com/movie-recommendations/drama/donnie-darko-2001/, Erişim Tarihi: 11.02.2024.
• Riether, G. (2010). Digital Phantasmagoria: An Urban Space of Intensified Interaction. SIGRADI 2010/Disrupción, modelación y construcción: Diálogos cambiantes, pp. 380-383.
• Rosenberg, A. (2020). “HBO’s ‘Avenue 5’ is the Perfect Companion to This Crapfest of A Year.” December 9, 2020, URL: https://mashable.com/article/avenue-5-perfect-metaphor-for-2020-new-year, Erişim Tarihi: 27.03.2023.
• Russell, N. J. C. (2009). Stanley Milgram’s Obedience To Authority Experiments: Towards An Understanding of Their Relevance in Explaining Aspects of The Nazi Holocaust (PhD Thesis). Wellington: Victoria University of Wellington. https://openaccess.wgtn.ac.nz/articles/thesis/Stanley_Milgram_s_Obedience_to_Authority_Experiments_Towards_an_Understanding_of_Their_Relevance_in_Explaining_Aspects_of_the_Nazi_Holocaust/16967854, (Erişim tarihi: 27 Ocak 2023).
• Sakman, M. (2015). İdeolojik Hegemonya İçerisinde Örgütlenen Siyasal Bir Sistem Olarak Totalitarizm. Atatürk Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (55), 117-126.
• Serres, M. (1982). The Parasite. Translated with Notes by Lawrence R. Schehr, Baltimore & London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
• Sidel, J. L., Bleibaum, R, N. & Clara Tao, K. W. (2018). Quantitative Descriptive Analysis. In Descriptive Analysis in Sensory Evaluation, Chapter 8, pp. 287-318, Eds. Sarah E. Kemp, Joanne Hort, Tracey Hollowood, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
• Spoiler TV. (Erişim 2023). “Avenue 5 - Episode 2.02 - What an Unseasonal Delight - Promotional Photos”. October 15, 2022, URL: https://www.spoilertv.com/2022/10/avenue-5-episode-202-what-unseasonal.html, Erişim Tarihi: 09.10.2023.
• Syvertsen, T. (2017). Evil Media in Dystopian Fiction. Chapter 3, In Media Resistance Protest, Dislike, Abstention, pp. 35-53, Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Tirole, J. (2021). Digital Dystopia. American Economic Review, 111(6), 2007-48.
• TV Series Finale. (2020). Avenue 5: Season One Ratings, March 17, 2020, URL: https://tvseriesfinale.com/tv-show/avenue-5-season-one-ratings/, Erişim Tarihi: 09.03.2024.
• Tzouras, A. (2020). Gerald Farca, Playing Dystopia: Nightmarish Worlds in Video Games and the Player’s Aesthetic Response (Studies of Digital Media Culture). European journal of American studies [Online], Book reviews, URL: http://journals.openedition.org/ejas/16343.
• Verne, J. (2022). Zacharius Usta. Çev. Alev Özgüner, İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
• Vieira de Carvalho, M. (2013). Art as “Phantasmagoria”: Between İllusion and Reification. Kybernetes, 42(9), 1367-1373.
• Yanar, M. (2020). The Hunger Games: Reality or Phantasmagoria. Journal of Humanities and Cultures Studies R&D, 5(3), 1-7.
• Yegen, C. & Ulusoy, N. (2020). Fringe ve Diorama Aracılığı ile Gerçeklik, Teknoloji ve Evren Üzerine. Galatasaray Üniversitesi İletişim Dergisi, (32), 60-79.
• Yegen, C. & Dönmez, S. C. (2023). Tarih ve Kolektif Bellek Aktarımında Sanal Gerçeklik: “War Remains” Örneği. İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(1), 412-430.
• Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2021). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları. Yükselbaba, Ü. (2017). MILGRAM Deneyi: Otorite ve İtaate Dair. İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Mecmuası, 75(1), 227-270.
• Załoga, W. (2022). DISINFORMATION in the Age of The Digital Revolution In The Aspect of State Security. WIEDZA OBRONNA, 280(3), 43-62.
• Wang, Q. & Jab, S. (2017). Benevolent Dictatorship and Buyer-Supplier Exchange. Journal of Business Research, (78), 204-216.
• Wired. (2017). “Donnie Darko is No Cult Classic—It’s A Straight Up Classic”. Photo: Alamy, 04.01.17, URL: https://www.wired.com/2017/04/geeks-guide-donnie-darko/, Erişim Tarihi: 11.02.2024.
• Williams, G. (1998). DIGITAL Dystopia - What Will It Mean For Free Expression When The Box in The Corner Can Supply Rolling Newsbites, Hard-Core, The Weekly Shopping and The National Curriculum? INDEX ON CENSORSHIP, 27(4), 186-192.
• Willmetts, S. (2018). Digital Dystopia: Surveillance, Autonomy, and Social Justice in Gary Shteyngart’s Super Sad True Love Story. American Quarterly, 70(2), 267-289.
• Wilson, J. (2022). Avenue 5 Season 2, Episode 6 Recap - Will The Missile Destroy The Ship?. Published: November 15, 2022 (Last updated: January 20, 2023), URL: https://readysteadycut.com/2022/11/15/avenue-5-season-2-episode-6-recap-will-the-missile-destroy-the-ship/, Erişim Tarihi: 19.02.2024.