Yıl 2015,
Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 294 - 315, 17.01.2016
Ceyda Turhan
,
Sezgin Vuran
Kaynakça
- Adams, L., Gouvousis, A., VanLue, M. ve Waldron, C. (2004). Social story intervention: Improving communication skills in a child with autism spectrum disorders. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 19(2), 87-94.
- Agosta, E., Graetz, J. E., Mastropiere, M. A. ve Scruggs, T. (2004). Teacher-Researchers partnership to improve social behavior through social stories. Intervention in School and Clinic, 39(5), 276-287.
- Akmanoğlu, N. (2008). Otistik çocuklara kötü niyetli yabancı kişilerin kaçırma girişimlerinden kaçınmayı öğretme. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eskişehir.
- Altunel, M. (2007). Otistik özellik gösteren öğrencilere soru cevaplama becerilerinin öğretiminde küçük grup düzenlemesi ile sunulan eşzamanlı ipucuyla öğretimin etkililiği. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eskişehir.
- Amerikan Psychiatric Association: Desk Reference to the Diagnostic Criteria From DSM-5, (2013). http://www.dsm5/documents/Autism%20Spectrum%20Disorder%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf adresinden 22.08.2014 tarihinde edinilmiştir.
- Armstrong, J.E., Bregman, J.D., Farmer, J.E., Huber, D., Kilo, M., Mantovani, J.F., McCarrell, V. & Ratcliffe, K. (2012). Autism spectrum disorders: Guide to evidence based interventions. Missouri: Consensus Publication.
- Bellini, S., Akullian, J. ve Hopf, A. (2007). Increasing social engagement in young children with autism spectrum disorders using self-modeling. School Psychology, 36(5), 80-90.
- Bidwell, M. A. ve Rehfeldt, R. A. (2004). Using video modeling to teach a domestic skill with on embedded social skill to adults with severe mental retardation. Behavioral Intervention, 19, 263-274.
- Brownell, M. D. (2002). Musically adapted social stories to modify behaviors in students with autism: Four case studies. Journal of Music Theraphy, 39, 117-144.
- Charlop-Christy, M.H., Le, L., ve Freeman, K.A. (2000). A comparison of video modelling for teaching children wih autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30, 37-552.
- Cihak, D.F., Smith, C.C., Cornett, A. ve Coleman, B.M. (2012). The use of video modeling with the picture exchange communication system to increase independent communicative initiations in preeschoolers with autism and developmental delays. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 27(1), 3-11.
- Cullain, R. E. (2002). The effects of social stories on anxiety levels and excessive behavioral expressions of elemetary school aged children with autism. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi. The Union Institute Graduate College, Cincinnati, Ohio.
- Delano, M. ve Snell, M. E. (2006).The effects of social stories on the social engagement of children with autism. Journal of Positive Behavior Intervention,8(1), 29-42.
- Diken, İ.H., Ardıç, A. ve Diken, Ö. (2011). Gilliam otistik bozukluk derecelendirme ölçeği-2-Türkçe versiyonu (GOBDÖ-2-TV). Ankara: Maya Akademi.
- Ergenekon, Y. (2012). Sosyal yeterlikle ilişkili kavramlar ve sosyal yeterliğin bileşenleri. S. Vuran (Ed.), Sosyal yeterliklerin geliştirilmesi içinde (s. 15-33). Ankara: Vize Yayıncılık.
- Feinberg, M. J. (2002). Using social stories to teach specific social skills to individualls diagnosed with autism. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, California School of Professional Psychology, San Diego, California.
- Gray, C. (2002). The New Social Story Book. Future Horizons: UK.
- Graetz, J. E., Mastropiere, M. A. ve Scruggs, T. E. (2006). Show time: Using video self modelling to decrease inappropriate behavior. Teaching Exceptional Children, 38, 43-48.
- Grigore, A.A. ve Rusu, A.S. (2014). Interaction with a theraphy dog enhances the effects of social story method in autistic children. Journal of Human Animal Studies,1-21.
- Halisküçük, E. S. (2007). Zihinsel yetersizliği olan öğrencilere makarna pişirme becerisinin öğretiminde video modelin etkililiği. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, Bolu.
- Hagiwara, T. ve Myles, B.S. (1999). A multimedia social story intervention: Teaching Skills to children with Autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 14(2), 82-95.
- Ivey, M. L., Heflin, L. J. ve Alberto, P. (2004). The use of social stories to promote independent behaviors in novel events for children with PDD-NOS. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities,19(3), 164-176.
- Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Chils 2, 217-250.
- Keenan, M., Dillenburger, K., Röttgers, H.R., Dounavi, K., Moderato, P., Jonsdottir, S.L., Schenk, J.J.A.M., Virues-Ortega, J. ve Roll-Pettersson, L. (2014). Autism and ABA: The gulf between North America and Europe. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders.
- Keller, T., Ramisch, J. & Carolan, M. (2014). Relationship of children with autism spectrum disorders and their fathers. The Qualitative Report, 19 (66), 1-15.
- Kuttler, S., Myles, B. S. ve Carlson, J. K. (1999). The use of social stories to reduce precursors to tantrum behavior ina student with autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 3(3), 176-182.
- Lindgren, S. ve Doobay, A. (2011). Evidence- based interventions for autism spectrum disorders. The University of Iowa.
- Litras, S., Moore, D. W. ve Anderson, A. (2010). Using video self modelled social stories to teach social skills to a young child with autism. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Autism Research and Treatment, article ID: 834979, 9 sayfa.
- Luiselli J. K., Russo D. C., Christian P., W. & Wilczynski M. S. (2008). Effective Practices for Children with Autism. Oxford University Press.
- McConell, S.R. (2002). Interventions to facilitate social interactions for young children with autism: Review of available research and recommendations for educational intervention and future research. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32(5), 351-372.
- McCoy, K. ve Hermansen, E. (2007). Video modeling for individuals with autism: A review of model types and effects. Education and Treatment of Children, 30(4), 183–213.
- Nikopoulos, C. ve Keenan, M. (2003). Promoting social initiation in children with autism using video modelling. Behavioral Interventions, 18, 87-108.
- Nikopoulos, C. ve Keenan, M. (2004a). Effects of video modeling on social initiations by children with autism. Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis, 37(1), 93-96.
- Nikopoulos, C. K., ve Keenan, M. (2006). Video modeling and behaviour analysis: A guide for teaching social skills to children with autism. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
- Olçay Gül, S. ve Vuran, S. (2010). Sosyal becerilerin öğretiminde video model yöntemiyle yürütülen araştırmaların analizi. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 10(1), 217-274.
- Pettigrew, J.D.C. (1998). Effects of the modeling of verbal and non verbal procedures for interactions with peers through social stories and scaffolded activities on the social compitence of 3-year-old and 4-year-old children with specific language impairments. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, Texas.
- Reichow, B. ve Sabornie, E. J. (2009). Brief report: Increasing verbal greeting initiations for a student with autism via a social story intervention. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39, 1740-1743.
- Reynhout, G. ve Carter, M. (2007). Social story efficacy with a child with autism spectrum disorder and moderate intellectual disability. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 22(3), 173-182.
- Rogers, M. F. ve Myles, B. S. (2001). Using social stories and comic strip conversations to interpret social situations for an adolescent with asperger syndrome. Intervention in School and Clinic, 36, 310-313.
- Rowe, C. (1999). Do social stories benefit children with autism in mainstream primary schools? Special Education Forward Trends, 26(1), 12-14.
- Sansosti, F. J. ve Powell-Smith, A. K. (2008). Using computer presented social stories and video models to increase the social communication skills of children with high functioning autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 10(3), 162-178.
- Scheuermann, B. ve Webber, J. (2002). Autism, teaching does make a difference. Wadsworth Group: Canada.
- Spencer, V., Simpson, C. G. ve Lynch, S. A. (2008). Using social stories to increase positive behaviors for children with autism spectrum disorders. Intervention in School and Clinic, 44(1), 58-61.
- Sucuoğlu, İ. ve Çifci, İ. (2001). Yapamıyor mu? Yapmıyor mu?: Zihin engelli çocuklar için sosyal beceri öğretimi. Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi: Ankara.
- Tekin, E. (2000). Karşılaştırmalı tek denekli araştırma modelleri. Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 2(4), 1-12.
- The National Autism Center’s (2009), National Standarts Report.
- http://dlr.sd.gov/autism/documents/nac_standarts_report_2009.pdf sayfasından 21.11 10 Mayıs 2011 tarihinde edinilmiştir.
- The National Professional Development Center (2010). Evidence Based Practices. (Aktaran: Wong ve diğ., 2014).
- Ünlü, E. (2012). Anne babalara sunulan otizm spektrum bozukluğu gösteren çocuklara yönelik ayrık denemelerle öğretim programının (ADÖSEP) etkililiği. Doktora tezi, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eskişehir.
- Vuran, S. (2007). Sosyal yeterliklerin geliştirilmesi. S.Eripek (Ed.) İlköğretimde kaynaştırma içinde (s 221-242). Anadolu Üniversitesi Açıköğretim Fakültesi Yayınları: Eskişehir.
- Vuran, S. ve Sönmez, M. (2008). Sosyal geçerlik kavramı ve Türkiye’de özel eğitim alanında yürütülen lisansüstü tezlerde sosyal geçerliğin değerlendirilmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 9(1), 55-65.
- Vuran, S. ve Turhan, C. (2012). Sosyal öyküler. S. Vuran (Ed.), Sosyal yeterliklerin geliştirilmesi içinde (s167-182). Ankara: Vize Yayıncılık.
- Vuran, S. ve Ünlü, E. (2015). Veri toplama süreçleri. H. Sarı (Ed.). Uygulamalı davranış analizi içinde (s. 66-104). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
- Wang, P. ve Spillane, A. (2009). Evidence based social skills interventions for children with autism: A meta – analysis. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, 44(3), 318-342.
- Watson, L., Lord, C., Schaffer, B. Ve Schopler, E. (1989). Teaching spontaneous communication to autistic and developmentally handicapped children. United States of America: Pro.Ed Publishing.
- Webber, J. ve Scheuermann, B. (2008). Educating students with autism: A quick start manual. Austin, Texas: Pro-ed Publishing.
- Wong, C., Odom, S., Hume ,K., Cox, A.W., Fettig, A., Kucharczyk, S., Brock, M.E., Plavnick, J.B., Fleury, V.P. ve Schultz, T.R. (2014). Evidence Based Practices for Children, Youth and Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder.
- Zhang, J. ve Wheeler, J.J. (2011). A meta analysis of peer-mediated interventions for young children with autism spectrum disorders. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 46(1), 62-77.
The Effectiveness And Efficiency Of Social Stories And Video Modelling On Teaching Social Skills To Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Yıl 2015,
Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 294 - 315, 17.01.2016
Ceyda Turhan
,
Sezgin Vuran
Öz
The purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness and efficacy of computer based social stories and video modeling while teaching social skills to children with autism spectrum disorder. The study was conducted with one child with autism spectrum disorder who is 6 years old. The target behavior was starting and carrying on playing skills independently. The research desing of the study is alternating treatment design. The results of the research indicated that video modeling was more effective to increase playing skills indepedently than social stories. Maintanence probes were conducted 3., 5. and 7. weeks after intervention was completed and the maintanence results indicated that the skill was going on. Also social validity data of the study was obtained doing descriptive analysis. The result of the social validity findings showed that the mother found the social stories and video modeling effective.
Kaynakça
- Adams, L., Gouvousis, A., VanLue, M. ve Waldron, C. (2004). Social story intervention: Improving communication skills in a child with autism spectrum disorders. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 19(2), 87-94.
- Agosta, E., Graetz, J. E., Mastropiere, M. A. ve Scruggs, T. (2004). Teacher-Researchers partnership to improve social behavior through social stories. Intervention in School and Clinic, 39(5), 276-287.
- Akmanoğlu, N. (2008). Otistik çocuklara kötü niyetli yabancı kişilerin kaçırma girişimlerinden kaçınmayı öğretme. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eskişehir.
- Altunel, M. (2007). Otistik özellik gösteren öğrencilere soru cevaplama becerilerinin öğretiminde küçük grup düzenlemesi ile sunulan eşzamanlı ipucuyla öğretimin etkililiği. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eskişehir.
- Amerikan Psychiatric Association: Desk Reference to the Diagnostic Criteria From DSM-5, (2013). http://www.dsm5/documents/Autism%20Spectrum%20Disorder%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf adresinden 22.08.2014 tarihinde edinilmiştir.
- Armstrong, J.E., Bregman, J.D., Farmer, J.E., Huber, D., Kilo, M., Mantovani, J.F., McCarrell, V. & Ratcliffe, K. (2012). Autism spectrum disorders: Guide to evidence based interventions. Missouri: Consensus Publication.
- Bellini, S., Akullian, J. ve Hopf, A. (2007). Increasing social engagement in young children with autism spectrum disorders using self-modeling. School Psychology, 36(5), 80-90.
- Bidwell, M. A. ve Rehfeldt, R. A. (2004). Using video modeling to teach a domestic skill with on embedded social skill to adults with severe mental retardation. Behavioral Intervention, 19, 263-274.
- Brownell, M. D. (2002). Musically adapted social stories to modify behaviors in students with autism: Four case studies. Journal of Music Theraphy, 39, 117-144.
- Charlop-Christy, M.H., Le, L., ve Freeman, K.A. (2000). A comparison of video modelling for teaching children wih autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30, 37-552.
- Cihak, D.F., Smith, C.C., Cornett, A. ve Coleman, B.M. (2012). The use of video modeling with the picture exchange communication system to increase independent communicative initiations in preeschoolers with autism and developmental delays. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 27(1), 3-11.
- Cullain, R. E. (2002). The effects of social stories on anxiety levels and excessive behavioral expressions of elemetary school aged children with autism. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi. The Union Institute Graduate College, Cincinnati, Ohio.
- Delano, M. ve Snell, M. E. (2006).The effects of social stories on the social engagement of children with autism. Journal of Positive Behavior Intervention,8(1), 29-42.
- Diken, İ.H., Ardıç, A. ve Diken, Ö. (2011). Gilliam otistik bozukluk derecelendirme ölçeği-2-Türkçe versiyonu (GOBDÖ-2-TV). Ankara: Maya Akademi.
- Ergenekon, Y. (2012). Sosyal yeterlikle ilişkili kavramlar ve sosyal yeterliğin bileşenleri. S. Vuran (Ed.), Sosyal yeterliklerin geliştirilmesi içinde (s. 15-33). Ankara: Vize Yayıncılık.
- Feinberg, M. J. (2002). Using social stories to teach specific social skills to individualls diagnosed with autism. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, California School of Professional Psychology, San Diego, California.
- Gray, C. (2002). The New Social Story Book. Future Horizons: UK.
- Graetz, J. E., Mastropiere, M. A. ve Scruggs, T. E. (2006). Show time: Using video self modelling to decrease inappropriate behavior. Teaching Exceptional Children, 38, 43-48.
- Grigore, A.A. ve Rusu, A.S. (2014). Interaction with a theraphy dog enhances the effects of social story method in autistic children. Journal of Human Animal Studies,1-21.
- Halisküçük, E. S. (2007). Zihinsel yetersizliği olan öğrencilere makarna pişirme becerisinin öğretiminde video modelin etkililiği. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, Bolu.
- Hagiwara, T. ve Myles, B.S. (1999). A multimedia social story intervention: Teaching Skills to children with Autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 14(2), 82-95.
- Ivey, M. L., Heflin, L. J. ve Alberto, P. (2004). The use of social stories to promote independent behaviors in novel events for children with PDD-NOS. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities,19(3), 164-176.
- Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Chils 2, 217-250.
- Keenan, M., Dillenburger, K., Röttgers, H.R., Dounavi, K., Moderato, P., Jonsdottir, S.L., Schenk, J.J.A.M., Virues-Ortega, J. ve Roll-Pettersson, L. (2014). Autism and ABA: The gulf between North America and Europe. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders.
- Keller, T., Ramisch, J. & Carolan, M. (2014). Relationship of children with autism spectrum disorders and their fathers. The Qualitative Report, 19 (66), 1-15.
- Kuttler, S., Myles, B. S. ve Carlson, J. K. (1999). The use of social stories to reduce precursors to tantrum behavior ina student with autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 3(3), 176-182.
- Lindgren, S. ve Doobay, A. (2011). Evidence- based interventions for autism spectrum disorders. The University of Iowa.
- Litras, S., Moore, D. W. ve Anderson, A. (2010). Using video self modelled social stories to teach social skills to a young child with autism. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Autism Research and Treatment, article ID: 834979, 9 sayfa.
- Luiselli J. K., Russo D. C., Christian P., W. & Wilczynski M. S. (2008). Effective Practices for Children with Autism. Oxford University Press.
- McConell, S.R. (2002). Interventions to facilitate social interactions for young children with autism: Review of available research and recommendations for educational intervention and future research. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32(5), 351-372.
- McCoy, K. ve Hermansen, E. (2007). Video modeling for individuals with autism: A review of model types and effects. Education and Treatment of Children, 30(4), 183–213.
- Nikopoulos, C. ve Keenan, M. (2003). Promoting social initiation in children with autism using video modelling. Behavioral Interventions, 18, 87-108.
- Nikopoulos, C. ve Keenan, M. (2004a). Effects of video modeling on social initiations by children with autism. Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis, 37(1), 93-96.
- Nikopoulos, C. K., ve Keenan, M. (2006). Video modeling and behaviour analysis: A guide for teaching social skills to children with autism. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
- Olçay Gül, S. ve Vuran, S. (2010). Sosyal becerilerin öğretiminde video model yöntemiyle yürütülen araştırmaların analizi. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 10(1), 217-274.
- Pettigrew, J.D.C. (1998). Effects of the modeling of verbal and non verbal procedures for interactions with peers through social stories and scaffolded activities on the social compitence of 3-year-old and 4-year-old children with specific language impairments. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, Texas.
- Reichow, B. ve Sabornie, E. J. (2009). Brief report: Increasing verbal greeting initiations for a student with autism via a social story intervention. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39, 1740-1743.
- Reynhout, G. ve Carter, M. (2007). Social story efficacy with a child with autism spectrum disorder and moderate intellectual disability. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 22(3), 173-182.
- Rogers, M. F. ve Myles, B. S. (2001). Using social stories and comic strip conversations to interpret social situations for an adolescent with asperger syndrome. Intervention in School and Clinic, 36, 310-313.
- Rowe, C. (1999). Do social stories benefit children with autism in mainstream primary schools? Special Education Forward Trends, 26(1), 12-14.
- Sansosti, F. J. ve Powell-Smith, A. K. (2008). Using computer presented social stories and video models to increase the social communication skills of children with high functioning autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 10(3), 162-178.
- Scheuermann, B. ve Webber, J. (2002). Autism, teaching does make a difference. Wadsworth Group: Canada.
- Spencer, V., Simpson, C. G. ve Lynch, S. A. (2008). Using social stories to increase positive behaviors for children with autism spectrum disorders. Intervention in School and Clinic, 44(1), 58-61.
- Sucuoğlu, İ. ve Çifci, İ. (2001). Yapamıyor mu? Yapmıyor mu?: Zihin engelli çocuklar için sosyal beceri öğretimi. Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi: Ankara.
- Tekin, E. (2000). Karşılaştırmalı tek denekli araştırma modelleri. Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 2(4), 1-12.
- The National Autism Center’s (2009), National Standarts Report.
- http://dlr.sd.gov/autism/documents/nac_standarts_report_2009.pdf sayfasından 21.11 10 Mayıs 2011 tarihinde edinilmiştir.
- The National Professional Development Center (2010). Evidence Based Practices. (Aktaran: Wong ve diğ., 2014).
- Ünlü, E. (2012). Anne babalara sunulan otizm spektrum bozukluğu gösteren çocuklara yönelik ayrık denemelerle öğretim programının (ADÖSEP) etkililiği. Doktora tezi, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eskişehir.
- Vuran, S. (2007). Sosyal yeterliklerin geliştirilmesi. S.Eripek (Ed.) İlköğretimde kaynaştırma içinde (s 221-242). Anadolu Üniversitesi Açıköğretim Fakültesi Yayınları: Eskişehir.
- Vuran, S. ve Sönmez, M. (2008). Sosyal geçerlik kavramı ve Türkiye’de özel eğitim alanında yürütülen lisansüstü tezlerde sosyal geçerliğin değerlendirilmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 9(1), 55-65.
- Vuran, S. ve Turhan, C. (2012). Sosyal öyküler. S. Vuran (Ed.), Sosyal yeterliklerin geliştirilmesi içinde (s167-182). Ankara: Vize Yayıncılık.
- Vuran, S. ve Ünlü, E. (2015). Veri toplama süreçleri. H. Sarı (Ed.). Uygulamalı davranış analizi içinde (s. 66-104). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
- Wang, P. ve Spillane, A. (2009). Evidence based social skills interventions for children with autism: A meta – analysis. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, 44(3), 318-342.
- Watson, L., Lord, C., Schaffer, B. Ve Schopler, E. (1989). Teaching spontaneous communication to autistic and developmentally handicapped children. United States of America: Pro.Ed Publishing.
- Webber, J. ve Scheuermann, B. (2008). Educating students with autism: A quick start manual. Austin, Texas: Pro-ed Publishing.
- Wong, C., Odom, S., Hume ,K., Cox, A.W., Fettig, A., Kucharczyk, S., Brock, M.E., Plavnick, J.B., Fleury, V.P. ve Schultz, T.R. (2014). Evidence Based Practices for Children, Youth and Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder.
- Zhang, J. ve Wheeler, J.J. (2011). A meta analysis of peer-mediated interventions for young children with autism spectrum disorders. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 46(1), 62-77.