MÜLTECİLERİN GEÇİCİ KORUNMASI: KALICI ÇÖZÜMLERİN BAŞARISIZLIĞI VE BELİRSİZLİKLER

Yıl 2022, , 16 - 28, 30.06.2022

İrem Şengül

https://doi.org/10.21492/inuhfd.992439

Cited By: 2

Öz

Geçici koruma 1970lerden bu yana farklı bölgelerde (Güneydoğu Asya, Avrupa, Ortadoğu) geniş ölçekli mülteci hareketlerine pratik bir müdahale olarak tartışılmış, teşvik edilmiş ve uygulanmıştır. Yine de, bu yaygın uygulama alanına rağmen geçici korumadan ne kastedildiği açık değildir ve politik ve akademik çevrelerde sıklıkla tartışılmaktadır. Geçici korumanın standartlaştırılması ve geliştirilmesi yönündeki çabalar geçici koruma alanındaki çalışmalara yön vermektedir. Bu makale, yalnızca geçici koruma nedir veya nasıl olmalıdır sorularına cevap aramak yerine, göz ardı edilen bir soruya odaklanarak literatüre katkı sağlamaktadır: Uluslararası mülteci rejiminde geçici koruma kategorisi nasıl ve neden ortaya çıkmıştır ve ne gibi sonuçları olmuştur? Geçici koruma üzerine yayınlanmış politika kılavuzları, yumuşak hukuk araçları ve literatürdeki araştırmalar incelenerek geçici korumanın tepeden inme bir şekilde devlet çıkarlarını önceleyerek ortaya çıktığı gösterilmektedir. Geçici korumanın gelişimini ve sonuçlarını açarken uluslararası mülteci rejimindeki geleneksel kalıcı çözümlerin başarısızlığı ve geçici korumanın içkin belirsizlikleri arasındaki ilişki temel alınmıştır. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışma geleneksel kalıcı çözümlerin başarısızlığı bağlamında geçici korumanın devlet çıkarları doğrultusunda bir mülteci yönetim aracı olarak belirsizlikler yarattığını ve bu belirsizlikleri devam ettirdiğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Geçici Koruma, Kalıcı Çözümler, Mülteci Hukuku, Belirsizlik

UNPACKING TEMPORARY PROTECTION OF REFUGEES: FAILURE OF DURABLE SOLUTIONS AND UNCERTAINTIES

Öz

Temporary protection has been discussed, promoted, and implemented in different regions (Southeast Asia, Europe, Middle East) since 1970s as a practical response for large-scale refugee movements. Nevertheless, despite its wide usage and implementation, what is meant by temporary protection is not clear, and frequently debated in policy and academic circles. The attempts to standardize/improve temporary protection frameworks dominate the studies on temporary protection. Rather than solely focusing on what is temporary protection or what it should be, this article makes a novel contribution to the literature by asking a neglected question: how and why has the category of temporary protection been developed in the contemporary international refugee regime and with what consequences? By focusing on the policy guidelines, soft-law instruments, and existing literature on temporary protection, it shows that temporary protection has been developed in a top-down manner focusing solely on the state interests. The failure of durable solutions framework in international refugee regime and inherent uncertainties of temporary protection are intrinsically related to each other and their relation is taken as key to unpack the development and consequences of temporary protection regimes. This article concludes that temporary protection both creates and maintains uncertainty as a refugee management strategy which speaks to state interests in the context of the failure traditional durable solutions framework.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Temporary Protection, Durable Solutions, Refugee Law, Uncertainty

Kaynakça

• ALBERT, Matthew: “Governance and Prima Facie Refugee Status Determination: Clarifying the Boundaries of Temporary Protection, Group Determination, and Mass Influx”, Refugee Survey Quarterly, 29(1), 2010.
• AKRAM, Susan M. (et.al): “Protecting Syrian Refugees: Laws, Policies, and Global Responsibility Sharing”, Boston University School of Law International Human Rights Clinic, 2014. http://www.bu.edu/law/files/2015/07/FINALFullReport.pdf, (Accessed: 04.08.2021).
• BIEHL, Kristen S.: “Governing Through Uncertainty: Experiences of Being a Refugee in Turkey as a Country for Temporary Asylum”, Social Analysis, 59(1), 2015.
• BRUN, Cathrine/FABOS, Anita: “Making Homes in Limbo? A Conceptual Framework”, Refuge, 31(1), 2015.
• CAPO, Jasna: ““Durable Solutions”, Transnationalism, and Homemaking Among Croatian and Bosnian Former Refugees”, Refuge, 31(1), 2015.
• Cartagena Declaration on Refugees, Colloquium on the International Protection of Refugees in Central America, Mexico and Panama, 22.11.1984.
• CHIMNI, BS: “From Resettlement to Involuntary Repatriation: Towards a Critical History of Durable Solutions to Refugee Problems”, Refugee Survey Quarterly, 23(3), 2004.
• COLES, G.J.L.: “Temporary Refuge and the Large Scale Influx of Refugees”, Australian Year Book of International Law, 8, 1978-1980.
• Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (adopted 28.07.1951, entered into force 22.04.1954) 189 UNTS 137
• Council of the European Union: Council Directive on Minimum Standards for Giving Temporary Protection in the Event of a Mass Influx of Displaced Persons and on Measures Promoting a Balance of Efforts Between Member States in Receiving such Persons and Bearing the Consequences Thereof, OJL.212/12-212/23, 2001/55/EC, 07.08.2001.
• CREPEAU, François/HOLLAND, Leanne: “Temporary Protection, Continuing Insecurity: A Regime Replacing Convention Protection of Refugees in Violations of International Law”, Canadian Journal of Law and Society, 12(1), 1997.
• DAUVERGNE, Catherine: Making People Illegal: What Globalization Means for Migration and Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2012.
• DAUVERGNE, Catherine: Refugee Law as Perpetual Crisis, in Juss, Satvinder Singh/Harvey, Colin (ed.), Contemporary Issues in Refugee Law, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham 2013.
• DURIEUX, Jean-François: “Temporary Protection: Hovering at the Edges of Refugee Law” in Ambrus, Monika/Wessel, Ramses A. (ed.), Netherlands Yearbook of International Law 2014: Between Pragmatism and Predictability: Temporariness in International Law, Asser Press, The Hague 2015.
• DURIEUX, Jean-François/MCADAM, Jane: “Non-Refoulement through Time: The Case for a Derogation Clause to the Refugee Convention in Mass Influx Emergencies”, International Journal of Refugee Law, 16(1), 2004.
• EDWARDS, Alice: “Temporary Protection, Derogation and the 1951 Refugee Convention”, Melbourne Journal of International Law, 13(2), 2012.
• EGGLI, A Vibeke Eggli: Mass Refugee Influx and the Limits of Public International Law, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague 2002.
• FERRIS, Elizabeth G.: The Politics of Protection: The Limits of Humanitarian Action, Brookings Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 2011.
• FITZPATRICK, Joan: “Revitalizing the 1951 Refugee Convention”, Harvard Human Rights Journal, 9, 1996.
• FITZPATRICK, Joan: “Temporary Protection of Refugees: Elements of a Formalized Regime”, American Journal of International Law, 94(2), 2000.
• GIBNEY, Matthew J.: “Between Control and Humanitarianism: Temporary Protection in Contemporary Europe”, Georgetown Immigration Law Journal, 14(3), 2000.
• GIBNEY, Matthew J.: “Forced Migration, Engineered Regionalism, and Justice Between States” in Kneebone, Susan/Rawlings-Sanaei Felicity (ed.), New Regionalism and Asylum Seekers, Berghahn Books, New York 2007.
• GOODWIN-GILL, Guy S: “The Refugee Identity and Protection’s Fading Prospect” in Nicholson, Frances/Twomey, Patrick (ed.), Refugee Rights and Realities: Evolving International Concepts and Regimes, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1999.
• GOODWIN-GILL, Guy S./MCADAM, Jane: The Refugee in International Law, 3rd edition, Oxford University Press Oxford, 2007.
• GRIFFITHS, Anne: “Using Ethnography as a Tool in Legal Research: An Anthropological Perspective” in Banakar, Reza/Travers, Max (ed.), Theory and Method in Socio-Legal Research, Hart Publishing, Oxford 2005.
• HARTMAN, Joan F./PERLUSS, Deborah: “Temporary Refuge: Emergence of a Customary Law”, Virginia Journal of International Law, 26(3), 1986.
• HATHAWAY, James C./NEVE R. Alexander: “Making International Refugee Law Relevant Again: A Proposal for Collectivized and Solution-Oriented Protection”, Harvard Human Rights Journal, 10, 1997.
• HATHAWAY, James C.: The Rights of Refugees under International Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2005.
• HORST, Cindy/GRABSKA, Katarzyna: “Introduction: Flight and Exile–Uncertainty in the Context of Conflict-Induced Displacement”, Social Analysis, 59(1), 2015.
• HYNDMAN, Jennifer/GILES, Wenona: Refugees in Extended Exile: Living on the Edge, Routledge, London 2017.
• KAGAN, Michael: “UNHCR Issues New Guidelines on Temporary Protection”, 2014, https://rsdwatch.com/2014/03/20/unhcr-issues-new-guidelines-on-temporary-protection-they-need-a-rewrite/, (Accessed: 05.08.2021).
• KJAERUM, Morten: “Opinion: Temporary Protection in Europe in the 1990s”, International Journal of Refugee Law, 6(3), 1994.
• KOSER, Khalid/BLACK, Richard: “Limits to Harmonization: The ‘Temporary Protection’ Refugees in the European Union”, International Migration, 37(3), 1999.
• LOESCHER, Gil: The UNHCR and World Politics: A Perilous Path, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2001.
• NASCIMBENE, Bruno/PASCALE, Alessia Di: “The ‘Arab Spring’ and the Extraordinary Influx of People who Arrived in North Italy from North Africa”, European Journal of Migration and Law, 13(4), 2011.
• ORCHARD, Cynthia/MILLER, Andrew: “Protection in Europe for Refugees from Syria”, Oxford Refugee Studies Centre, 2014.
• Organization of African Unity Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, 1001 UNTS 45, 10.09.1969.
• “Regional Refugee and Resilience Plan: Regional Strategic Overview 2019-2020”, 2019.
• “Statement of Mrs Sadako Ogata, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, to the International Meeting on Humanitarian Aid for Victims of the Conflict in the former Yugoslavia”, 29.07.1992, https://www.unhcr.org/admin/hcspeeches/3ae68fac1a/statement-mrs-sadako-ogata-united-nations-high-commissioner-refugees-international.html, (Accessed: 02.08.2021).
• Statute of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, (adopted 14.12.1950), UNGA Res 428(V).
• STEVENS, Dallal: “What Do We Mean by Protection?”, International Journal of Minority and Group Rights, 20(1), 2013.
• ŞENGÜL, İrem: “Geçici Koruma Rejimleri ve Kalıcılığa Geçiş”. Göç Araştırmaları Vakfı Çalışma Raporu, 2021.
• TUITT, Patricia: False Images: The Law’s Construction of the Refugee, Pluto Press, London 1996.
• TUITT, Patricia: “Racist Authorization, Interpretive Law and the Changing Character of the Refugee” in Fitzpatrick, Peter (ed.), Nationalism, Racism and the Rule of Law, Aldershot, Darmouth 1995.
• UNHCR: “Executive Committee Conclusion No 5: Asylum”, 1977.
• UNHCR: “Executive Committee Conclusion No 15: Refugees Without an Asylum Country”, 1979.
• UNHCR: “Executive Committee Conclusion 22: Protection of Asylum-Seekers in Situations of Large-Scale Influx”, 1981.
• UNHCR: “Statement by Mrs. Sadako Ogata, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, at the International Management Symposium, St. Gallen, Switzerland”, 25.05.1992, https://www.unhcr.org/uk/admin/hcspeeches/3ae68faec/statement-mrs-sadako-ogata-united-nations-high-commissioner-refugees-international.html, (Accessed: 09.08.2021).
• UNHCR: “Report of the International Meeting on Humanitarian Aid to Victims of the Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia”, HCR/IMFY/1992/4, 10.08.1992.
• UNHCR: “The State of World Refugees”, 1993.
• UNHCR: “Note on International Protection”, UN Doc A/AC.96/830, 1994.
• UNHCR: “The State of World Refugees”, 1997.
• UNHCR: “Protection of Refugees in Mass Influx Situations: Overall Protection Framework”, EC/GC/01/4, 2001.
• UNHCR: “Executive Committee Conclusion No 100: International Cooperation and Burden and Responsibility Sharing in Mass Influx Situations”, 2004.
• UNHCR: “Roundtable on Temporary Protection: Summary Conclusions on Temporary Protection”, 2012.
• UNHCR: “Guidelines on Temporary Protection or Stay Arrangements (TPSAs)”, 2014.
• UNHCR: “Guidelines on International Protection No11: Prima Facie Recognition of Refugees”, 2015.
• United Nations General Assembly: “Meeting on Refugees and Displaced Persons in South-East Asia”. UN Doc A/34/627, 07.11.1979.
• ZETTER, Roger: “Labelling Refugees: Forming and Transforming a Bureaucratic Identity”, Journal of Refugee Studies, 4(1), 1991.
• ZETTER, Roger: “Unlocking the Protracted Displacement of Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons: An Overview”, Refugee Survey Quarterly, 30(4), 2011.