Year 2022,
Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 412 - 425, 31.12.2022
Senar Alkın-şahin
,
Nihal Tunca Guclu
,
Melis Yeşilpınar Uyar
References
- Akar, Ü. (2007). The relationship between student teachers’ scientific process skills and critical thinking skills. (Unpublished Master Thesis). Afyon Kocatepe University.
- Akbaba, A., & Kaya, B. (2015). Teachers’ opinions about cognitive skills development of children at kindergarten. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences 14(55), 148-160. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.41522
- Akgün, E., Yarar, M., & Dinçer, Ç. (2011). The evaluation of classroom management strategies of preschool teachers in classroom activities. Pegem Education and Instruction Journal, 1(3), 1-13.
- Aküzüm, C., & Altunhan, M. (2017). Examination of pre-school teachers’ classroom management skills and ınclusive education proficiency. Journal of Faculty of Education, 31, 779-802. https://doi.org/10.14582/DUZGEF.1845
- Akyol, T. (2021). An investigation of the relationship between preschool teachers’ classroom management skills and children’s involvement levels. EKEV Akademi Dergisi, 85, 453-468. http://dx.doi.org/10.17753/Ekev1822
- Alkın-Şahin, S., & Tunca, N. (2013). Thinking skills, classroom environment and teacher behaviors that support thinking. G. Ekici, and M. Güven (Edt.) Learning-teaching Approaches and Practice Examples. Pegem A.
- Arthur, L., & Makin, L. (2001). High quality early literacy programs. Australian Journal of Early Childhood 26(2), 14-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/183693910102600204
- Aubrey, C., K. Ghent., & Kanira, E. (2012). Enhancing thinking skills in early childhood. International Journal of Early Years Education, 20(4), 332-348. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669760.2012.743102
- Başar, H. (2005). Classroom Management. Anı Publishing.
- Benson, J., & Dresdow, S. (2009). Common sense and ıntegrative thinking. Management Decision, 47(3), 508-517. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740910946750
- Beyer, B. (2001. Putting it all together to improve student thinking. In A.C. Costa (Ed.), Developing minds: A resource book for teaching thinking, 3rd edition, (p. 417-424). ASCD.
Beyer, B. K. (1988). Developing a scope and sequence for thinking skills instruction. Educational Leadership, 45(7), 26-30.
- Bilgin, H. (2019). An examination of the relationship between the counselling qualifications and the classroom management skills of pre-school teachers. Journal of Early Childhood Studies, 3(2), 478–492. https://doi.org/10.24130/eccd-jecs.1967201932178
- Blazar, D., & Kraft, M. A. (2017). Teacher and teaching effects on students’ attitudes and behaviors. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 39(1), 146-170. https://doi.org/10.3102/0162373716670260
- Bowman, B. T., M. Suzanne Donovan, & Susan Burns, M. M. (2001). Eager to learn: Educating our preschoolers. National Academies Press.
- Burden, P. (2003). Classroom management: Creating a successful learning community. New York: Wiley.
- Butterworth, J., & Thwaites, G. (2013). Thinking skills: Critical thinking and problem solving. Cambridge University Press.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün Ö.E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2018). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri [Scientific research methods] (24th ed.). Ankara: Pegem Academy.
- Chappell, K., A. Craft, P. Burnard, & Cremin, T. (2008). Question‐posing and question‐responding: The heart of ‘possibility thinking’ in the early years. Early Years, 28(3), 267-286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09575140802224477
- Conatser, R. M. (2000). How to prepare your preschooler to Harvard. New Orleans: Streetcar Publishing.
- Costa A. L. (1991). Teacher behaviours that enable student thinking. In A. L. Costa (Ed.), Developing minds: A recourse book for teaching thinking (p. 194-206). ASCD.
- Craft, A. (2003). Creative thinking in the early years of education. Early Years: An International Journal of Research and Development, 23(2), 143–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/09575140303105
- Dağlıoğlu, H. E., & Çakır, F. (2007). Development of planning and reflaction from thinking skills in early childhood period. Education and Science, 32(144), 28-35.
- Denizel Güven, E., & Cevher, F. N. (2005). The level of preschool teachers’ classroom management skills and its relations with different variables. Pamukkale University Eğitim Fakültesi Dregisi, 2(18), 1-22.
- Dinçer F. Ç., & Akgün, E. (2015). Developing a classroom management skills inventory for preschool teachers and the correlation of preschool teachers’ classroom management skills with different variables. Education and Science, 40(177), 187-201. http://dx.doi.org/10.15390/EB.2015.2346
- Doğan Altun, Z., & Ekinci Vural, D. (2017). Thinking skills in early childhood: Teachers’ perspective. The Journal of Buca Faculty of Education, 44, 214-224.
- Doğanay, A., & Sarı, M. (2012). A study of developing the thinking-friendly classroom scale (TFCS). Elementary Education Online, 11(1), 214-229.
- Emmer, E. T., & Stough, L. M. (2001). Classroom management: A critical part of educational psychology. Educational Psychologist, 36, 103-112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S15326985EP3602_5
- Epstein, A. S. (2003). How planning and reflection develop young children's thinking skills. Young Children, 58(5), 28-36.
- Evertson, C. M., & Weinstein, C. S. (Eds.). (2006). Handbook of classroom management: Research, practice, and contemporary ıssues. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
- Ezmeci F., & Akman, B. (2016). Thinking skills in early childhood reggio emilia approach and high/scope program. International Journal of Early Childhood Education Studies, 1(1), 1-13
- Finger, J., & Bamford, B. (2010). Classroom management strategies teacher's guide. (T. Karaköse, Trans. Ed.). Nobel.
- Fisher, R. (1995). Teaching children to learn. Stanley Thornes.
- Fisher, R. (2005). Teaching children to think. Nelson Thornes.
- George, D., & Mallery, M. (2001). SPSS for windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. Allyn and Bacon.
- Hamre, B. K., & R. C. Pianta. (2005). Can instructional and emotional support in the first-grade classroom make a difference for children at risk of school failure? Child Development, 76(5), 949–967.
- Hardin, C. J. (2004). Effective classroom management: Models and strategies for today's classrooms. Pearson/Merrill/Prentice Hall.
- Isbell, R. T., & Raines, S. C. (2003). Creativity and the arts with young children. Thomson/Delmar Learning.
- Jacobson, L. (2003). Early years. Education Week, 23(15), 6-11.
- Jones, V. (1996). Classroom management. In J. Sikula (Ed.). Handbook of research on teacher education (p. 503-521). Simon & Schuster.
- Kaplan, Z. (2018). Okul öncesi öğretmenleri sınıf yönetimi becerileri ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi ve öğretmenlerin sınıf yönetimi becerilerinin incelenmesi [The scale development of preschool teachers' classroom management skills and investigating teachers' classroom management skills] (Unpublished Master's thesis). Istanbul University.
- Kaymak, E. (2022). Düşünmeyi destekleyen öğretmen davranışları ölçeği-okul öncesi öğretmeni formu: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Teacher behaviors that support thinking scale-preschool teacher form: A validity and reliability study] (Unpublished Master Thesis). Kütahya Dumlupınar University.
- Kline, N. (2002). Time to think: Listening to ıgnite the human mind. Kwinana, WA: Gracwood Business.
- La Paro, K. M., Pianta, R. C., & Stuhlman, M. (2004. The classroom assessment scoring system: Findings from the prekindergarten year. The Elementary School Journal, 104(5), 409–426. https://doi.org/10.1086/499760
- Lemlech, J. K. (1999). Classroom management: Methods and techniques for elementary and secondary teachers. Waveland Press.
- Liljedahl, P. (2016). Building thinking classrooms: Conditions for problem solving. In P. Felmer, J. Kilpatrick, and E. Pekhonen (eds.), Posing and Solving Mathematical Problems: Advances and New Perspectives. Springer.
- Lipman, M. (1991). Squaring Soviet theory with American practice. Educational Leadership, 48(8), 72-76.
- Lippard, C. N., La Paro, K. M., Rouse, H. L., & Crosby, D. A. (2018). A closer look at teacher–child relationships and classroom emotional context in preschool. Child & Youth Care Forum-Springer US, 47(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-017-9414-1
- Manning, M. L., & Bucher, K. T. (2013). Classroom management: Models, applications, and cases. Pearson & Merrill Prentice Hall.
- MoNE [Ministry of National Education]. (2013). Okul öncesi eğitim programı [Early childhood education program]. http://tegm.meb.gov.tr/dosya/okuloncesi/ooproram.pdf.
- Morris, P., Lloyd, M.C., Millenky, M., Leacock, N., Raver, C. C., & Bangser, M. (2013). Using classroom management to ımprove preschoolers’ social and emotional skills: Final impact and implementation findings from the foundations of learning demonstration in Newark and Chicago (January 17,). MDRC Working Paper.
- Nancy K. M., Schafer, N. J., McClowry, S., Emmer, E. T., Brekelmans, M., Mainhard, T., & Wubbels, T. (2016). Expanding the definition of classroom management: Recurring themes and new conceptualizations. The Journal of Classroom Interaction, 51(1), 31-41.
- Nayfeld, I. (2014). Learning through inquiry: Examining the relationship between child-generated questions, teacher practices, and school readiness in head start classrooms. University of Miami.
- Pallant, J. (2015). SPSS kullanma kılavuzu-SPSS ile adım adım veri analizi [SPSS user guide - step-by-step data analysis with SPSS] (S. Balcı, and B. Ahi, Trans). Anı Publishing.
- Paul, R., & Elder, L. (2010). The miniature guide to critical thinking concepts and tools. Dillon Beach: Foundation for Critical Thinking Press.
- Ritchhart, R. (2002). Intellectual character: What it is, why it matters, and how to get it. Jossey-Bass.
- Salmon, A. K. (2008). Promoting a culture of thinking in the young child. Early Childhood Education Journal, 35(5), 457-461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-007-0227-y
- Salmon, A. K., & Lucas, T. (2011). Exploring young children’s conceptions about thinking. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 25(4), 364-375. https://doi.org/10.1080/02568543.2011.605206
- Semerci, D. (2015). Okul öncesi öğretmenlerinin sınıf yönetimi becerileri, öz yeterlik algıları ve mesleki motivasyonları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [Examining the relationship between classroom management skills, self efficacy perceptions and professional motivations of preschool teachers] (Unpublished Master's thesis). Marmara University.
- Sharp, A. M. (2014). The other dimension of caring thinking. Journal of Philosophy in Schools, 1(1), 16-21. https://doi.org/10.21913/JPS.v1i1.989
- Sim, N. (2019). Critical thinking skills and teacher effectiveness of pre-kindergarten special education teachers (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
- Sternberg, R. J. (2013). Intelligence. In D. K. Freedheim and I. B. Weiner (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: History of psychology (p. 155–176). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Şahin, N., & Sarı, M. (2016). Investigation of educational environments in secondary schools in terms of thinking friendly classroom characteristics. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 22(4), 565-592.
- Şentürk, H., & Oral, B. (2008). An assesment of some of classroom management studies in Turkey. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 26, 1-26.
- Tabor, M. (1988). Better student thinking through changing teacher behaviors. Educational Leadership, 45(7), 49.
- Taggard, G. L, & Wilson, A. P. (2005). Promoting reflective thinking in teachers. Corwin Press.
- Taggard, G., Ridley, K., Rudd, P., & Benefield, P. (2005). Thinking skills in eary years: A literature rewiew. National Faundation for Educational Research.
- Terzi, A. R. (2002). Effective teacher behaviors in terms of classroom management. Journal of National Education, 1(1), 155-156.
- Trawick-Smith, J., Swaminathan, S., & Liu, X. (2016). The relationship of teacher–child play interactions to mathematics learning in preschool. Early Child Development and Care, 186(5), 716-733. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2015.1054818
- Tuncer, B. (2017). Okul öncesi dönemde eleştirel ve yaratıcı düşünme becerilerini etkileyen temel faktörler [Basic factors that influence critical and creative thinking skills in pre-school period] (Unpublished Master's thesis). Yıldız Technical University.
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THE PREDICTIVE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PRE-SCHOOL TEACHERS’ CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT SKILLS AND THEIR THINKING-SUPPORTIVE BEHAVIOURS
Year 2022,
Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 412 - 425, 31.12.2022
Senar Alkın-şahin
,
Nihal Tunca Guclu
,
Melis Yeşilpınar Uyar
Abstract
This is a predictive study aiming to determine the extent to which pre-school teachers’ classroom management (CM) skills predict thinking-supportive behaviours. Within the study, 183 preschool teachers participated. The data of the study was collected using Pre-school Teachers’ Classroom Management Skills Scale (CMSS) and Thinking Supportive Teacher Behaviours Scale (TSTBS). In the analysis of the data, Pearson correlation analysis and multi-linear regression were used. In light of the strong predictive relationships obtained from the current study, it can be said that pre-school teachers should effectively manage their classrooms in order to display behaviours that support thinking in learning environments. The sub-dimension of Communication and Behavioural Regulations yielded the highest correlation with teacher behaviours that support thinking and was found to be a significant predictor. While there is no relationship between the Plan-Program Activities sub-dimension and the predicted variables, Time Management significantly predicted the clarity needed to support thinking, and Classroom Physical Arrangements significantly predicted reflection through documentation.
References
- Akar, Ü. (2007). The relationship between student teachers’ scientific process skills and critical thinking skills. (Unpublished Master Thesis). Afyon Kocatepe University.
- Akbaba, A., & Kaya, B. (2015). Teachers’ opinions about cognitive skills development of children at kindergarten. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences 14(55), 148-160. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.41522
- Akgün, E., Yarar, M., & Dinçer, Ç. (2011). The evaluation of classroom management strategies of preschool teachers in classroom activities. Pegem Education and Instruction Journal, 1(3), 1-13.
- Aküzüm, C., & Altunhan, M. (2017). Examination of pre-school teachers’ classroom management skills and ınclusive education proficiency. Journal of Faculty of Education, 31, 779-802. https://doi.org/10.14582/DUZGEF.1845
- Akyol, T. (2021). An investigation of the relationship between preschool teachers’ classroom management skills and children’s involvement levels. EKEV Akademi Dergisi, 85, 453-468. http://dx.doi.org/10.17753/Ekev1822
- Alkın-Şahin, S., & Tunca, N. (2013). Thinking skills, classroom environment and teacher behaviors that support thinking. G. Ekici, and M. Güven (Edt.) Learning-teaching Approaches and Practice Examples. Pegem A.
- Arthur, L., & Makin, L. (2001). High quality early literacy programs. Australian Journal of Early Childhood 26(2), 14-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/183693910102600204
- Aubrey, C., K. Ghent., & Kanira, E. (2012). Enhancing thinking skills in early childhood. International Journal of Early Years Education, 20(4), 332-348. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669760.2012.743102
- Başar, H. (2005). Classroom Management. Anı Publishing.
- Benson, J., & Dresdow, S. (2009). Common sense and ıntegrative thinking. Management Decision, 47(3), 508-517. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740910946750
- Beyer, B. (2001. Putting it all together to improve student thinking. In A.C. Costa (Ed.), Developing minds: A resource book for teaching thinking, 3rd edition, (p. 417-424). ASCD.
Beyer, B. K. (1988). Developing a scope and sequence for thinking skills instruction. Educational Leadership, 45(7), 26-30.
- Bilgin, H. (2019). An examination of the relationship between the counselling qualifications and the classroom management skills of pre-school teachers. Journal of Early Childhood Studies, 3(2), 478–492. https://doi.org/10.24130/eccd-jecs.1967201932178
- Blazar, D., & Kraft, M. A. (2017). Teacher and teaching effects on students’ attitudes and behaviors. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 39(1), 146-170. https://doi.org/10.3102/0162373716670260
- Bowman, B. T., M. Suzanne Donovan, & Susan Burns, M. M. (2001). Eager to learn: Educating our preschoolers. National Academies Press.
- Burden, P. (2003). Classroom management: Creating a successful learning community. New York: Wiley.
- Butterworth, J., & Thwaites, G. (2013). Thinking skills: Critical thinking and problem solving. Cambridge University Press.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün Ö.E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2018). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri [Scientific research methods] (24th ed.). Ankara: Pegem Academy.
- Chappell, K., A. Craft, P. Burnard, & Cremin, T. (2008). Question‐posing and question‐responding: The heart of ‘possibility thinking’ in the early years. Early Years, 28(3), 267-286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09575140802224477
- Conatser, R. M. (2000). How to prepare your preschooler to Harvard. New Orleans: Streetcar Publishing.
- Costa A. L. (1991). Teacher behaviours that enable student thinking. In A. L. Costa (Ed.), Developing minds: A recourse book for teaching thinking (p. 194-206). ASCD.
- Craft, A. (2003). Creative thinking in the early years of education. Early Years: An International Journal of Research and Development, 23(2), 143–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/09575140303105
- Dağlıoğlu, H. E., & Çakır, F. (2007). Development of planning and reflaction from thinking skills in early childhood period. Education and Science, 32(144), 28-35.
- Denizel Güven, E., & Cevher, F. N. (2005). The level of preschool teachers’ classroom management skills and its relations with different variables. Pamukkale University Eğitim Fakültesi Dregisi, 2(18), 1-22.
- Dinçer F. Ç., & Akgün, E. (2015). Developing a classroom management skills inventory for preschool teachers and the correlation of preschool teachers’ classroom management skills with different variables. Education and Science, 40(177), 187-201. http://dx.doi.org/10.15390/EB.2015.2346
- Doğan Altun, Z., & Ekinci Vural, D. (2017). Thinking skills in early childhood: Teachers’ perspective. The Journal of Buca Faculty of Education, 44, 214-224.
- Doğanay, A., & Sarı, M. (2012). A study of developing the thinking-friendly classroom scale (TFCS). Elementary Education Online, 11(1), 214-229.
- Emmer, E. T., & Stough, L. M. (2001). Classroom management: A critical part of educational psychology. Educational Psychologist, 36, 103-112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S15326985EP3602_5
- Epstein, A. S. (2003). How planning and reflection develop young children's thinking skills. Young Children, 58(5), 28-36.
- Evertson, C. M., & Weinstein, C. S. (Eds.). (2006). Handbook of classroom management: Research, practice, and contemporary ıssues. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
- Ezmeci F., & Akman, B. (2016). Thinking skills in early childhood reggio emilia approach and high/scope program. International Journal of Early Childhood Education Studies, 1(1), 1-13
- Finger, J., & Bamford, B. (2010). Classroom management strategies teacher's guide. (T. Karaköse, Trans. Ed.). Nobel.
- Fisher, R. (1995). Teaching children to learn. Stanley Thornes.
- Fisher, R. (2005). Teaching children to think. Nelson Thornes.
- George, D., & Mallery, M. (2001). SPSS for windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. Allyn and Bacon.
- Hamre, B. K., & R. C. Pianta. (2005). Can instructional and emotional support in the first-grade classroom make a difference for children at risk of school failure? Child Development, 76(5), 949–967.
- Hardin, C. J. (2004). Effective classroom management: Models and strategies for today's classrooms. Pearson/Merrill/Prentice Hall.
- Isbell, R. T., & Raines, S. C. (2003). Creativity and the arts with young children. Thomson/Delmar Learning.
- Jacobson, L. (2003). Early years. Education Week, 23(15), 6-11.
- Jones, V. (1996). Classroom management. In J. Sikula (Ed.). Handbook of research on teacher education (p. 503-521). Simon & Schuster.
- Kaplan, Z. (2018). Okul öncesi öğretmenleri sınıf yönetimi becerileri ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi ve öğretmenlerin sınıf yönetimi becerilerinin incelenmesi [The scale development of preschool teachers' classroom management skills and investigating teachers' classroom management skills] (Unpublished Master's thesis). Istanbul University.
- Kaymak, E. (2022). Düşünmeyi destekleyen öğretmen davranışları ölçeği-okul öncesi öğretmeni formu: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Teacher behaviors that support thinking scale-preschool teacher form: A validity and reliability study] (Unpublished Master Thesis). Kütahya Dumlupınar University.
- Kline, N. (2002). Time to think: Listening to ıgnite the human mind. Kwinana, WA: Gracwood Business.
- La Paro, K. M., Pianta, R. C., & Stuhlman, M. (2004. The classroom assessment scoring system: Findings from the prekindergarten year. The Elementary School Journal, 104(5), 409–426. https://doi.org/10.1086/499760
- Lemlech, J. K. (1999). Classroom management: Methods and techniques for elementary and secondary teachers. Waveland Press.
- Liljedahl, P. (2016). Building thinking classrooms: Conditions for problem solving. In P. Felmer, J. Kilpatrick, and E. Pekhonen (eds.), Posing and Solving Mathematical Problems: Advances and New Perspectives. Springer.
- Lipman, M. (1991). Squaring Soviet theory with American practice. Educational Leadership, 48(8), 72-76.
- Lippard, C. N., La Paro, K. M., Rouse, H. L., & Crosby, D. A. (2018). A closer look at teacher–child relationships and classroom emotional context in preschool. Child & Youth Care Forum-Springer US, 47(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-017-9414-1
- Manning, M. L., & Bucher, K. T. (2013). Classroom management: Models, applications, and cases. Pearson & Merrill Prentice Hall.
- MoNE [Ministry of National Education]. (2013). Okul öncesi eğitim programı [Early childhood education program]. http://tegm.meb.gov.tr/dosya/okuloncesi/ooproram.pdf.
- Morris, P., Lloyd, M.C., Millenky, M., Leacock, N., Raver, C. C., & Bangser, M. (2013). Using classroom management to ımprove preschoolers’ social and emotional skills: Final impact and implementation findings from the foundations of learning demonstration in Newark and Chicago (January 17,). MDRC Working Paper.
- Nancy K. M., Schafer, N. J., McClowry, S., Emmer, E. T., Brekelmans, M., Mainhard, T., & Wubbels, T. (2016). Expanding the definition of classroom management: Recurring themes and new conceptualizations. The Journal of Classroom Interaction, 51(1), 31-41.
- Nayfeld, I. (2014). Learning through inquiry: Examining the relationship between child-generated questions, teacher practices, and school readiness in head start classrooms. University of Miami.
- Pallant, J. (2015). SPSS kullanma kılavuzu-SPSS ile adım adım veri analizi [SPSS user guide - step-by-step data analysis with SPSS] (S. Balcı, and B. Ahi, Trans). Anı Publishing.
- Paul, R., & Elder, L. (2010). The miniature guide to critical thinking concepts and tools. Dillon Beach: Foundation for Critical Thinking Press.
- Ritchhart, R. (2002). Intellectual character: What it is, why it matters, and how to get it. Jossey-Bass.
- Salmon, A. K. (2008). Promoting a culture of thinking in the young child. Early Childhood Education Journal, 35(5), 457-461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-007-0227-y
- Salmon, A. K., & Lucas, T. (2011). Exploring young children’s conceptions about thinking. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 25(4), 364-375. https://doi.org/10.1080/02568543.2011.605206
- Semerci, D. (2015). Okul öncesi öğretmenlerinin sınıf yönetimi becerileri, öz yeterlik algıları ve mesleki motivasyonları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [Examining the relationship between classroom management skills, self efficacy perceptions and professional motivations of preschool teachers] (Unpublished Master's thesis). Marmara University.
- Sharp, A. M. (2014). The other dimension of caring thinking. Journal of Philosophy in Schools, 1(1), 16-21. https://doi.org/10.21913/JPS.v1i1.989
- Sim, N. (2019). Critical thinking skills and teacher effectiveness of pre-kindergarten special education teachers (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
- Sternberg, R. J. (2013). Intelligence. In D. K. Freedheim and I. B. Weiner (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: History of psychology (p. 155–176). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Şahin, N., & Sarı, M. (2016). Investigation of educational environments in secondary schools in terms of thinking friendly classroom characteristics. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 22(4), 565-592.
- Şentürk, H., & Oral, B. (2008). An assesment of some of classroom management studies in Turkey. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 26, 1-26.
- Tabor, M. (1988). Better student thinking through changing teacher behaviors. Educational Leadership, 45(7), 49.
- Taggard, G. L, & Wilson, A. P. (2005). Promoting reflective thinking in teachers. Corwin Press.
- Taggard, G., Ridley, K., Rudd, P., & Benefield, P. (2005). Thinking skills in eary years: A literature rewiew. National Faundation for Educational Research.
- Terzi, A. R. (2002). Effective teacher behaviors in terms of classroom management. Journal of National Education, 1(1), 155-156.
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