تحقيق "رسالة في تحقيق معنى الحرف" للسيّد الشريف الجرجانيّ

Yıl 2018, Sayı: 40, 69 - 94, 30.09.2018

Sahip Aktaş

https://doi.org/10.26570/isad.459787

Öz

Seyyid Şerîf el-Cürcânî’nin Risâle fî tahkīk-i ma‘na’l-harf Başlıklı Risâlesinin Tahkikli Neşri

Öz

Bu makale, aklî ve naklî ilimlerin birçok alanında eser veren
Seyyid Şerîf el-Cürcânî’nin (ö. 816/1143) Risâle fî tahkīk-i ma‘na’l-harf
adlı risâlesinin tahkik ve tahlilinden oluşmaktadır. Seyyid Şerîf, ortalama üç
varaklık bu küçük hacimli risâlesinde kelimenin kısımlarını teşkil eden isim,
fiil ve harfin vaz‘î delâletlerini incelemeye tâbi tutmaktadır.

Müellif, risâlenin girişinde ayna metaforu üzerinden “aslî/müstakil
anlam” ile “dolaylı/müstakil olmayan” anlam arasındaki ilişkiye ve
farklılıklara değinmektedir. Ardından bu anlam kategorilerinin “başlangıç” (ابتداء) anlamı özelinde tahlilini yaparak isim ve harf türleriyle
bağlantısını kurmaktadır. Bu yaklaşımını güçlendirmek üzere nahiv literatüründe
isim, fiil ve harf türlerine dair yapılan tanımların belirleyici unsuru olan
“müstakil bir anlama sahip olan/olmayan” kaydının analizini yapmaktadır.
Yaptığı bu analizle anlam ile îrap arasındaki ilişkinin varlığını ortaya
çıkarmaktadır. Buna göre kelimenin kısımlarından olan isim, bağımsız bir anlama
sahip olduğu için cümlede hem müsnedün ilehy hem de müsnet olabilmektedir. Harf,
bağımsız bir anlama sahip olmadığı için ne müsnedün ileyh ne de müsnet
olabilmektedir. Fiil ise bir yönüyle isme diğer yönüyle de harfe benzediğinden
cümlede sadece müsnet olabilmektedir. Son olarak da yaptığı analizler sonucunda
vardığı bu çıkarımını desteklemek üzere itiraz mahiyetinde muhtemel birtakım
sorular sormakta ve bu soruları cevaplandırarak risâlesine son vermektedir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Seyyid Şerîf el-Cürcânî, anlam, îrap, isim, fiil, harf, müsnedün ileyh, müsnet

A Critical Edition of the Risāla fī taḥqīq maʿnā al-ḥarf by Sayyid Sharīf al-Jurjānī

Öz

This article is composed of a critical edition
and an analysis of the treatise titled Risāla fī taḥqīq maʿnā al-ḥarf, written by the scholar Sayyid Sharīf al-Jurjānī (d. 816/1143), who authored many
works on the rational and religious sciences. The article includes two parts: a
study and a critical edition. The study part, based on Jurjānī’s life, briefly
details Sayyid Sharīf, who devoted himself to scholarly activity from
very early on and produced a book on syntax during his twenties. Traveling for
scholarly inquiries, he attended courses with the famous scholars of his age,
such as Mubārak Shah (d. 871/1400) and Akmal al-Dīn al-Bābartī (d. 786/1384).
He is considered among the most influential scholars of his time, along with
al-Taftazānī (d. 792/1390). Having a fruitful life in respect to scholarly
activity, the author wrote many books in various fields, including Arabic and
Persian rhetoric, theology, philosophy, logic, exegesis and the Prophetic
tradition.

Following the short biography of the author, the
study describes the major characteristics of the treatise. Firstly, it
identifies the title as Risāla fī taḥqīq maʿnā al-ḥarf. Then it provides proofs of the relation between
the author and the treatise. It also examines the treatise’s subject, the
author’s methodology, the points that made the treatise important, its
intellectual background and its influence on later works. Lastly, the study
introduces the various copies that were used and explains the method that was
applied.

The second part of the article is a critical
edition of the author’s work which is, on average, three folios in each copy.
Sayyid Sharīf put forward important arguments on the relationship between meaning
and case endings in the science of syntax.

Starting with a mirror metaphor, Sayyid Sharīf examines the relations and differences between
substantive/independent meaning and indirect/dependent meaning. He mentions
that one can possibly have two different perceptions of a mirror. Firstly, if
our aim is to see the thing’s reflection in the mirror, then the reflection as
a component of perception becomes the substantive part of our mental perception.
As for the mirror, it becomes an indirect part contributing to the substantive
part of our mental perception. Secondly, if our aim is to see not the thing’s
reflection but the mirror itself, then the mirror as an element of perception
becomes the substantive part of our mental perception. The reflection then
becomes an indirect part contribution to the substantive part of our mental
perception.

Sayyid Sharīf applies the form of relationship between object
and meaning to the relationship between meaning and word. The author explains
the relationship between meaning and word through “من” which
contains the same meaning with “الابتداء”
(beginning). According to this, if the “beginning” meaning is the substantive
element of our mental perception, it has an independent meaning. Therefore, the
“beginning” meaning is used as equivalent to “noun” as a kind of word and is
expressed by “الابتداء”. If the “beginning” meaning is an
indirect element of our mental perception, it does not have an independent meaning.
Because of this, the “beginning” meaning is used as “letter” as a kind of word
and is expressed by “من”. Having established the assumed
difference between noun and letter in this way, Sayyid Sharīf argues that both categories of meanings
(independent meaning-dependent meaning) also exist for “verbs.” He explains
this argument through the example of “ضرب” and
says the following: Verb includes both an independent meaning as expressed by
“occurring” and a dependent meaning as expressed by “relative.” While the verb
“ضرب” can
mean “strike” by itself, it needs an actor/agent to express its inherent
“relative” meaning.

Sayyid Sharīf in his analysis refers to the related sections
of his predecessor ‘Aḍud al-dīn al-Ījī’s (d. 755/1354) treatise, Risāla al-waḍʿiyya,
and refers to the science of syntax in order to strengthen this approach. He
puts forward the analysis of “independent/dependent meanings” in defining the
form of words as either nouns, verbs or letters. Through this, the author
discovers the relationship between the meaning and case endings. According to
this, since noun has an independent meaning, it can be both musnad ilayh/muḥkam ‘alayh and musnad/muḥkam bih. Since the latter does not have an independent
meaning it cannot be musnad ilayh or musnad. As for verb, it
resembles a noun due to its meaning of “occurring” by itself. However, verb
also resembles letter because it needs other elements due to the “relative”
meaning inherent to it. Due to the dual character of its meanings, verb can only
be musnad in indirect sentences. 

After outlining his arguments in this treatise,
Sayyid Sharīf follows with a question and answer section. Firstly, he seeks answer
to why the “relative” meaning of a verb should be mansūb (musnad) rather than mansūb ilayh (musnad ilayh). Then he proceeds to
answer why a derivative noun cannot be musnad ilayh or musnad
together with the actor of the verb while it can be musnad ilayh
or musnad
with the actor of the noun. Lastly, he concludes his treatise by responding to
criticism directed at him by the scholars of syntax who suggest that the part (قام أبوه) in the sentence ( قام أبوه زيد) be considered musnad.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sayyid Sharīf, noun, verb, letter, musnad ilayh, musnad

Kaynakça

• الأعلام؛ خير الدين الزركليّ (ت. ١٣٩٦هـ/١٩٧٦م)، دار العلم للملايين، بيروت ١٩٨٤.
• الإيضاح في شرح المفصّل؛ ابن حاجب، أبو عمرو عثمان بن عمر بن أبي بكر بن يونس الكرديّ (ت. ٦٤٦هـ/١٢٤٩م) تحقيق: إبراهيم محمد عبد اللّه، دار سعد الدين، د.م. ٢٠٠٤.
• البدر الطالع؛ أبو علي بدر الدين محمد بن علي الشوكانيّ (ت. ١٢٥٠هـ/١٨٣٤م)، دار المعرفة، بيروت د.ت.
• بغية الوعاة في طبقات اللغويّين والنحاة؛ جلال الدين عبد الرحمن بن أبي بكر السيوطيّ (ت. ٩١١هـ/١٥٠٥م)، تحقيق: مصطفى عبد القادر عطا، دار الكتب العلميّة، بيروت ٢٠٠٤.
• التبيان في شرح التبيين؛ يوسف بن حسين الكرماستيّ (ت. ٩٠٦هـ/١٥٠٠م)، المكتبة السليمانية، أسعد أفندي، رقم ٢٩٨٧.
• الحاشية على المطوّل؛ أبو الحسن السيّد الشريف علي بن محمد بن علي الجرجانيّ (ت. ٨١٦هـ/١٤١٣م)، تحقيق: رشيد أعرضيّ، دار الكتب العلميّة، بيروت ٢٠٠٧.
• خلاصة علم الوضع؛ يوسف الدجويّ (ت. ١٣٦٧هـ/١٩٤٨م)، مكتبة القاهرة، القاهرة ١٩٢٠.
• الرسالة الحرفيّة للسيّد الشريف الجرجانيّ؛ تحقيق: لويس شيخو رزق اللّه بن يوسف بن عبد المسيح (ت. 1346هـ/١٩٢٧م)، مجلة المشرق، العدد ١، لبنان يناير ١٩٢٤.
• لرشاد في شرح الإرشاد؛ نور الدين محمّد بن السيّد الشريف علي الحسينيّ الجرجانيّ (ت. ٨٣٨هـ/١٤٣٤م)، مكتبة ملّة، رقم ٢٣٠٣.
• شرح مختصر المنتهى الأصوليّ؛ عضد الدين عبد الرحمن بن أحمد بن عبد الغفّار الإيجيّ (ت. ٧٥٦هـ/١٣٥٥م)، تحقيق: محمّد حسن محمّد حسن إسماعيل، دار الكتب العلميّة، بيروت ٢٠٠٠.
• شرح الرضيّ لكافية ابن حاجب؛ نجم الأئمّة رضيّ الدين محمّد بن الحسن الأسترآباذيّ (ت. ٦٨٨هـ/١٢٨٩م)، تحقيق: حسن بن محمّد بن إبراهيم الحفظيّ، جامعة الإمام محمّد بن سعود الإسلاميّة، رياض ١٩٩٣.
• شرح المصباح في النحو؛ مصنّفك علاء الدين علي بن محمّد الشاهروديّ البساطميّ (ت. ٨٧٥ هـ/١٤٧٠م)، مكتبة مدينة مانيسا العامّة، رقم ٢٣٧٤.
• الشقائق النعمانيّة في علماء الدولة العثمانيّة؛ طاشْكُبْري زادَهْ عصام الدين أحمد بن مصطفى (ت. ٩٦٨هـ/١٥٦١م)، دار الكتاب العربيّ، بيروت ١٩٧٥.
• الضوء اللامع لأهل القرن التاسع؛ أبو الخير شمس الدين محمّد بن عبد الرحمن السخاويّ (ت. ٩٠٢هـ/١٤٩٧م)، دار الجيل، بيروت د.ت.
• الفوائد البهيّة في تراجم الحنفيّة، أبو الحسنات محمّد عبد الحي بن محمّد عبد الحليم الأنصاريّ اللكنويّ (ت. ١٣٠٤هـ/١٨٨٧م)، دار المعرفة، بيروت د.ت.
• الكامل في التاريخ؛ ابن الأثير، أبو الحسن عزّ الدين علي بن محمّد بن محمّد الشيبانيّ الجزريّ (ت. ٦٣٠هـ/١٢٣٣م) دار الكتب العلميّة، بيروت ١٩٨٧.
• الكافية؛ ابن حاجب، أبو عمرو عثمان بن عمر بن أبي بكر الكرديّ (ت. ٦٤٦هـ/١٢٤٩م)، مكتبة البشرى، كراتشي ٢٠١١.
• المصباح في شرح المفتاح؛ أبو الحسن السيّد الشريف علي بن محمد بن علي الجرجانيّ (ت. ٨١٦هـ/١٤١٣م)، تحقيق: يوكسل جليك، رسالة دكتوراه في جامعة مرمرة بتركيا، غير مطبوعة، إستانبول ٢٠٠٩.
• المصباح في النحو؛ أبو الفتح ناصر الدين بن عبد السيّد بن علي المُطرّزيّ (ت. ٦١٠هـ/١٢١٣م)، تحقيق: عبد الحميد السيّد الطيّب، مكتبة الشباب، القاهرة د. ت.
• معجم البلدان؛ أبو عبد اللّه شهاب الدين ياقوت بن عبد اللّه الحمويّ البغداديّ (ت. ٦٢٦هـ/١٢٢٩م)، دار إحياء التراث العربيّ، بيروت ١٩٧٩.
• مغني اللبيب عن كتب الأعاريب؛ جمال الدين ابن هشام عبد اللّه بن يوسف الأنصاريّ (ت.٧٦١هـ/١٣٦٠م)، تحقيق: محمد محيي الدين عبد الحميد، دار المكتبة العصريّة، بيروت ١٩٩١.
• من مقتنيات السيّد الشهرستانيّ في مجلّة ’العلم‘ رسالة لغويّة نادرة منسوبة للنضر بن شُميل تحقيق عبد علي حسن ناعور الجاسميّ،