Amerikan Kimliği ve Dış Politikasında Evanjelizmin İzleri: Sosyal-İnşacı Perspektiften ABD-İsrail İlişkileri

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 2019 - 2037, 19.09.2017

Filiz Çoban Oran

Öz

Bu
makale, dini kimliğin, özellikle Evanjelizmin Amerikan ulusal kimliği ve dış
politikası üzerine etkilerini araştırmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, Evanjelizmin norm
ve anlatılarının Amerika’nın uluslararası kimliğinin ve politikalarının
oluşturucusu ve belirleyicisi olduğu hipotezini sınamak için, sosyal-inşacı
perspektiften ABD-İsrail arasındaki özel
ilişkiyi analiz etmeye odaklanmaktadır. Bu amaçla için öncelikle,
Evanjelizmin kökenlerine ve dünya görüşüne açıklık getirilmektedir.  İkinci olarak bu inancın ve değerlerinin
Amerikan ulusal kimliğinin inşasındaki rolü ve dış politikaya etkisi
incelenmektedir. Son olarak, Beyaz Saray’da güçlü olan Amerikan
Evanjelistlerinin dünya görüşü ve normlarına bakılarak Amerikan politikasında
Yahudi halkı ve Yahudi devletinin ayrıcalıklı yeri saptanmaktadır. Böylelikle,
İsrail devletinin kuruluşundan itibaren süren ABD ve İsrail arasındaki özel ilişkide dini değerlerin, normların
ve anlatıların etkili olduğu ortaya konulmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Amerikan dış politikası; ABD-İsrail İlişkileri; ulusal kimlik; dini kimlik; sosyal-inşacılık.

The Traces of Evangelism in American Identity and Foreign Policy: The USA-Israel Relations from a Social-Constructivist Approach

Öz

This article
searches on the influences that religious identity, in particular Evangelism
has on American national identity and foreign policy. To examine the main
hypothesis that asserts Evangelical norms and narratives are constitutive and
determinants of American inter-national identity and politics, it focuses on
analyzing special relationship of the
US-Israel from a social-constructivist approach. In accordance with this
purpose, first of all it sheds a light on the origins of Evangelism and its
world view. Secondly, it observes the role of this belief and its values in
construction of American national identity and its effects on foreign policy.
Lastly, it find outs the priviledged place of Jewish people and Jewish State in
American politics by looking at the world view and norms of American
Evangelists who have power in White House. By doing so, it reveals that
religious values, norms and narratives have been effective in the special
relations between the US and Israil since the foundation time of Israel state. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

American Foreign Policy, Us-Israel Relations, Evangelism, National Identity, Religious Identity, Social-Constructivism

Kaynakça

• Alteras, Isaac (1993), Eisenhower and Israel: US-Israeli Relations, 1953–1960. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
• Amstutz, Mark R. (2014), Evangelicals and American Foreign Policy, NY: Oxford University Press
• Anderson, Irvine H. (2005), Biblical interpretation and Middle East policy : the promised land, America, and Israel, 1917–2002, The University Press of Florida
• Ariel, Yaakov S. (2000), Evangelizing the chosen people: missions to the Jews in America, 1880–2000, The University of North Carolina Press
• Barnett, Michael N. (1996), “Identity and Alliences in the Middle East”, in The Culture of National Security, ed. Peter Katzenstein, NY: Columbia University Press.
• Ben-Zvi, Abraham (1998), Decade of transition : Eisenhower, Kennedy, and the origins of the American-Israeli alliance, Columbia University Press.
• Byman, Daniel (2011), ’’Israel’s Pessimistic View of the Arab Spring’’, The Washington Quarterly 34, no. 3, Summer.
• Choudhury, Moutusi P. (2015), “The Sacred and the Secular: Influence of Religion on George W. Bush’s Foreign Policy”, Jadavpur Journal of International Relations, 19 (2), 159-183.
• Cohen, Michael J. (1990), Truman and Israel. Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Gentile, Emilio (2008), God’s democracy : American religion after September 11, Westport: Praeger Publishers
• Jepperson, Ronald L., Wendt, A., and Katzenstein P.J. (1996), “Norms, Identity, and Culture in National Security”, in The Culture of National Security, ed. Peter Katzenstein, NY: Columbia University Press.
• Kengor, P. (2004). God and George W. Bush: A Spiritual Life. New York, Regan Books.
• Kline, Scott (2004), “The Culture War Gone Global: ‘Family Values’ and the Shape of US Foreign Policy”, International Relations, Vol. 18(4): 453–466.
• Marsden, Lee (2008), For God’s Sake: The Christian Right and US Foreign Policy, London: Zed Books.
• Mauro, Danilo Di (2012), The UN and the Arab–Israeli conflict : American hegemony and UN intervention since 1947, NY: Routledge.
• McGrath, Alister E. (1997), Christianity: An Introduction, Oxford:Blackwell.
• Mead, Walter Russell, (2006) “God’s Country?: Evangelicals and U.S. Foreign Policy,” Foreign Affairs, 85, September/October.
• Miller, Steven (2016) “Between Hope and Despair: Obama and Evangelical Politics”, in Faith in the new millennium: the future of religion and American politics, eds. Matthew Avery Sutton and Darren Dochuk, NY: Oxford University Press.
• Murrin, John M. (2007) “Religion and Politics in America from First Setllements to Civil War”, in Religion and American Politics : from the Colonial Period to the Present, eds. Mark A. Noll and Luke E. Harlow, NY: Oxford University Press.
• Oren, Michael (2008), “Israel and the United States: The Special Bond Between Two Nations and Two Peoples”,Wall Street Journal, May 7. Renaud, Myriam (2017), “Myths Debunked: Why Did White Evangelical Christians Vote for Trump?” Available at: https://divinity.uchicago.edu/sightings/myths-debunked-why-did-white-evangelical-christians-vote-trump
• Quandt, William B. (1993) Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict Since 1967. Washington, DC.: The Brookings Institution.
• Selengut, Charles (2015), Our Promised Land: Faith and Militant Zionism in Israeli Settlements, Rowman & Littlefield.
• Schoenbaum, David (1993), The United States and the state of Israel, Oxford University Press
• Shriver, Peggy (2006), Evangelicals and World Affairs, World Policy Journal, Fall, 52-58.
• Spector, Stephen, 2009, Evangelicals and Israel : the story of American Christian Zionism, Oxford University Press
• Steding, William (2014), Presidential Faith and Foreign Policy: Jimmy Carter the Disciple and Ronald Reagan the Alchemist, NY: Palsgrave Macmillan.
• Thomas, Michael Tracy (2005), American policy toward Israel : the power and limits of beliefs, NY: Routledge.
• Wald, Kenneth D. and Calhoun-Brown, Allison (2011), Religion and politics in the United States, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
• Waxman, Duv (2012) “The Real Problem in U.S.-Israeli Relations”, Center for Strategic and International Studies The Washington Quarterly, 35:2 pp. 71-87.
• Zanotti, Jim (2017), Israel: Background and U.S. Relations in Brief, Congressional Research Service, 7-5700, R44245.