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A Model Proposal for the Union of Central Asian States in the Context of Region and Regional Integration

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 5, 3229 - 3243, 29.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.768896

Öz

Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan have attempted to participate in regional cooperations to serve a variety of purposes of securing their common interest and preserving their new sovereignty in the late 20th century. Establishing regional integration for these states seems popular to continue in the twenty-first century as the leaders of these republics are coordinating policies more frequently and thriving to search ways to consolidate a more developed, law-based and structured regional union. However, although they had already had the understanding and expectation to establish a regional union, they could not establish one which may hitherto bring about practical results and concrete outcomes. Thus, the aim of this article is first to analyze the integration process of Central Asian countries with a regional perspective, and then to purpose a model of Association of the Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) to these countries as it may offer useful guidance for them. Central Asia states have geographic, linguistic, historical, cultural and economic affinities for regional integration. The study claims that though limited similarities, the ASEAN experience can be as an example for the Central Asia region due to the components of especially geographical affinity and cultural convergence. Not only the aforementioned components but also having similar issues of economic depression, boundary and water problems, armed conflicts and unresolved interethnic matters with Southeast Asian countries may be examples for strengthening the study’s claim. In this article, there are three themes to be elucidated: first, the meaning of region concept, second, the reasons why these republics have not yet established a sustainable regional union, and finally why the ASEAN integration model is appropriate.

Kaynakça

  • Address of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, to the People of Kazakhstan, AKORDA, February 18, 2005,
  • http://www.akorda.kz/en/addresses/addresses_of_president/address-of-the-president-of-the-republic-of-kazakhstan-nursultan-nazarbayev-to-the-people-of-kazakhstan-february-18-2005 (25.06.2020).
  • Agreement Establishing the Commonwealth of Independent States, CIS.LEGISLATION, December 8, 1991, https://cis-legislation.com/document.fwx?rgn=3917 (06.06.2020).
  • Allison, R. (2004). “Regionalism, Regional Structure and Regional Management in Central Asia”, International Organisation, Vol: 80, No: 3, pp. 467-474.
  • Anderson, K. and Norheim, H. (1993). History, Geography, and Regional Economic Integration. In Regional Integration and the Global Trading System, (Ed). Kym Anderson and Richard Blackhurst, London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
  • ASEAN Framework Agreement on Visa Exemption, ASEAN, http://agreement.asean.org/media/download/20160831072909.pdf. (02.07.2020).
  • Bennett, A. L. (1995). International Organizations: Principles and Issues, New Jersey, Prentice Hall.
  • Bohr, A. (2004). “Regionalism in Central Asia: New Geopolitics, Old Regional Order”, International Affairs, vol: 80, No: 3, pp. 485-502.
  • Cornell E. S. and Starr, F. (2018). Modernization and Regional Cooperation in Central Asia: A New Spring? Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and Silk Road Studies Program, Washington D.C.
  • Gammer, M. (2000). “Post-Soviet Central Asia and Post-Colonial Francophone Africa: Some Associations”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol: 36, No: 2, pp. 124-149.
  • Gren, J. D. (2001). “Regional Cooperation Policies in Central Asia”, Journal of International Development, Vol: 13, pp. 1151-1164.
  • Ibragimova, G. (2015). “Central Asian Nuclear Weapon Free Zone: Greater Security for the Region?”, Russian International Affairs Council, 24.07. http://russiancouncil.ru/en/analytics-and-comments/analytics/central-asian-nuclear-weapon-free-zone-greater-security-for-/ (accessed on 06.01.2018).
  • Katzenstein, J. P. (1997). Introduction: Asian Regionalism in Comparative Perspective. In Network Power: Japan and Asia, (Ed). Peter J. Katzenstein and Takashi Shiraishi, Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
  • Kembayev, Z. (2006). “Legal Aspects of Regional Integration in Central Asia”, SSRN Electronic Journal of International Law, 66(4), pp. 967-983.
  • Kupchan, A. C. (1997). Regionalizing Europe’s Security: The Case for a New Mitteleuropa. In The Political Economy of Regionalism, (Ed). Edward D. MansŽ eld and Helen V. Milner, New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Macfarlane, N. (2004). “The United States and Regionalism in Central Asia”, International Affairs, Vol: 80, No: 3, pp. 447-461.
  • Mansfield, D. E. and Milner, V. H. (1999). “The New Wave of Regionalism”, International Organization. 53(3), Summer, pp. 589–627.
  • Menon, J. and Lee, C. (2019). The Evolution of ASEAN: an Overview, (Ed). AN EVOLVING ASEAN VISION AND REALITY, Jayant Menon and Cassey Lee, Asian Development Bank, Manila.
  • Pirinççi, F. (2008). “Soğuk Savaş Sonrasında ABD’nin Orta Asya Politikası: Beklentiler ve Gerçeklikler”, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, Ocak-Mart, 63(1), pp. 207-235.
  • Purtaş, F. (2008). “Orta Asya’nın Bütünlüğü Sorunsalı ve Orta Asya’da Bölgesel Entegrasyon Girişimleri”, Orta Asya ve Kafkasya'da Güç Politikası (Der), M. Turgut Demirtepe, USAK Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Schneider, W. (2004). “Regional Cooperation in Central Asia: Vision and Reality”, International Relations and Geopolicy, No: 2, 2004, p. 19.
  • Tekunan, S. (2014). “The Asean Way: The Way To Regional Peace?”, JURNAL HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL, VOL. 3 NO. 2, October, pp. 142-148.
  • The ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) Bangkok, 8 August 1967, ASEAN, https://asean.org/the-asean-declaration-bangkok-declaration-bangkok-8-august-1967/ (01.07.2020).
  • The ASEAN Free Trade Area, ASEAN, https://asean.org/asean-economic-community/aseanfree-trade-area-afta-council/ (05.07.2020).
  • Tolipov, F. (2019) Tolipov, Central Asia: Delayed Consultations, Suspended Integration, the CACI Analyst, 2 July, https://www.cacianalyst.org/publications/analytical-articles/item/13578-central-asia-delayed-consultations-suspended-integration.html (accessed on 28.06.2020).
  • Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone, ASEAN, https://asean.org/?static_post=treaty-on-the-southeast-asia-nuclear-weapon-free-zone (06.07.2020).
  • Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia Indonesia, 24 February 1976, ASEAN, https://asean.org/treaty-amity-cooperation-southeast-asia-indonesia-24-february-1976/ (01.07.2020).
  • Uslu, N. (2010). Orta Asya Ülkeleri Arasında İşbirliği ve Örgütlenme Çabaları, (Der) Tayyar Arı, Orta Asya ve Kafkasya, MKM Yayıncılık, Bursa.
  • Yüce, M. and Kalkan, İ. (2007). “Ortalık Asya Devletler Birliği Fikrinin Tarihsel Gelişimi ve İkinci Türkistan Forumu”, Akademik Bakış, Sayı: 1, Ocak, pp. 1-19.
  • Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality Declaration, ASEAN, http://www.icnl.org/research/library/files/Transnational/zone.pdf (06.07.2020).

Bölge ve Bölgesel Entegrasyon Bağlamında Orta Asya Devletleri’nin Birliği için Bir Model Önerisi

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 5, 3229 - 3243, 29.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.768896

Öz

Kazakistan, Kırgızistan, Özbekistan, Türkmenistan ve Tacikistan, 20. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru ortak çıkarlarını ve egemenliklerini korumak gibi nedenlerden dolayı çeşitli bölgesel işbirliklerinin içinde olmuşlardır. Sözü geçen ülkelerin liderlerinin yıllar itibariyle daha sıkı politika koordinasyonu yapmaları ve daha gelişmiş, hukuk temelli ve yapısal bir bütünleşme için uğraşmalarından dolayı 21. yüzyılda da bölgesel bütünleşme konusunun popüler olmaya devam edeceği görülmektedir. Ancak, Orta Asya devletleri bölgesel bir birlik kurma anlayış ve beklentisine sahip olmalarına rağmen şimdiye kadar pratik ve somut sonuçları olan bir birlik kuramadılar. Bu nedenle bu makalenin amacı, öncelikli olarak bölge perspektifi ile Orta Asya devletleri arasındaki bütünleşme süreçlerini analiz etmek, akabinde faydalı bir rehber olma ihtimalinden dolayı Güneydoğu Asya Ülkeleri Birliği (ASEAN) modelini Orta Asya devletlerine sunmaktır. Orta Asya devletleri bölgesel bir entegrasyon kurmak için coğrafi, dilsel, tarihi, kültürel ve ekonomik bağlara sahiptirler. Bu çalışma şunu iddia etmektedir: Özellikle coğrafi ve kültürel özellikleri göz önünde bulundurulduğu takdirde, ASEAN tecrübesi Orta Asya’da bir birlik kurulması için bir örnek olabilir. Bunların dışında, Orta Asya devletlerinin ASEAN ülkeleriyle benzer ekonomik, sınır, su, askeri çatışma ve etnik sorunlar yaşamaları da çalışmanın iddiasını güçlendirmektedir. Bu bağlamda, açıklığa kavuşturulması gereken üç husus vardır: Birincisi, bölge kavramının anlamı, ikincisi, Orta Asya devletlerinin henüz sürdürülebilir bir bölgesel birlik oluşturamama nedenleri ve son olarak ASEAN bütünleşme modelinin neden uygun olduğu hususlarıdır.

Kaynakça

  • Address of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, to the People of Kazakhstan, AKORDA, February 18, 2005,
  • http://www.akorda.kz/en/addresses/addresses_of_president/address-of-the-president-of-the-republic-of-kazakhstan-nursultan-nazarbayev-to-the-people-of-kazakhstan-february-18-2005 (25.06.2020).
  • Agreement Establishing the Commonwealth of Independent States, CIS.LEGISLATION, December 8, 1991, https://cis-legislation.com/document.fwx?rgn=3917 (06.06.2020).
  • Allison, R. (2004). “Regionalism, Regional Structure and Regional Management in Central Asia”, International Organisation, Vol: 80, No: 3, pp. 467-474.
  • Anderson, K. and Norheim, H. (1993). History, Geography, and Regional Economic Integration. In Regional Integration and the Global Trading System, (Ed). Kym Anderson and Richard Blackhurst, London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
  • ASEAN Framework Agreement on Visa Exemption, ASEAN, http://agreement.asean.org/media/download/20160831072909.pdf. (02.07.2020).
  • Bennett, A. L. (1995). International Organizations: Principles and Issues, New Jersey, Prentice Hall.
  • Bohr, A. (2004). “Regionalism in Central Asia: New Geopolitics, Old Regional Order”, International Affairs, vol: 80, No: 3, pp. 485-502.
  • Cornell E. S. and Starr, F. (2018). Modernization and Regional Cooperation in Central Asia: A New Spring? Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and Silk Road Studies Program, Washington D.C.
  • Gammer, M. (2000). “Post-Soviet Central Asia and Post-Colonial Francophone Africa: Some Associations”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol: 36, No: 2, pp. 124-149.
  • Gren, J. D. (2001). “Regional Cooperation Policies in Central Asia”, Journal of International Development, Vol: 13, pp. 1151-1164.
  • Ibragimova, G. (2015). “Central Asian Nuclear Weapon Free Zone: Greater Security for the Region?”, Russian International Affairs Council, 24.07. http://russiancouncil.ru/en/analytics-and-comments/analytics/central-asian-nuclear-weapon-free-zone-greater-security-for-/ (accessed on 06.01.2018).
  • Katzenstein, J. P. (1997). Introduction: Asian Regionalism in Comparative Perspective. In Network Power: Japan and Asia, (Ed). Peter J. Katzenstein and Takashi Shiraishi, Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
  • Kembayev, Z. (2006). “Legal Aspects of Regional Integration in Central Asia”, SSRN Electronic Journal of International Law, 66(4), pp. 967-983.
  • Kupchan, A. C. (1997). Regionalizing Europe’s Security: The Case for a New Mitteleuropa. In The Political Economy of Regionalism, (Ed). Edward D. MansŽ eld and Helen V. Milner, New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Macfarlane, N. (2004). “The United States and Regionalism in Central Asia”, International Affairs, Vol: 80, No: 3, pp. 447-461.
  • Mansfield, D. E. and Milner, V. H. (1999). “The New Wave of Regionalism”, International Organization. 53(3), Summer, pp. 589–627.
  • Menon, J. and Lee, C. (2019). The Evolution of ASEAN: an Overview, (Ed). AN EVOLVING ASEAN VISION AND REALITY, Jayant Menon and Cassey Lee, Asian Development Bank, Manila.
  • Pirinççi, F. (2008). “Soğuk Savaş Sonrasında ABD’nin Orta Asya Politikası: Beklentiler ve Gerçeklikler”, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, Ocak-Mart, 63(1), pp. 207-235.
  • Purtaş, F. (2008). “Orta Asya’nın Bütünlüğü Sorunsalı ve Orta Asya’da Bölgesel Entegrasyon Girişimleri”, Orta Asya ve Kafkasya'da Güç Politikası (Der), M. Turgut Demirtepe, USAK Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Schneider, W. (2004). “Regional Cooperation in Central Asia: Vision and Reality”, International Relations and Geopolicy, No: 2, 2004, p. 19.
  • Tekunan, S. (2014). “The Asean Way: The Way To Regional Peace?”, JURNAL HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL, VOL. 3 NO. 2, October, pp. 142-148.
  • The ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) Bangkok, 8 August 1967, ASEAN, https://asean.org/the-asean-declaration-bangkok-declaration-bangkok-8-august-1967/ (01.07.2020).
  • The ASEAN Free Trade Area, ASEAN, https://asean.org/asean-economic-community/aseanfree-trade-area-afta-council/ (05.07.2020).
  • Tolipov, F. (2019) Tolipov, Central Asia: Delayed Consultations, Suspended Integration, the CACI Analyst, 2 July, https://www.cacianalyst.org/publications/analytical-articles/item/13578-central-asia-delayed-consultations-suspended-integration.html (accessed on 28.06.2020).
  • Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone, ASEAN, https://asean.org/?static_post=treaty-on-the-southeast-asia-nuclear-weapon-free-zone (06.07.2020).
  • Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia Indonesia, 24 February 1976, ASEAN, https://asean.org/treaty-amity-cooperation-southeast-asia-indonesia-24-february-1976/ (01.07.2020).
  • Uslu, N. (2010). Orta Asya Ülkeleri Arasında İşbirliği ve Örgütlenme Çabaları, (Der) Tayyar Arı, Orta Asya ve Kafkasya, MKM Yayıncılık, Bursa.
  • Yüce, M. and Kalkan, İ. (2007). “Ortalık Asya Devletler Birliği Fikrinin Tarihsel Gelişimi ve İkinci Türkistan Forumu”, Akademik Bakış, Sayı: 1, Ocak, pp. 1-19.
  • Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality Declaration, ASEAN, http://www.icnl.org/research/library/files/Transnational/zone.pdf (06.07.2020).
Toplam 30 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Serdar Yılmaz 0000-0003-3400-3392

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Aralık 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 5

Kaynak Göster

APA Yılmaz, S. (2020). A Model Proposal for the Union of Central Asian States in the Context of Region and Regional Integration. İnsan Ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(5), 3229-3243. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.768896
İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi  Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.