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The Loneliness Paradox: Navigating the Challenges of Social Isolation

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 28, 20 - 28, 22.05.2024
https://doi.org/10.26650/iukad.2023.1349157

Öz

The growing concern surrounding social isolation and loneliness has become more prominent than ever. As we enter the fourth year of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a looming apprehension about the potential long-term impacts of loneliness on individuals. This study investigates the intricate components and prevalence of social isolation and loneliness across Europe. Its goal is to gain a comprehensive understanding of the far-reaching impacts of loneliness, thereby providing a framework to guide interventions aimed at combating loneliness. The study’s main focus is on elements of the loneliness theory, such as existential discomfort and involuntary components. To determine whether social capital confers resilience or if loneliness is made worse by social network threats connected to one’s employment, the study examines how the epidemic affects vulnerable people. It emphasizes the importance of developing effective policies that address disparities in exposure to loneliness and lack of support based on socioeconomic status. The study addresses methodological issues in previous studies, including the limited pre-COVID-19 data. Significant geographical differences are revealed by this study’s comparative research of social isolation and loneliness throughout Europe. The results highlight the necessity for all-encompassing approaches to deal with the pervasive impacts of loneliness on productivity and mental health.

Kaynakça

  • Bagheri, R., Sohrabi, Z., & Moradi, E. (2015). Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the multifactor leadership questionnaire (MLQ). Medical Journal ofthe Islamic Republic of Iran, 29(256), 2-9. google scholar
  • Baltagi, B. H., (2003). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data. Wiley and Sons, England. google scholar
  • Baltagi, B. H., and Liu, L. (2016). Random Effects, Fixed Effects and Hausman’s Test for the Generalized Mixed Regressive Spatial Autoregressive Panel Data Model, Econometric Reviews, Taylor & Francis Journals, 35(4), 638-658. google scholar
  • Barreto, M., Victor, C., Hammond, C., Eccles, A., Richins, M.T., and Qualter, P. (2020). Loneliness around the world: Age, gender, and cultural differences in loneliness. Pers. Individ. Differ. 169, 110066. google scholar
  • Bosma, H., Jansen, M., Schefman, S., Hajema, K. J and Feron, F. (2015). Lonely at the Bottom: A cross-sectional study on being ill, poor, and lonely. Public Health, 129(2), 185-187. google scholar
  • Bu, F., Steptoe, A., and Fancourt, D. (2020). Who is lonely in lockdown? Cross-cohort analyses of predictors of loneliness before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, Public Health, 186, 31-4. google scholar
  • Cacioppo, J.T. and Patrick, B. (2008). Loneliness: Human nature and the need for social connection. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. google scholar
  • Cacioppo, J. T., Cacioppo, S., Capitanio, J. P., and Cole, S. W. (2015). The neuroendocrinology of social isolation. Annual Review of Psychology, 66, 733-767. google scholar
  • Cacioppo, J. T., Cacioppo, S., Cole, S. W., Capitanio, J. P., Goossens, L., and Boomsma, D. I. (2015). Loneliness Across Phylogeny and a Call for Comparative Studies and Animal Models. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 202-212. google scholar
  • Cameron, C. and Trivedi, P.K. (2010). Microeconometrics using Stata. Stata Press, 706 pages. google scholar
  • Choi K, et al. (2015). Concerted and differential actions of two enzymatic domains underlie Rad5 contributions to DNA damage tolerance. Nucleic Acids Res, 43(5), 2666-77. google scholar
  • Cohen, S. (2021). Psychosocial Vulnerabilities to Upper Respiratory Infectious Illness: Implications for Susceptibility to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(1), 161 -174. google scholar
  • Cournane, S., Byrne, D.G., Conway, R.P., O’Riordan, D., Coveney, S., and Silke, B. (2015). Social deprivation and hospital admission rates, length of stay and readmissions in emergency medical admissions. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 26(10), 766-71. google scholar
  • Dahlberg, S, Holmberg, S., Rothstein, B., et al. (2020). Quality of Government Basic Dataset. Gothenburg. google scholar
  • De Jong Gierveld, J. (1998). A review of loneliness: Concept and definitions, determinants and consequences. Rev. Clin. Gerontol. 8, 73-80. google scholar
  • De Jong-Gierveld, J., Van Tilburg, T. G., and Dykstra, P. A. (2018). New ways of theorizing and conducting research in the field of loneliness and social isolation. In A. L. Vangelisti & D. Perlman (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Personal Relationships (pp. 391-404). Cambridge University Press. google scholar
  • Gertler, M. S. (2003). Tacit knowledge and the economic geography of context, or the undefinable tacitness of being (there). Journal of Economic Geography, 3(1), 75-99. google scholar
  • Groarke, J.M., Berry, E., Graham-Wisener, L., McKenna-Plumley, P.E., McGlinchey, E., Armour, C. (2020). Loneliness in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic: Cross-sectional results from the COVID-19 Psychological Wellbeing Study. PLoS ONE, 15, e0239698. google scholar
  • Hackett, D.A., Johnson, N.A., Halaki, M., and Chow, C.M. (2012). A novel scale to assess resistance-exercise effort. J Sports Sci 30, 1405-1413. google scholar
  • Hawkley, L.C., Thisted, R.A., Masi, C.M. and Cacioppo, J.T. (2010). Loneliness Predicts Increased Blood Pressure: 5-Year Cross-Lagged Analyses in Middle-Aged and Older Adults. Psychology and Aging, 25, 132-141. google scholar
  • Hawkley, L.C. and Cacioppo, J.T. (2010). Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms. Ann. Behav. Med., 40, 218-227. google scholar
  • Herrera, M.S., Elgueta, R., Fernandez, M.B., Giacoman, C., Leal, D., Marshall, P., Rubio, M. and Bustamante, F. (2021). A longitudinal study monitoring the quality of life in a national cohort of older adults in Chile before and during the COVID-19 outbreak. BMC Geriatr. 21, 1-12. google scholar
  • Hertz, N. (2020). The Lonely Century: Coming Together in a World That’s Pulling Apart, Sceptre eds. 352 pages. google scholar
  • Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T.B. and Layton, J.B. (2010). Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review, PLoS Med, 7:e1000316 google scholar
  • Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., and Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 10, 227-237. google scholar
  • Holt-Lunstad, J., Robles, T.F. and Sbarra, D.A. (2017). Advancing Social Connection as a Public Health Priority in the United States, Am Psychol, 72:517-30. google scholar
  • Holt-Lunstad, J. and Steptoe, A. (2021). Social isolation: An underappreciated determinant of physical health. Curr. Opin. Psychol. 43, 232-237. google scholar
  • Holwerda, T.J., Deeg, D.J., Beekman, A.T., van Tilburg, T.G., Stek, M.L., Jonker, C., and Schoevers, R.A. (2014). Feelings of loneliness, but not social isolation, predict dementia onset: results from the Amsterdam Study of the Elderly (AMSTEL). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 85(2), 135-42. google scholar
  • Hausman, J.A. (1978). Specification tests in econometrics, Econometrica. Econometric Society, 46(6), 1251-1271. google scholar
  • Hausman, J.A. and Taylor, W.E. (1981). Panel data and unobservable individual effects. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 49(6), 1377-1398. google scholar
  • Klinenberg, E. (2012). Going Solo: The Extraordinary Rise and Surprising Appeal of Living Alone. New York: The Penguin Press. google scholar
  • Laugesen, K., Baggesen, L. M., Schmidt, S. A. J., Glymour, M. M., Lasgaard, M., Milstein, A., et al. (2018). Social isolation and all-cause mortality: a population-based cohort study in Denmark. Sci. Rep. 8:4731. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-22963-w google scholar
  • Li, L.Z. and Wang, S. (2020). Prevalence and predictors of general psychiatric disorders and loneliness during COVID-19 in the United Kingdom. Psychiatry Res., 291, 113267. google scholar
  • Losada-Baltar, A., Jimenez-Gonzalo, L., Gallego-Alberto, L., Pedroso-Chaparro, M.d.S., Fernandes-Pires, J., Marquez-Gonzalez, M. (2020). We’re staying at home. Association of self-perceptions of ageing, personal and family resources and loneliness with psychological distress during the lock-down period of COVID-19. J. Gerontol. Ser. B, 76, e10-e16. google scholar
  • Luchetti, M., Lee, J.H., Aschwanden, D., Sesker, A., Strickhouser, J.E., Terracciano, A., Sutin, A.R. (2020). The trajectory of loneliness in response to COVID-19. Am. Psychol, 75, 897-908. google scholar
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  • McHugh, J.E. and Lawlor, B.A. (2013). Perceived stress mediates the relationship between emotional loneliness and sleep quality over time in older adults. British Journal of Health Psychology, 18(3), 546-555. google scholar
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  • Mielck A., Kiess R., Knesebeck O. V. D., Stirbu I. and Kunst A. E. (2009). Association between forgone care and household income among the elderly in five Western European countries analyses based on survey data from the SHARE-study. BMC Health Services Research, 9, 52. google scholar
  • Mund, M., Lüdtke, O. and Neyer, F.J. (2020b). Owner of a lonely heart: The stability of loneliness across the life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119(2) 497-516 google scholar
  • Müller, F., Röhr, S., Reininghaus, U. and Riedel-Heller, S. (2021). Social Isolation and Loneliness during COVID-19 Lockdown: Associations with Depressive Symptoms in the German Old-Age Population. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18, 3615. google scholar
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Yalnızlık Paradoksu: Toplumsal Yalnızlığın Zorluklarıyla Mücadele

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 28, 20 - 28, 22.05.2024
https://doi.org/10.26650/iukad.2023.1349157

Öz

Sosyal izolasyon ve yalnızlık her zamankinden daha fazla sorun yaratmaktadır. Yalnızlığın uzun vadeli etkilerinin, COVID-19 salgını dördünü yılına geldiğinde hissedileceğine dair endişeler artmaktadır. Bu çalışma, Avrupa genelinde sosyal izolasyon ve yalnızlığın yaygınlığını ve bileşenlerini incelemektedir. Bu çalışmada, yalnızlığın etkilerini, yalnızlık karşıtı önlemlere rehberlik etmek için kullanılabilecek geniş bir çerçeve içinde anlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmanın ana odak noktası, varoluşsal rahatsızlık ve istemsiz bileşenler gibi yalnızlık teorisinin unsurlarıdır. Sosyal sermayenin dayanıklılık durumu ve/veya yalnızlığın kişinin istihdamı ile bağlantılı sosyal ağlar tarafından nasıl sıradanlaştırıldığını belirlemek için çalışma, salgının savunmasız insanları nasıl etkilediğini incelemektedir. Yalnızlığa maruz kalma ve sosyoekonomik statüye dayalı destek eksikliğindeki eşitsizlikleri ele alan etkili politikalar geliştirmenin önemini vurgulamaktadır. Çalışma, sınırlı COVID-19 öncesi veriler de dahil olmak üzere önceki çalışmalardaki metodolojik sorunları ele almaktadır. Bu çalışmanın Avrupa genelinde sosyal izolasyon ve yalnızlık üzerine yaptığı karşılaştırmalı araştırma, önemli coğrafi farklılıkları ortaya koymaktadır. Sonuçlar, yalnızlığın üretkenlik ve ruh sağlığı üzerindeki yaygın etkileriyle başa çıkmak için her şeyi kapsayan yaklaşımların gerekliliğini vurgulamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Bagheri, R., Sohrabi, Z., & Moradi, E. (2015). Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the multifactor leadership questionnaire (MLQ). Medical Journal ofthe Islamic Republic of Iran, 29(256), 2-9. google scholar
  • Baltagi, B. H., (2003). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data. Wiley and Sons, England. google scholar
  • Baltagi, B. H., and Liu, L. (2016). Random Effects, Fixed Effects and Hausman’s Test for the Generalized Mixed Regressive Spatial Autoregressive Panel Data Model, Econometric Reviews, Taylor & Francis Journals, 35(4), 638-658. google scholar
  • Barreto, M., Victor, C., Hammond, C., Eccles, A., Richins, M.T., and Qualter, P. (2020). Loneliness around the world: Age, gender, and cultural differences in loneliness. Pers. Individ. Differ. 169, 110066. google scholar
  • Bosma, H., Jansen, M., Schefman, S., Hajema, K. J and Feron, F. (2015). Lonely at the Bottom: A cross-sectional study on being ill, poor, and lonely. Public Health, 129(2), 185-187. google scholar
  • Bu, F., Steptoe, A., and Fancourt, D. (2020). Who is lonely in lockdown? Cross-cohort analyses of predictors of loneliness before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, Public Health, 186, 31-4. google scholar
  • Cacioppo, J.T. and Patrick, B. (2008). Loneliness: Human nature and the need for social connection. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. google scholar
  • Cacioppo, J. T., Cacioppo, S., Capitanio, J. P., and Cole, S. W. (2015). The neuroendocrinology of social isolation. Annual Review of Psychology, 66, 733-767. google scholar
  • Cacioppo, J. T., Cacioppo, S., Cole, S. W., Capitanio, J. P., Goossens, L., and Boomsma, D. I. (2015). Loneliness Across Phylogeny and a Call for Comparative Studies and Animal Models. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 202-212. google scholar
  • Cameron, C. and Trivedi, P.K. (2010). Microeconometrics using Stata. Stata Press, 706 pages. google scholar
  • Choi K, et al. (2015). Concerted and differential actions of two enzymatic domains underlie Rad5 contributions to DNA damage tolerance. Nucleic Acids Res, 43(5), 2666-77. google scholar
  • Cohen, S. (2021). Psychosocial Vulnerabilities to Upper Respiratory Infectious Illness: Implications for Susceptibility to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(1), 161 -174. google scholar
  • Cournane, S., Byrne, D.G., Conway, R.P., O’Riordan, D., Coveney, S., and Silke, B. (2015). Social deprivation and hospital admission rates, length of stay and readmissions in emergency medical admissions. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 26(10), 766-71. google scholar
  • Dahlberg, S, Holmberg, S., Rothstein, B., et al. (2020). Quality of Government Basic Dataset. Gothenburg. google scholar
  • De Jong Gierveld, J. (1998). A review of loneliness: Concept and definitions, determinants and consequences. Rev. Clin. Gerontol. 8, 73-80. google scholar
  • De Jong-Gierveld, J., Van Tilburg, T. G., and Dykstra, P. A. (2018). New ways of theorizing and conducting research in the field of loneliness and social isolation. In A. L. Vangelisti & D. Perlman (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Personal Relationships (pp. 391-404). Cambridge University Press. google scholar
  • Gertler, M. S. (2003). Tacit knowledge and the economic geography of context, or the undefinable tacitness of being (there). Journal of Economic Geography, 3(1), 75-99. google scholar
  • Groarke, J.M., Berry, E., Graham-Wisener, L., McKenna-Plumley, P.E., McGlinchey, E., Armour, C. (2020). Loneliness in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic: Cross-sectional results from the COVID-19 Psychological Wellbeing Study. PLoS ONE, 15, e0239698. google scholar
  • Hackett, D.A., Johnson, N.A., Halaki, M., and Chow, C.M. (2012). A novel scale to assess resistance-exercise effort. J Sports Sci 30, 1405-1413. google scholar
  • Hawkley, L.C., Thisted, R.A., Masi, C.M. and Cacioppo, J.T. (2010). Loneliness Predicts Increased Blood Pressure: 5-Year Cross-Lagged Analyses in Middle-Aged and Older Adults. Psychology and Aging, 25, 132-141. google scholar
  • Hawkley, L.C. and Cacioppo, J.T. (2010). Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms. Ann. Behav. Med., 40, 218-227. google scholar
  • Herrera, M.S., Elgueta, R., Fernandez, M.B., Giacoman, C., Leal, D., Marshall, P., Rubio, M. and Bustamante, F. (2021). A longitudinal study monitoring the quality of life in a national cohort of older adults in Chile before and during the COVID-19 outbreak. BMC Geriatr. 21, 1-12. google scholar
  • Hertz, N. (2020). The Lonely Century: Coming Together in a World That’s Pulling Apart, Sceptre eds. 352 pages. google scholar
  • Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T.B. and Layton, J.B. (2010). Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review, PLoS Med, 7:e1000316 google scholar
  • Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., and Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 10, 227-237. google scholar
  • Holt-Lunstad, J., Robles, T.F. and Sbarra, D.A. (2017). Advancing Social Connection as a Public Health Priority in the United States, Am Psychol, 72:517-30. google scholar
  • Holt-Lunstad, J. and Steptoe, A. (2021). Social isolation: An underappreciated determinant of physical health. Curr. Opin. Psychol. 43, 232-237. google scholar
  • Holwerda, T.J., Deeg, D.J., Beekman, A.T., van Tilburg, T.G., Stek, M.L., Jonker, C., and Schoevers, R.A. (2014). Feelings of loneliness, but not social isolation, predict dementia onset: results from the Amsterdam Study of the Elderly (AMSTEL). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 85(2), 135-42. google scholar
  • Hausman, J.A. (1978). Specification tests in econometrics, Econometrica. Econometric Society, 46(6), 1251-1271. google scholar
  • Hausman, J.A. and Taylor, W.E. (1981). Panel data and unobservable individual effects. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 49(6), 1377-1398. google scholar
  • Klinenberg, E. (2012). Going Solo: The Extraordinary Rise and Surprising Appeal of Living Alone. New York: The Penguin Press. google scholar
  • Laugesen, K., Baggesen, L. M., Schmidt, S. A. J., Glymour, M. M., Lasgaard, M., Milstein, A., et al. (2018). Social isolation and all-cause mortality: a population-based cohort study in Denmark. Sci. Rep. 8:4731. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-22963-w google scholar
  • Li, L.Z. and Wang, S. (2020). Prevalence and predictors of general psychiatric disorders and loneliness during COVID-19 in the United Kingdom. Psychiatry Res., 291, 113267. google scholar
  • Losada-Baltar, A., Jimenez-Gonzalo, L., Gallego-Alberto, L., Pedroso-Chaparro, M.d.S., Fernandes-Pires, J., Marquez-Gonzalez, M. (2020). We’re staying at home. Association of self-perceptions of ageing, personal and family resources and loneliness with psychological distress during the lock-down period of COVID-19. J. Gerontol. Ser. B, 76, e10-e16. google scholar
  • Luchetti, M., Lee, J.H., Aschwanden, D., Sesker, A., Strickhouser, J.E., Terracciano, A., Sutin, A.R. (2020). The trajectory of loneliness in response to COVID-19. Am. Psychol, 75, 897-908. google scholar
  • Maskell, P. and Malmberg, A. (1999). Localised learning and industrial competitiveness. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 23(2), 167-185. google scholar
  • McHugh, J.E. and Lawlor, B.A. (2013). Perceived stress mediates the relationship between emotional loneliness and sleep quality over time in older adults. British Journal of Health Psychology, 18(3), 546-555. google scholar
  • McPherson, M. Q. and Trumbull, W. N. (2008). Rescuing Observed Fixed Effects: Using the Hausman-Taylor Method for Out-of-Sample Trade Projections. The International Trade Journal, 22(3), 315-340. google scholar
  • Mielck A., Kiess R., Knesebeck O. V. D., Stirbu I. and Kunst A. E. (2009). Association between forgone care and household income among the elderly in five Western European countries analyses based on survey data from the SHARE-study. BMC Health Services Research, 9, 52. google scholar
  • Mund, M., Lüdtke, O. and Neyer, F.J. (2020b). Owner of a lonely heart: The stability of loneliness across the life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119(2) 497-516 google scholar
  • Müller, F., Röhr, S., Reininghaus, U. and Riedel-Heller, S. (2021). Social Isolation and Loneliness during COVID-19 Lockdown: Associations with Depressive Symptoms in the German Old-Age Population. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18, 3615. google scholar
  • Pels, F., and Kleinert, J. (2016). Loneliness and physical activity: A systematic review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 9(1), 231-260. google scholar
  • Peplau, L.A. and Perlman, D. (1982). Loneliness: A Sourcebook of Current Theory, Research and Therapy; John Wiley & Sons Incorporated: Hoboken, NJ, USA. google scholar
  • Pretty, J., Barton, J., Bharucha, Z.P., Bragg, R., Pencheon, D., Wood, C., and Depledge. M.H. (2016). Improving health and well-being independently of GDP: dividends of greener and prosocial economies. Int J Environ Health Res., 26(1), 11-36. google scholar
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Toplam 65 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sosyoloji (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Meltem Ince Yenilmez 0000-0002-4689-3196

Eylül Kabakçı Günay

Yayımlanma Tarihi 22 Mayıs 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Sayı: 28

Kaynak Göster

APA Ince Yenilmez, M., & Kabakçı Günay, E. (2024). The Loneliness Paradox: Navigating the Challenges of Social Isolation. İstanbul Üniversitesi Kadın Araştırmaları Dergisi(28), 20-28. https://doi.org/10.26650/iukad.2023.1349157