DEVLET MERKEZLİ ULUSLARARASI HUKUK SİSTEMİ ve DEVLET DIŞI SİLÂHLI AKTÖRLER

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 56, 59 - 85, 31.03.2017

Fatma Taşdemir

Öz

Günümüzde devletler hala uluslararası hukuk sisteminin asli kişisidir. Ancak uluslararası nitelikte olmayan silâhlı çatışmalarda yaşanan artışın bir sonucu olarak artık devlet dışı silâhlı aktörler de artan şekilde sistemde rol oynamaktadırlar ve uluslararası insancıl hukuk ve uluslararası insan hakları hukukunu en ağır şekilde ihlâl etmektedirler. Sivillerin korunmasını sağlamak için devlet dışı silâhlı aktörlerin de uluslararası insancıl hukuk ve uluslararası insan hakları hukukuna bağlı olması ve saygı göstermesi gereklidir. Ancak insan hakları ve insancıl hukuk normlarına taraf olmadıkları halde bu normların neden devlet dışı silâhlı aktörleri bağlaması gerektiği ve bunun hukuksal dayanağının ne olduğu konusu uluslararası hukukta oldukça tartışmalı bir konudur. Devlet dışı silâhlı aktörler uluslararası insancıl hukuk alanında en önemli aktörlerden bir tanesi olmasına karşın bunların uluslararası insancıl hukuk ihlâlleri dolayısıyla sorumluluğu konusu uluslararası hukukta yeterince düzenlenmemiştir. Bu konuda mevcut dolaylı sorumluluk modellerinden birisi olan bireysel cezai sorumluluk mekanizması yetersizdir. Diğer dolaylı sorumluluk mekanizmasını oluşturan devlet dışı silâhlı aktörlerin gerçekleştirdiği insan hakları ve insancıl hukuk ihlâllerinden dolayı devletleri hesap verir kılma mekanizması da etkin değildir. Zira devletler; etkin denetim, bütünsel denetim veya onaylama doktrinlerinin ardına saklanarak sorumluluktan kaçabilmektedirler. Devletlerin, devleti sorumlu tutmada izafe koşullarını kolaylaştıran yeni bir hesap verme modelini kabul etmesi de pek mümkün görünmemektedir. Devlet dışı silâhlı aktörlerin günümüzde geçirdiği evrim nedeniyle bunların doğrudan sorumluluğu önem kazanmıştır. Ancak önerilen bu doğrudan sorumluluk modeli de siyasal ve hukuksal açıdan bir dizi ikilemler içermektedir. Bu nedenle doğrudan sorumluluk modeli uluslararası hukukun gri bölgelerinden bir tanesi olmaya devam etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Devlet Merkezli Sistem, Devlet Dışı Silâhlı Aktörler, Uluslararası Nitelikte Olmayan Silâhlı Çatışmalar, Uluslararası İnsan Hakları Hukuku, Uluslararası Sorumluluk

STATE-CENTRIC INTERNATIONAL LAW SYSTEM AND ARMED NON-STATE ACTORS

Öz

States are still the fundamental entities of the international law system. As a result of the rise of non-international armed conflicts, however, armed non-state actors started to play an increasing role within the international system and they seriously violate the international humanitarian law and the international human rights law, to which they should be subject and respect for the protection of civilians. Nevertheless, the questions of why these norms should be binding for armed non-state actors and what the legal basis for this are highly disputed in the international law since they are not a party to the norms of human rights and humanitarian law. Although armed non-state actors are one of the most important subjects within the sphere of international humanitarian law, the issue of responsibility for their violations of international humanitarian law has not been adequately regulated within the international law. Of the present indirect responsibility models, the mechanism of the individual criminal responsibility is insufficient. The other indirect responsibility model that is the mechanism of the making states accountable for the violations of human rights and humanitarian law by armed non-state actors is inefficient because states may evade their responsibility through hiding behind the doctrines of effective control, overall control and approval. On the other hand, adaptation of a new accountability model which facilitates the conditions of attribution for making states responsible does not seem possible. The direct responsibility of armed non-state actors has gained importance due to their recent evolution. However, this recommended model of direct responsibility has a series of dilemmas from political and legal aspects of the subject. Hence, direct responsibility model continues to remain as one of the grey areas of the international law. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

State-centric System, Armed Non-State Actors, Non-international Armed Conflicts, International Human Rights Law, International Responsibility

Kaynakça

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