KEDİ VE KÖPEK MAMALARINDAKİ SOYA VE SOYALI ÜRÜNLERİN KLİNİK FARMAKOLOJİ VE TOKSİKOLOJİ YÖNÜNDEN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Yıl 2007, Cilt: 33 Sayı: 2, 51 - 59, 26.11.2012

Handan Aydın

Öz

ÖZET

Köpek ve kedilerin sağlığı, ticari olarak üretilmiş gıdalardaki besin maddelerinin optimal düzeyiyle yakından ilişkilidir. Soya, ticari pet gıdalarına protein kaynağı olarak ilave edilir. Soyada bulunan fitoostrojenlerin antioksidan, antikanserojen, östrojenik/antiöstrojenik, antilipidemik etkileri in vitro ve in vivo insan ve hayvan çalışmalarıyla araştırılmıştır. Ancak soyada bulunan genistein gibi fitoöstrojenlerin gösterdiği östrojen benzeri etkiler, uzun süreli ve yüksek düzeyde alıma bağlı olarak önemli endokrin sistem bozukluklarıyla sonuçlanabilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Köpek, kedi, soya, endokrin sistemi bozan kimyasallar (EDC)

 

 

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGICAL/TOXICOLOGICAL ASSESMENT OF SOYBEAN AND SOYBEAN PRODUCTS IN CATS AND DOGS FOODS

ABSTRACT

As the health of dog and cats depends on the optimal levels of each nutrients in commercially prepared foods are formulated. Soy is added to commercial pet foods as a protein source. Antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, estrogenic/antiestrogenic, antilipidemic effects of phytoestrogens in soybean have been investigated with in vitro and in vivo animal and human studies. However, there are naturally occuring phtoestrogens, such as genistein in soy bean exert estrogen-like activity, exposure to high levels for long periods of time may result in significant endocrine disruption.

Key Words: Dog, cat, soybean,endocrine disruption chemicals (EDC)

Anahtar Kelimeler

Köpek, kedi, soya, endokrin sistemi bozan kimyasallar (EDC)

Kaynakça

• Adlercreutz, H.: Does fiber-rich food containing animal lignan precursors protect against both colon and breast cancer? An extension of the “fiber hypothesis”. Gastroenterology, 1984; 86: 761-764.
• Bingham, S.A., Atkinson, C., Liggins, J.: Phyto-oesterogens: Where are we now? Brit. J. Nutr. 1998; 79: 393-406.
• Brown, N.M., Setchell K.D.R.: Animal models impacted by phytoestrogens in commercial chow: implications for pathways influenced by hormones. Lab. Invest. 2001; 8: 735–747.
• Brown, R.G., Hoag, G.N., Smart, M.E. et al: Alaskan malamute chondrodysplasia: Decreased gut zinc absorption. Growth 1978; 42: 1.
• Cardoso, J.R., Bao, S.N.: Effects of chronic exposure to soy meal containing diet or soy derived isoflavones supplement on semen production and reproductive system of male rabbits. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 2007; 97(3-4): 237-245.
• Casanova, M., You, L., Gaido, K.W., Archibeque-Engle, S., Janszen, D.B., Heck, H.A.: Developmental effects of dietary phytoestrogens in Sprague–Dawley rats and interactions of genistein and daidzein with rat estrogen receptors alpha and beta in vitro. Toxicol. Sci. 1999; 51 (2): 236–244
• Cassidy, A., Hanley, B., Raventos, R.: Isoflavones, lignans and stilbens-origins, metabolism and potential importance to human health. J. Sci. Food Agr. 2000; 80: 1044- 1062.
• Cerundolo, R., Court, M.H., Hao, Q., Michel, K.E.: Identification and concentration of soy phytoestrogens in commercial dog foods. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2004; 65(5): 592–596.
• Clarkson, TB.: Soy, soy phytoestrogens and cardiovascular disease. J. Nutr. 2002; 132: 566- 596.
• Court, M.H., Freeman, L.M.: Identification and concentration of soy isoflavones in commercial cat foods. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2002; 63 (2): 181–185.
• Court, M.H.: Surprised with feline hyperthyroidism study recommendation. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2004; 224 (10): 1582-3.
• Coward, L., Barnes, N.C., Setchell, K.D.R., Barnes, S.: Genistein, daidzein, and their β- glycoside conjugates: antitumor isoflavones in soybean foods from American and Asian diets. J. Agr. Food. Chem., 1993; 41: 1961–1967.
• Davis, S., Dalais, F., Simpson, E., Murkies, A.: Phytoestrogens in health and disease. Recent Progress In Hormone Research. 1999; 54: 185-211.
• Demlow, B.M.¸ Duncan, A.M., Wangen, K.E., et al: Soy isoflavones improve plazma lipits in normocholesterolemic, premenopausal women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000; 71: 1462- 1469.
• Doğan, K., Akyıldız, R.: "Soya: Üretimi, kalite kontrolü ve değerlendirilmesi. Yem sanayicileri birliği yayınları, Ankara, 1985.
• Fitzpatrick, L.A.: Selective estrogen receptor modulators and phytoesterogens: New therapies for the postmenopausal women. Mayo. Clin. Proc. 1999; 74: 601-607.
• Grayer, RJ., Harborne, J.B.: A survey of antifungal compounds from higher plants 1982- 1993. Phytochemistry, 1994; 37: 19-42.
• Jenkins, D.J.A., Kendall, C.W.C., Costa, M.A.D., Jackson, C-J.C., Vidgen, E., Singer, W.: Soy consumption and phytoestrogens: Effect on serum prostate specific antigen when blood lipids and oxidized low-density lipoprotein are reduced in hyperlipidemic men, J.Urology, 2003; 169: 507–511.
• Jha, H.C., Recklinghausen, G.V., Zilliken, F.: Inhibition of in vitro microsomal lipid peroxidation by isoflavones. Biochem. Pharmacol., 1985; 34: 1367–1369.
• Knight D.C., Eden J.A.: A review of the clinical effects of phytoestrogens. Obstet. Gynecol. 1996; 87: 897-904.
• Li, W., Seifert, M., Xu, Y., Hock, B.: Comparative study of estrogenic potencies of estradiol, tamoxifen bisphenol-A and resveratrol with two in vitro bioassays. Environ. Int. 2004; 30: 329-335.
• McClain, M.R., Wolz, E., Davidovich, A., Pfannkuch, F., Bausch, J.: Subchronic and chronic safety studies with genistein in dogs. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2005; 43: 1461-1482.
• Mesiano, S., Katz, S.L., Lee, J.Y., Jaffe, R.B.: Phytoestrogens alter adrenocortical function: genistein and daidzein suppress glucocorticoid and stimulate androgen production by cultured adrenal cortical cells. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1999; 84 (7): 2443-2448.
• Messina, M., Barnes, S.: The role of soy products in reducing risk of cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 1991; 83: 541-546.
• Messina, M., Persky, V., Setchell, K.D.R., Barnes, S.: Soy intake and cancer risk: a review of the in vitro and in vivo data. Nutr. Cancer, 1994; 21: 113–131.
• Nestel, P.J., Yamashita, T., Sasahara, T., et al: Soy isoflavones improve systemic arterial compliance but not plazma lipits in menopausal and perimenopausal women. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 1997; 17: 3392-3398.
• Packer, L., Hiramatsu, M., Toshikawa T.: Antioxidant Food Supplements in Human Health, San Diego: Academic Press. 1999.
• Plechner, A.J., Shannon M.: Canine immune complex diseases. Mod. Vet. Pract. 1976:917.
• Pratt, D.E., Birac, P.M.: Source of antioxidant activity of soybeans and soy products, J. Food Sci., 1979; 44: 1720–1722.
• Puska, PP., Korpelainen, V., Hoie, LH.: Soy In Hypercholesterolaemia: A double- blind plasebo-controlled trial. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2002; 56: 352-357.
• Reid, S.W.G., Peterson, M.M.: Methods of estimating canine longevity. Vet. Rec., 2000; 147: 630-631
• Robertson, B.T., Burns, M.J.: Zinc metabolism and the zinc-deficiency syndrome in the dog. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1963: 997
• Ruiz Larrea, M.B., Mohan, A.R., Paganga, G., Miller, N.J., Bolwell, G.P., Rice Evans, C.A.: Antioxidant activity of phytoestrogen isoflavones, Free Radical Res., 1997; 26: 63–70.
• Setchell, K.D.R., Gosselin, S.J., Welsh, M.B., Johnston, J.O., Balistreri, W.F., Kramer, L.W., Dresser, B.L., Tarr, M.J.: Dietary estrogens-a problable cause of infertility and liver disease in captive Cheetahs. Gastroenterology, 1987; 93: 225–233.
• Sibbald, I.R.: The effect of heat on clearance time. True metabolizable energy and true available amino acids on raw soybean flakes. Poultry Sci. 1980; 59: 2358-2360.
• Song, T.T., Hendrich, S., Murphy, P.A.: Estrogenic Activity Of Glycitein, A Soy Isoflavone. J.Agric. Food Chem. 1999; 47: 1607-1610.
• Sweeney, T.: Is exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds during fetal/post-natal development affecting the reproductive potential of farm animals? Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 2002 Jul; 23(1-2): 203-209.
• Thigpen, J.E., Setchell, K.D., Ahlmark, K.B., Locklear, J., Spahr, T.: Phytoestrogen content of purified open- and closed-formula laboratory animal diets. Lab. Anim. Sci. 1999; 49 (5): 530–536.
• Umland, E.M., Pharm, D., Cauffield, J.S.: Phytoestrogens as therapeutic alternatives to traditional hormone replacement in postmenopausal women. Pharmacotherapy, 2000; 20 (8): 981-990.
• Verdrengh, M., Collins, L.V., Bergin, P., Tarkowski, A.: Phytoestrogen genistein as an anti-staphylococcal agent. Microb.Infect. 2004; 6: 86-92.
• Wei, H., Bowen, R., Cai, Q., Barnes, S., Wang, Y.: Antioxidant and antipromotional effects of the soybean isoflavone genistein. P. Soc. Exp. Biol&Med., 1995; 208: 124–130.
• White, H.L., Freeman, L.M., Mahony, O., Graham, P.A., Hao, Q., Court, M.H: Effect of dietary soy on thyroid hormone concentrations in healthy adult cats. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2004; 65 (5): 586-591.
• Wiseman, H., Reilly, J.D., Adlercreutz, H.: Isoflavone phytoestrogens consumed in soy decrease F2-isoprostane concentrations and increase resistance of low-density lipoprotein to oxidation in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000; 72: 395-400.