Flower morphology and sexual phenotype of Capparis ovata Desf.

Yıl 2023, , 770 - 777, 29.12.2023

Özlem Özbek

https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2023.4.6

Öz

It was aimed to investigate the flower morphology and sexual phenotypes of Capparis ovata Desf. A C. ovata population inhabits in Çorum Osmancık Kumbaba locality. A total of 68 flower samples were collected from the population and their morphological characteristics and sexual phenotypes were investigated. According to the morphometric data, the coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated for the examined traits. Petal width (CV:3.11-20.26%) and sepal width (CV: 3.17-20.57%) showed the highest variation range. In terms of flower phenotype, 25 out of 68 flowers (36.76%) showed perfect flower and 43 (63.24%) showed male flower phenotype. The perfect flowers are hypogeynous flowers and have campylotropous type ovules. C. ovata has zygomorphic flower. C. ovata Desf. plants were defined as andromonoecious due to both the male flower and the perfect flower are present on the same plant. In conclusion, according to morphological analysis, a remarkably high variation was observed in flower morphological structures and the ratio of male flowers were found to be more common than perfect flowers in the C. ovata Desf. population. During evolutionary history, the protandry feature, in which male and female reproductive organs begin to develop at different times in perfect flowers, emerged in plants to prevent the depression of self-pollination, and inbreeding.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Capparis L., Capparis ovata Desf., flower morphology, morphological variation, andromonoecious

Etik Beyan

I/We, as the author(s) of this manuscript, have declared that this article does not require an ethics committee approval and/or legal/special permission.

Kaynakça

• Al-Turki, T., Filfilan, A. S. & Mehmood, S. F. (2000). A cytological study of flowering plants from Saudi Arabia. Willdenowia, 30, 339-358. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.30.30211
• Bertin, R. I. (1982). The evolution and maintenance of andromonoecy. Evolutionary Theory, 6, 25–32. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3069268
• Bilgin, M. 2004. Kapari Yurt İçi Piyasa ve Ürün Araştırması. İstanbul Dış Ticaret Odası Dış ticaret Şubesi Araştırma Servisi, 23. (in Turkish)
• Brown, C. E. (1998). Coefficient of Variation. In: Applied Multivariate Statistics in Geohydrology and Related Sciences. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80328-4_13
• Bawa, K. S. & Beach, J. H. (1981). Evolution of sexual systems in flowering plants. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 68, 254–274. https://doi.org/10.2307/2398798
• Baytop, T. (1995). Türkçe Bitki Adları Sözlüğü. Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları 578, Ankara. (in Turkish)
• Cao, G. & Kudo, G. (2008). Size dependent sex allocation in a monocarpic perennial herb, Cardiocrinum cordatum (Liliaceae). Plant Ecology 194: 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-007-9277-x
• Cruden, R. W. & Lloyd, R. M. (1995). Embryophytes have equivalent sexual phenotypes and breeding systems: why not a common terminology to describe them? American Journal of Botany, 82, 816–825. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1995.tb15694.x
• Davis, P. H. (1965). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Island, vol 1–9. Edinburg University Press, Edinburg
• Davis, P. H. (1982). Flora of Turkey. Oxford at the University Press, 8, Edinburg.
• Fici, S. (1993). Taxonomic and Chorological notes on the genera Boscia Lam. Cadaba Foressk and Capparis L. (Capparaceae) in Somalia. Webbia, 47(1), 149–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/00837792.1993.10670536
• Goldblatt, P. (ed.) (1981, 1984, 1985, 1988). Index to plant chromosome numbers (1975-1978, 1979-1981, 1982-1983, 1984-1985). – Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 5, 8, 13, 23. — & Johnson, D. E. (ed.) (1990, 1991, 1994, 1996): Index to plant chromosome numbers 1986-1987, 1988-1989, 1990-1991, 1992-1993. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, 30 (40), 51, 58.
• Inocencio, C., Rivera, D., Obo´n, M.C., Alcaraz, F. & Barren˜a, A. (2006). A systematic revision of Capparis section Capparis (Capparaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 93(1), 122–149. https://doi.org/10.3417/0026-6493(2006)93[122:ASROCS]2.0.CO;2
• Jacobs, M. (1965). The genus Capparis (Capparaceae) from the Indus to the Pacific. Blumea 12(3), 385–541. https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/525093
• Kara, A. (2012). “Türkiye’de yetişen kapari (Capparıs ssp.) Bitkisinde genetik çeşitliliğin moleküler İşaretleyicilerle karakterizasyonu”. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hitit Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. (in Turkish)
• Kers, L. E. (2003). Capparaceae. In: Kubitzki K. (Series Editor): The families and genera of vascular plants, vol 5: Kubitzki, K., Bayer, C. (eds) Springer, Berlin, pp 36–56. ISBN 3-540-42873-9. https://www.springer.com/series/1306
• Mabberley, D. J. (1987). The Plant-Book. A Portable Dictionary of the Higher Plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/mabberleys-plantbook/B1245736E70AF37DCB680659D5C981F7
• Miller, J. S. & Diggle, P. K. (2003). Diversification of andromonoecy in Solanum section Lasiocarpa (Solanaceae): the roles of phenotypic plasticity and architecture. American Journal of Botany, 81, 1354–1365. https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.3732/ajb.90.5.707
• Murin, A. & Chaudhri, I. I. (1970). Reports. – [In: Löve, Á. (ed.), IOPB chromosome number reports XXVI]. – Taxon, 19: 267.
• Ospina, R. & Marmolejo-Ramos, F. (2019). Performance of Some Estimators of Relative Variability. Frontiers in Applied Mathematics and Statistics, 5, 43. https://doi.org/10.3389/fams.2019.00043
• Özbek, Ö. & Kara, A. (2013). Genetic variation in natural populations of Capparis from Türkiye, as revealed by RAPD analysis. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 299, 1911–1933. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-013-0848-0
• Özcan, M., (1996). Kapari (Capparis spp.) çiçek tomurcuklarının bileşimi ve salamura ürüne işlenmesi. Doktora tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Konya. (in Turkish)
• Peruzzi, L, Mancuso, E. & Gargano, D. (2012). Males are cheaper, or the extreme consequence of size/age-dependent sex allocation: sexist gender diphasy in Fritillaria montana (Liliaceae). Botanical Journal of Linnean Society 168, 323–333. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2011.01204.x
• Primack, R. & Lloyd, D. G. (1980). Andromonoecy in the New Zealand montane shrub manuka, Leptospermum scoparium (Myrtaceae). American Journal of Botany, 67, 361–368. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1980.tb07661.x
• Shakarishvili, N. & Osishvili, L. (2013). Sexual phenotype of Capparis herbacea (Capparaceae). Turkish Journal of Botany, 37, 682-689. https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1645&context=botany
• Skogsmyr, I. & Lankinen, A. (2002). Sexual selection: an evolutionary force in plants? Biol. Rev. 77, 537–562. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1464793102005973
• Song, Y., Ma, K., Bo, W., Zhang, Z. & Zhang, D. (2012). Sex-specific DNA methylation and gene expression in andromonoecious poplar. Plant Cell Reports 8, 1393–1405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-012-1255-7
• TÜBİVES (2023). Türkiye Bitkileri Veri Servisi. Retrieved in September, 18, 2023, http://194.27.225.161/yasin/tubives/index.php?sayfa=1&tax_id=1075 (in Turkish)
• Vallejo-Mar´ın, M. & Rausher, M. D. (2007). Selection through female fitness helps to explain the maintenance of male flowers. American Naturalist, 169, 563–568. https://doi.org/10.1086/513112
• Willis, J. C. (1988). A Dictionary of the Flowering Plants and Ferns. Eighth Edition. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
• Yang, M-L, Yin, L.-K., Yan, C., Zhang, M.-L., Kong, F. K. & Li, S. J. (2014). The characteristics variation of the flowers of Capparis spinosa L. during the extended flowering process and the influence of the rate of seed-setting. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 46(1), 95-100. http://mail.pakbs.org/pjbot/PDFs/46(1)/09.pdf
• Yampolsky, C. & Yampolsky, H. (1922). Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica, 3, 1–62. https://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/opus4/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/19265/file/E001387106.pdf
• Zhang, T. & Tan, D. (2009). An examination of the function of male flowers in an andromonoecious shrub Capparis spinosa. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 51, 316-324. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00800.x
• Zohary, M. (1960). The species of Capparis in the Mediterranean and the near eastern countries. Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel, 8D, 49–65.