İnfeksiyöz Deve (Camelus dromedarius) Keratokonjonktivitis Olgularında Moraxella bovoculi'nin İdentifikasyonu ve Antimikrobiyal Duyarlılıklarının Belirlenmesi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 110 - 116, 31.03.2023

Volkan Özavcı , Yiğit Seferoğlu

https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1245621

Öz

İnfeksiyöz keratokonjonktivit (İKC) sığır ve koyunlarda ekonomik kayıplara neden olan bir göz hastalığıdır. Hastalık etkenleri genel olarak Moraxella bovis ve M. ovis olarak bilinirken 2007'de IKC'den de sorumlu türler arasına M. bovoculi’de tanımlanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı konjonktival hiperemi, oküler ağrı, fotofobi ve lakrimasyon semptomları gösteren develerde Moraxella spp. varlığının saptanması ve antimikrobiyal duyarlılık profillerindeki farklılıkları belirlemektir. Aydın yöresinde 30 adet deve’ye (Camelus dromedarius) ait sağ ve sol gözlerden bilateral (n= 60 örnek) konjonktival svap örnekleri nazikçe toplandı. Moraxella spp. (6/60; %10) suşları sürüntü örneklerinden fenotipik ve genotipik yöntemlerle izole edildi. Biyokimyasal olarak ilk değerlendirme nitrat redüksiyon ve jelatinaz sonuç negatif olması yönünden M. ovis ve M. bovoculi (M. bovis negatif) ile uyumluluk gösterdi. Ayrıca, 357F ve 1492R evrensel primerleri kullanarak 16S rRNA PCR gerçekleştirildi ve nükleotit sekansı yapıldı. Sanger sekanslama ile izolatların Moraxella bovoculi (Moraxella bovoculi suşu 3709'a %98-99 benzerlik Access. No: GU181221.1) olduğu doğrulandı. İzolatlarda eritromisin (%100), amoksisilin-klavulanik asit, penisilin, siprofloksasin ve tetrasiklin (%67) gibi yaygın antibiyotiklere direnç, sefotaksim, gentamisin ve imipenem’e (%100) duyarlılık tespit edildi. M. bovoculi suşu develerin göz infeksiyonlarında ülkemizde daha önce rapor edilmemiştir. Bu nedenle çalışmamız develerin göz infeksiyonlarında M. bovoculi'nin varlığını doğrulamaktadır ve develerin göz infeksiyonlarından izole edilebileceğine vurgu yapmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Camelus dromedarius, Moraxella bovoculi, dizileme, göz hastalığı, polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu.

Identification of Moraxella bovoculi in Infectious Camel (Camelus dromedarius) Keratoconjunctivitis Cases and Determination of Antimicrobial Susceptibility

Öz

Infectious keratoconjunctivitis (ICC) is an eye disease that causes economic losses in cattle and sheep. The causative agents of the disease are commonly known as Moraxella bovis and M. ovis. In 2007, M. bovoculi was identified among the species responsible for IKC. The aim of this study was to detect Moraxella spp. in camels with conjunctival hyperemia, ocular pain, photophobia, and lacrimation symptoms. The aim of this study is to detect the presence of antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and to determine the differences in antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. Bilateral (n= 60 samples) conjunctival swab samples were gently collected from the right and left eyes of 30 camels (Camelus dromedarius) in the Aydin region. Moraxella spp. (6/60; 10%) strains were isolated from swab samples by phenotypic and genotypic methods. Biochemically, the initial evaluation showed compatibility with M. ovis and M. bovoculi (M. bovis negative) in terms of nitrate reduction and gelatinase negative result. Also, 16S rRNA PCR was performed using 357F and 1492R universal primers, and nucleotide sequencing was performed. The isolates were confirmed to be M. bovoculi (98-99% similarity to M. bovoculi strain 3709 Access. No: GU181221.1) by Sanger sequencing. Resistance to erythromycin (100%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, penicillin, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline (67%) and susceptibility to cefotaxime, gentamicin, and imipenem (100%) were detected in the isolates. M. bovoculi strain has not been previously reported in camel eye infections in our country. Therefore, our study confirms the presence of M. bovoculi in camel eye infections and emphasizes that camels can be isolated from eye infections.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Camelus dromedarius, eye disease, Moraxella bovoculi, polymerase chain reaction, sequencing

Kaynakça

• Agab, H. (2006). Diseases and causes of mortality in a camel (Camelus dromedarius) dairy farm in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Camel Practice & Research, 13(2), 165.
• Aggarwal, S. (2008). Techniques in Molecular Biology. Lucknow: International Book Distributing CO. Short tandem repeat genotyping. 127-134p.
• Angelos, J.A., Dueger E.L. & George L.W. (2000). Efficacy offlorfenicol for treatment of naturally occurring infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 216, 62-64.
• Angelos, J.A., Ball L.M. & Byrne B.A. (2011). Minimum inhibitory concentrations of selected antimicrobial agents for Moraxella bovoculi associated with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 23, 552-555.
• Angelos, J.A. (2015). Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (pinkeye). Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, 31(1), 61-79.
• Angelos, J.A. (2022). Moraxella. In Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals (eds J.F. Prescott, A.N. Rycroft, J.D. Boyce, J.I. MacInnes, F. Van Immerseel & J.A. Vázquez-Boland). DOI: 10.1002/9781119754862.ch15.
• Bauer, A.W., Kirby, W.M., Sherris, J.C. & Turck, M. (1966). Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disc method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 45, 493-496.
• Chen, Z., Shamsi, F.A., Li K., Huang, Q., Al-Rajhi, A.A., Chaudhry, I.A. & Wu K. (2011). Comparison of camel tear proteins between summer and winter. Molecular Vision, 1(17), 323- 31.
• Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), (2022). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Wayne, PA: M100-32Ed. 42(2).
• Conceição, F.R., Bertoncelli D.M. & Storch B.O. (2004). Antibiotic susceptibility of Moraxella bovis recovered from out-breaks of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay between 1974 and 2001. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 35, 364-366.
• Czerwinski, S.L. (2019). Ocular surface disease in New World camelids. Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice, 22(1), 69-79.
• Çaycı, Y.T., Avan, T., Bilgin, K. & Birinci, A. (2019). Alt solunum yolu örneklerinden izole edilen Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae ve Moraxella catarrhalis suşlarının antibiyotik duyarlılığının değerlendirilmesi. Turkish Journal of Clinics & Laboratory, 10, 277- 282.
• Demirkol, Ö., Sarı, M., Karahasan, A., Marku, M. & Çimşit, N. Ç. (2022). Moraxella Bakteriyemisi: Üç Olgu Sunumu. Türk Mikrobiyoloji Cemiyeti Dergisi, 52(2), 139-143.
• Ely, V.L., Vargas, A.C., Costa, M.M., Oliveira, H.P., Pötter, L., Reghelin, M.A., Fernandes, A.W., Pereira, D.I.B., Sangioni, L.A. & Botton, S.A. (2019). Moraxella bovis, Moraxella ovis and Moraxella bovoculi: biofilm formation and lysozyme activity. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 126(2), 369-376. DOI: 10.1111/jam.14086.
• European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). (2013). Breakpoint Tables for Interpretation of MICs and Zone Diameters. Version 9.1., 1-8.
• Grazieli, M., Leticia, T., Gressler, J.P., Espindola, Marcelo Schwab, Caiane, T., Luciana, P. & de Vargas A.C. (2015). Differences in the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Moraxella bovis, M. bovoculi and M. ovis. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 46(2), 545-549.
• Guyonnet, A., Bourguet, A., Donzel, E., Bataille, G., Pascal, Q., Laloy, E., Boulouis, H.J., Milleman, Y. & Chahory, S. (2018). Bilateral bullous keratopathy secondary to melting keratitis in a Suri alpaca (Vicugna pacos). Clinical Case Reports, 6(4), 626-630. DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.1389.
• Gümüşsoy, K.S., Kibar, M., Şahna, K. & Abay, S. (2006). İnfeksiyöz bovine keratokonjunktivitisin tedavisinde florfenikol ve sefuroksim sodyum uygulaması. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(1), 29-35.
• Hadi, N.S., Jaber, N.N., Sayhood, M.H. & Mansour, F.T. (2021). Isolation and genetic detection of moraxella bovis from bovine keratoconjunctivitis in Basrah city. The Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Science, 52(4), 925-931.
• Haskell, S. (2008). Blackwell’s five-minute veterinary consult: Ruminant. Wiley Blackwell, Oxford Merck Veterinary Manual, Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis, UK.
• İşeri, L., Apan, T. & Sahin, E. (2015). The antimicrobial susceptibility of moraxella species other than moraxella catarrhalis. Türkiye Klinikleri Tip Bilimleri Dergisi, 35(3), 129-32.
• Jacques, M., Aragon, V. & Tremblay, Y.D.N. (2010). Biofilm formation in bacterial pathogens of veterinary importance. Animal Health Research Reviews, 11, 97-121.
• Kelawala, D.N., Patil, D.B., Parikh, P.V., Sini, K.R., Parulekar, E.A., Amin, N.R. & Rajput, P.K. (2015). Normal ocular ultrasonographic biometry and fundus imaging of Indian camel (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Camel Practice & Research, 22(2), 181-185.
• Kökdener, M. (2022). Effects of Lead on the Growth and Development of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). J. Anatolian Env. and Anim. Sciences, 7(3), 263-268.
• Loy, J.D. & Maier, G. (2022). Moraxella. In Veterinary Microbiology. DOI: 10.1002/9781119650836.ch17.
• Loy, J.D., Hille, M. & Maier, G.M. (2021). Component causes of IBK-the role of Moraxella spp. in the epidemiology of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 37, 279-293.
• Maier, G.M., Doan, B.D. & O’Connor, A. (2021). The role of environmental factors in the epidemiology of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 37, 309-320.
• Marzok, M.A. & El-Khodery, S.A. (2015). Intraocular pressure in clinically normal dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). American journal of veterinary research, 76(2), 149-154.
• Quinn, P.J., Carter, M.E., Markey, B. & Carter, G.R. (2002). Clinical Veterinary Microbiology. Edinburg: Mosby, 284-286p.
• Ramadan, R.O. (1994). Surgery and Radiology of the Dromedary Camel. 1st ed., Al-Jawad Printing Press. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. 360p.
• Ranjan, R., Nath, K., Naranware, S. & Patil, N.V. (2016). Ocular affections in dromedary camel-a prevalence study. Intas Polivet, 17(2), 348-49.
• Shamsi, F.A., Chen, Z., Liang, J., Li, K., Al-Rajhi, A.A., Chaudhry, I.A. & Wu, K. (2011). Analysis and comparison of proteomic profiles of tear fluid from human, cow, sheep, and camel eyes. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 52(12), 9156-9165.
• Shawaf, T. & Hussen, J. (2022). Cytological and microbiological evaluation of conjunctiva in camels with and without conjunctivitis. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 26(1), 39-45.
• Sheedy, D.B., Samah, F.E. & Garzon, A. (2021). Non- antimicrobial approaches for the prevention or treatment of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in cattle applicable to cow- calf operations: a scoping review. Animal, 15(6), 100245.
• Sosa, V. & Zunino, P. (2012). Molecular and phenotypic analysis of Moraxella spp. associated with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in Uruguay. The Veterinary Journal, 193(2), 595-597.
• Tejedor-Junco, M.T., Gutiérrez, C., González, M., Fernández, A., Wauters, G., De Baere, T. & Vaneechoutte, M. (2010). Outbreaks of keratoconjunctivitis in a camel herd caused by a specific biovar of Moraxella canis. Journal of clinical microbiology, 48(2), 596-598.
• Traub, W.H. & Leonhard, B. (1997). Susceptibility of Moraxella catarrhalis to 21 antimicrobial drugs: validity of current NCCLS criteria for the interpretation of agar disk diffusion antibiograms. Chemotherapy, 43(3):159-67.
• Underwood, W.J., Blauwiekel, R., Delano, M.L., Gillesby, R., Mischler, S.A. & Schoell, A. (2015). Biology and diseases of ruminants (sheep, goats, and cattle). In: Laboratory Animal Medicine. Academic Press. 623-694p.
• Whittier, D.W. (2007). Treatment of Pinkeye in Cattle. Virginia Tech, 4-9p.