Evaluation of Sorghum and Ryegrass Silage as Alternatives to Corn Silage

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3, 467 - 473, 30.09.2023

Alparslan Mutluhan Türedi , İbrahim Sadi Çetingül

https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1255098

Öz

Silage; They are feed pickles obtained by storing green plants under anaerobic conditions. It provides an important source of roughage during the winter months and is of interest to producers for many reasons. The most cultivated silage product is corn. Maize is an important source of feed for large ruminant and small ruminant in their rations. However, maize is a hot season crop and the yield is adversely affected by the lack of precipitation in arid and semi-arid regions. At the same time, intensive use of fertilizers is needed for satisfactory maize production. Sorghum; It has been reported that it can tolerate soils with less fertile water use efficiency compared to maize in arid, semi-arid and high salinity areas. Sorghum production has low water needs and agriculture requirements. Ryegrass; Lolium spp. is a key fodder crop in temperate regions. Ryegrass silage; It stood out for yield, digestibility, water-soluble carbohydrate content, quality and durability. In addition, ryegrass cultivation stands out as an advantageous aspect as it allows more than one mowing. Profitable livestock farming; it depends on the cost of forage and the consumption of concentrated feed. If the silage making techniques are applied correctly, the producer can obtain the roughage from ryegrass, sorghum and corn silages. Profitable, high yield parameters and sustainable livestock activities can be done.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ryegrass, Corn, Sweet Sorghum, Silage.

Mısır Silajına Alternatif Olarak Sorgum ve Ryegrass Silajlarının Değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Silaj; yeşil bitkilerin anaerobik koşullarda depolanmasıyla elde edilen yem turşularıdır. Kış aylarında önemli kaba yem kaynağı sağlamaktadır ve birçok nedenden dolayı üreticiler için ilgi çekicidir. En çok tarımı yapılan silaj ürünü mısırdır. Mısır büyük ruminant ve küçük ruminatlar için rasyonlarının önemli bir yem kaynağıdır. Ancak mısır, sıcak mevsim mahsulü olup, kurak ve yarı kurak bölgelerde yağış eksikliğinden verim olumsuz etkilenir. Aynı zamanda tatmin edici mısır üretimi için yoğun gübre kullanımına ihtiyaç vardır. Sorgum; kurak, yarı kurak ve yüksek tuzlu alanlarda su kullanım verimliliği mısırla karşılaştırıldığında daha az verimli olan toprakları tolere edebileceği bildirilmiştir. Sorgum daha az su ihtiyacına ve tarım gereksinimlerine sahiptir. Ryegrass; Lolium spp.’leri ılıman bölgelerde bir anahtar rol oynayan yem bitkisidir. Ryegrass silajı; verim, sindirilebilirlik, suda çözünebilir karbonhidrat içeriği, kalite ve dayanıklılık için öne çıkmıştır. Ayrıca ryegrass yetiştirciliği birden fazla biçime imkan vermesi avantajlı bir yön olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Karlı hayvancılık yapmak; kaba yemin maliyetine ve konsantre yemin tüketime bağlıdır. Silaj yapım teknikleri doğru uygulanırsa üretici kaba yemi büyük ölçüde ryegrass, sorgum ve mısır silajlarından sağlayabilir. Bu sayede karlı, verim parametreleri yüksek ve sürdürülebilir bir hayvancılık faaliyeti yapılabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mısır, Ryegrass, Silaj, Şeker Sorgumu

Kaynakça

• Basmacıoğlu, H. & Ergül, M. (2002). Silaj Mikrobiyolojisi. Hayvansal Üretim, 43(1), 12-24. http://dergipark.gov.tr/hayuretim/issue/7629/999 36
• Baldinger, L., Zollitsch, W. & Knaus, W. (2014). Maize silage and Italian ryegrass silage as high-energy forages in organic dairy cow diets: Differences in feed intake, milk yield and quality, and nitrogen efficiency. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 29(4), 378-387. DOI: 10.1017/S1742170513000252
• Behling Neto, A., Reis, R.H.P.D., Cabral, L.D.S., Abreu, J.G.D., Sousa, D.D.P., & Sousa, F.G.D. (2017). Nutritional value of sorghum silage of different purposes. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, 41(3), 288-299. DOI: 10.1590/1413- 70542017413038516
• Bernard, J.K., West, J.W., & Trammell, D.S. (2002). Effect of replacing corn silage with annual ryegrass silage on nutrient digestibility, ıntake and milk yield for lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 85(9), 2277-2282. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74307-5
• Borreani, G., Tabacco, E., Schmidt, R.J., Holmes, B.J. & Muck, R.E. (2018). Silage review: factors affecting dry matter and quality losses in silages. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(5), 3952-3979. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13837
• Chaves, B., De Vliegher, A., Van Waes, J., Carlier, L., & Marynissen, B. (2009). Change in agronomie performance of Lolium perenne and Lolium multiflorum varieties in the past 40 years based on data from Belgian VCU trials. Plant Breeding, 128(6), 680-690. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439- 0523.2009.01621.x
• Chen, L., Dong, Z., Li, J. & Shao, T. (2019). Ensiling characteristics, in vitro rumen fermentation, microbial communities and aerobic stability of low-dry matter silages produced with sweet sorghum and alfalfa mixtures. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 99(5), 2140- 2151. DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9406
• Chiambiro, G., Madzimure, J. & Mpofu, I.D.T. (2022). Constraints and opportunities of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) silage production and utilisation by smallholder milk production sector in Zimbabwe. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 54(2), 105. DOI: 10.1007/s11250- 022-03084-z
• Colombini, S., Galassi, G., Crovetto, G.M. & Rapetti, L. (2012). Milk production, nitrogen balance, and fiber digestibility prediction of corn, whole plant grain sorghum, and forage sorghum silages in the dairy cow. Journal of Dairy Science, 95(8), 4457- 4467. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4444
• Elferink, S.J.W.H.O., Driehuis, F., Gottschal, J.C., & Spoelstra, S.F. (2000). Silage fermentation processes and their manipulation. FAO Plant Production and Protection Papers, 17-30.
• Ergün A., Tuncer Ş.D., Çolpan İ., Yalçın S., Yıldız G. vd. (2016). Yemler Yem Hijyeni ve Teknolojisi. Genişletilmiş 6. Baskı, Kardelen Ofset, Ankara.0020
• FAO. (2021). Faostat Analytıcal Brıef 60 Agricultural Production Statistics 2000-2021 Faostat Analytical Brief 60 Faostat Crops And Lıvestock Productıon Introductıon. Agricultural Production Statistics 2000-2021, 60, 1-17.
• Getachew, G., Putnam, D.H., De Ben, C.M. & De Peters, E.J. (2016). Potential of sorghum as an alternative to corn forage. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 07(07), 1106-1121. DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2016.77106
• Hadebe, S. T., Modi, A. T. & Mabhaudhi, T. (2017). Drought tolerance and water use of cereal crops: A focus on sorghum as a food security crop in sub‐ Saharan Africa. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 203(3), 177-191.
• Kaiser, A.G., Piltz, J.W., Burns, H.M. & Neil, W.G. (2004). Successful silage. Dairy Australia and New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, 405-467. DOI: 10.2134/agronmonogr42.c9
• Kaymak, G. , Gülümser, E. , Can, M. , Acar, Z. & Ayan, İ. (2021). Yapraklı ve Yarı Yapraklı Yem Bezelyesi Çeşitleri ile Tek Yıllık Çim Karışımlarının Silaj Kalitesinin Belirlenmesi. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 11(2), 1595-1602. DOI: 10.21597/jist.867823
• Khosravi, M., Rouzbehan, Y., Rezaei, M., & Rezaei, J. (2018). Total replacement of corn silage with sorghum silage improves milk fatty acid profile and antioxidant capacity of Holstein dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(12), 10953-10961. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14350
• Kızılşimşek, M., Erol, A., Dönmez, R. & Katrancı, B. (2016). Silaj mikro florasının birbirleri ile ilişkileri, silaj fermentasyonu ve kalitesi üzerine etkileri. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(2), 136. DOI: 10.18016/ksujns.35488
• Li, Y. & Nishino, N. (2013). Effects of ensiling fermentation and aerobic deterioration on the bacterial community in italian ryegrass, guinea grass, and whole-crop maize silages stored at high moisture content. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 26(9), 1304-1312. DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2013.13175
• McDonald, P., Henderson, A.R. & Heron, S.J.E. (1991). The Biochemistry of Silage. 2nd Edition. Chalcombe Publications. Mallow, Bucks (UK), DOI: 10.1017/ S0014479700023115
• Miron, J., Zuckerman, E., Sadeh, D., Adin, G., Nikbachat, M., Yosef, E., Ben-Ghedalia, D., Carmi, A., Kipnis, T. & Solomon, R. (2005). Yield, composition and in vitro digestibility of new forage sorghum varieties and their ensilage characteristics. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 120(1-2), 17-32. DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.01.008
• Mohd-Setapar, S.H., Abd-Talib, N. & Aziz, R. (2012). Review on crucial parameters of silage quality. APCBEE Procedia, 3, 99-103. DOI: 10.1016/j.apcbee.2012.06.053
• Mut, H., Gülümser, E., Çopur Doğrusöz, M. & Başaran, U. (2020). Koca Fiğ ile İtalyan Çimi Karışımlarının Silaj Kalitesinin Belirlenmesi. ÇOMÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(2), 391-396. DOI: 10.33202/comuagri.753574
• Okumuş, A. (2021). İkinci ürün mısır silajına fındık zurufu ilavesinin silaj fermantasyonu, aerobik stabilite ve in vitro gaz üretimi üzerine etkileri. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 5-7pp, 72s.
• Ozkurt, M., Tufan, Y. & Karadag, Y. (2022). Feed Quality Parameters of Silage Corn Cultivars in Mus Ecological Conditions. Levantine Journal of Applied Sciences, 2(1), 12-18).
• Öztürk, O. (2022). Effects of different irrigation methods on yield, plant water consumption and some forage quality values of Italian grass (Lolium multiflorum). Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 59(2), 313-322. DOI: 10.20289/zfdergi.991023
• Partigöç, N.S. & Soğancı, S. (2019). Küresel İklim Değişikliğinin Kaçınılmaz Sonucu: Kuraklık.. Resilience, 3 (2), 287-299. DOI: 10.32569/resilience.619219
• Pino, F. & Heinrichs, A.J. (2017). Sorghum forage in precision-fed dairy heifer diets. Journal of Dairy Science, 100(1), 224-235. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11551
• Pond, W.G., Church, D.B., Pond, K.R. & Schoknecht, P.A. (2004). Basic animal nutrition and feeding. John Wiley & Sons. New York.
• Ran, T., Tang, S.X., Yu, X., Hou, Z.P., Hou, F.J., Beauchemin, K.A., Yang, W.Z., & Wu, D.Q. (2021). Diets varying in ratio of sweet sorghum silage to corn silage for lactating dairy cows: Feed intake, milk production, blood biochemistry, ruminal fermentation, and ruminal microbial community. Journal of Dairy Science, 104(12), 12600-12615. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20408
• Ranum, P., Peña-Rosas, J.P. & Garcia-Casal, M.N. (2014). Global maize production, utilization, and consumption. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1312(1), 105-112. DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12396
• Rotz, C.A., Ford, S.A. & Buckmaster, D.R. (2015). Silages in farming systems. In Silage Science and Technology, 505-546. DOI: 10.2134/agronmonogr42.c11
• Sakai, T., Devkota, N.R., Oishi, K., Hirooka, H., & Kumagai, H. (2015). Evaluation of total mixed ration silage with brewers grains for dairy buffalo in Tarai, Nepal. Animal Science Journal, 86(10), 884-890. DOI: 10.1111/asj.12374
• Samarappuli, D. & Berti, M. T. (2018). Intercropping forage sorghum with maize is a promising alternative to maize silage for biogas production. Journal of Cleaner Production, 194, 515-524. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.083
• Sánchez-Duarte, J.I., Kalscheur, K.F., García, A.D., & Contreras-Govea, F.E. (2019). Short communication: Meta-analysis of dairy cows fed conventional sorghum or corn silages compared with brown midrib sorghum silage. Journal of Dairy Science, 102(1), 419-425. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14552
• Şahin, A. (2019). İtalyan çimi ( Lolium Multiflorum Cv . Caramba) silajına farklı oranlarda melas katılmasının silaj kalitesi üzerine etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Hatay, Türkiye, 37s.
• Şahin, İ.F. & Zaman, M. (2010). Hayvancılıkta önemli bir yem kaynağı: Silaj. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 15(23)1-18.
• Taş, T. & Uçak, A.B. (2020). Yarı kurak iklim koşullarında yetiştirilen silaj mısır çeşitlerinin bazı agronomi ve kalite özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Eurasian Journal of Forest Science, 8(3), 171-180. DOI: 10.3195/ejejfs.770351
• Valente, M.E., Borreani, G., Peiretti, P.G. & Tabacco, E. (2000). Codified morphological stage for predicting digestibility of Italian ryegrass during the spring cycle. Agron. J., 967-973. DOI: 10.2134/agronj2000.925967x
• Wang, T., Jiao, J., Wang, H., Allan Degen, A., Gou, N., Li, S., Bai, Y. & Shang, Z. (2020). The effects of supplementing sweet sorghum with grapeseeds on dry matter intake, average daily gain, feed digestibility and rumen parameters and microbiota in lambs. Animal Feed Science and Technology, November, 114750. DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114750
• Wang, Z.Y., Nagel, J., Potrykus, I. & Spangenberg, G. (1993). Plants from cell suspension-derived protoplasts in Lolium species. Plant Science, 94(1-2), 179-193. DOI: 10.1016/0168- 9452(93)90019-V
• Wilkinson, J.M. & Rinne, M. (2018). Highlights of progress in silage conservation and future perspectives. Grass and Forage Science, 73(1), 40-52.
• Wu, P., Fu, X., Wang, H., Hou, M. & Shang, Z. (2021). Effect of silage diet (Sweet Sorghum vs. wholecrop corn) and breed on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of lambs. Animals, 11(11), 3120. DOI: 10.3390/ani11113120
• Yan, R., Chen, S., Zhang, X., Han, J., Zhang, Y. & Undersander, D. (2011). Short communication: Effects of replacing part of corn silage and alfalfa hay with Leymus chinensis hay on milk production and composition. Journal of Dairy Science, 94(7), 3605-3608. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3536
• Yan, Y., Li, X., Guan, H., Huang, L., Ma, X., Peng, Y., Li, Z., Nie, G., Zhou, J., Yang, W., Cai, Y. & Zhang, X. (2019). Microbial community and fermentation characteristic of Italian ryegrass silage prepared with corn stover and lactic acid bacteria. Bioresource Technology, 279, 166-173. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.01.107
• Zhang, S.J., Chaudhry, A.S., Ramdani, D., Osman, A., GUO, X.F., Edwards, G.R. & Cheng, L. (2016). Chemical composition and in vitro fermentation characteristics of high sugar forage sorghum as an alternative to forage maize for silage making in Tarim Basin, China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 15(1), 175-182. DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(14)60939-4
• Zhao, J., Yin, X., Wang, S., Li, J., Dong, Z.H. & Shao, T. (2022). Changes in the fermentation products, taxonomic and functional profiles of microbiota during high-moisture sweet sorghum silage fermentation. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13(August), 1-12. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.967624