Sentetik Atıksuyun Dreissena polymorpha'da Antioksidan Savunma Sistemine Etkisi
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 9 Sayı: 3, 307 - 313, 30.09.2024
Nuran Cikcikoglu Yildirim
,
Osman Serdar
,
Gökhan Önder Ergüven
,
Gozde Ergul
,
Numan Yıldırım
Öz
Sentetik atık suyun Dreissena polymorpha'da antioksidan savunma sistemi üzerine etkileri değerlendirildi. Bu amaçla ticari kitler kullanılarak dokulardaki SOD, CAT, GPX aktiviteleri ile TBARS ve GSH düzeyleri belirlendi. Sentetik grupta SOD ve CAT aktivitelerinin D. polymorpha'da 24 ve 96 saat boyunca kontrol grubuna göre daha düşük olduğu belirlendi (p<0.05). D. polymorpha örneklerinin hücrelerinin sentetik atık suya maruz bırakılmasından sonra, GSH seviyelerinde azalma ve ardından TBARS seviyelerinde artış gözlendi ve bu durum onların kararsız durumlarını yansıtıyordu. Çalışmadan elde edilen verilere göre izlenen biyobelirteçlerin kentsel atık suyun biyokimyasal mekanizmalarını erken uyarı göstergesi olarak değerlendirmede faydalı ve etkili olduğu sonucuna varılabilir.
Etik Beyan
Etik bir durum gerekmemektedir
Kaynakça
- Abdellah, M., Mustapha, D. & Abdelmalek, B. (2020).
Ecotoxicity Assessment of Industrial Wastewater:
Evolution of Catalase Activity as A Biomarker of
Oxıdative Stress in The Mussels Mytilus
Galloprovincialis and Perna Perna. Revue
Agrobiologia, 10(1), 1770-86.
- Belda, M.T., Guerrero, J.J.V., Betancor, M.K., Reyes,
G.P., Pleiter, M.D., Leganes, F., Rosal, R. &
Pinas, F.F. (2021). Understanding nanoplastic
toxicity and their interaction with engineered
cationic nanopolymers in microalgae by
physiological and proteomic approaches.
Environmental Science: Nano, 8, 2277-2296.
- Bowman, M.F. & Bailey, R.C. (1998). Upper pH
tolerance limit of the zebra mussel (Dreissena
polymorpha). Canadian Journal of Zoology,
76(11), 2119-2123.
- Cavenave, J., Bacchetta, C., Rossi, A., Ale, A.,
Campana, M. & Parma, M.J. (2013).
Deleterious effects of wastewater on the health
status of fish: a field caging study. Ecological
Indicators, 38, 104-112.
- Cruz, N., Oliva, L.M.G., Martinez, M.G., Figueroa,
S.R., Flores, H.I., Medina, S.G., Vargas, J.M.J.
& Reyes, N.S.J. (2015). Oxidative stress in
Cyprinus carpio induced by hospital wastewater
in Mexico Nadia. Ecotoxicology, 24, 181-193.
- Dalzochio, T., Rodrigues, G.Z.P., Petry, I.E., Gehlen, G.
& da Silva, L.B. (2016). The use of biomarkers
to assess the health of aquatic ecosystems in
Brazil: a review. International Aquatic Research
8, 283-298.
- Deng, Y., Guo, C., Zhang, H., Yin, X., Wu, D. & Xu, J.
(2020). Occurrence and removal of illicit drugs in
different wastewater treatment plants with
different treatment techniques. Environmental
Sciences Europe, 32, 28.
- Droge, W. (2002). Free radicals in the physiological
control of cell function. Physiological Reviews,
82(1), 47-95.
- Elshamy A.I., Abd-ElGawad A.M., El Gendy A.E.N. G.
& Assaeed A.M. (2019). Chemical
characterization of Euphorbia heterophylla L.
essential oils and their antioxidant activity and
allelopathic potential on Cenchrus echinatus L.
Chemistry & Biodiversity, 16(5), e1900051.
- Geba, E., Rioult, D., Palluel, O., Dedourge-Geffard, O.,
Betoulle, S., Aubert, D. & Bigot-Clivot, A.
(2021). Resilience of Dreissena polymorpha in
wastewater effluent: Use as a bioremediation
tool?, Journal of Environmental Management,
278, 111513.
- Goedkoop, W., Naddafi, R. & Grandin, U. (2011).
Retention of N and P by zebra mussels (Dreissena
polymorpha pallas) and its quantitative role in the nutrient budget of eutrophic Lake Ekoln,
Sweden. Biological Invasions, 13(5), 1077-1086.
- Gusti, A.M.T., Qusti, S.Y., Alshammari, E.M., Toraih,
E.A. & Fawzy, M.S. (2021). Antioxidants-
Related Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase
(CAT), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX),
Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST), and Nitric
Oxide Synthase (NOS) Gene Variants Analysis in
an Obese Population: A Preliminary Case-Control
Study. Antioxidants (Basel), 13, 10(4), 595.
- Gwoździński, L., Krawczyk, P., Dworniak, D.,
Kowalczyk, E. & Błaszczyk, J. (2010).
Alterations in the erythrocyte plasma membranes
in patients with alcohol-induced liver cirrhosis -
preliminary results. Archives of Medical Science,
7(1), 87-91.
- Hassan, H.M. & Scandalios, J.M. (1990). Superoxide
dismutases in aerobic organisms. In: Alscher,
R.G., Cumming, J.R. (Eds.), Stress Responses in
Plants: Adaptation and Acclimatation
Mechanisms. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 175-
199.
- Karatayev, A.Y., Burlakova, L.E. & Padilla, D.K.
(2002). Impacts of zebra mussels on aquatic
communities and their role as ecosystem
engineers. In: Invasive Aquatic Species of
Europe. Distribution, Impacts and Management.
Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp. 433-446.
- Krismastuti, F.S.H. & Hamim, N. (2019). Designing a
formulation of synthetic wastewater as
proficiency testing sample: a feasibility study on
a laboratory scale. Accreditation and Quality
Assurance, 24, 437-441.
- Krishnamurthy, P. & Wadhwani, A. (2012). In
Antioxidant Enzyme (Ed: El Missiry, M. A.). In
Tech Science, Technology & Medicine, Vienna,
Austria, Ch. 1, pp. 4-18.
- Modesto, K.A. & Martinez, C.B.R. (2010). Roundup®
causes oxidative stress in liver and inhibits
acetylcholinesterase in muscle and brain of the
fish Prochilodus lineatus. Chemosphere, 78(3),
294-299.
- Oakes, K.D., McMaster, M.E. & van Der Kraak, G.J.
(2004). Oxidative stress responses in longnose
sucker (Catostomus catostomus) exposed to pulp
and paper mill and municipal sewage effluents.
Aquatic Toxicology, 67, 255-271.
- Orozco, M.R., Hernandez-Saavedra, N.Y., Valle, F.A.,
Gonzalez, B.A. & Ochoa, J.L. (1998). Cell yield
and superoxide dismutase activity of the marine
yeast Debaryomyces hansenii under different
culture conditions. Journal of Marine
Biotechnology, 6(4), 255-259.
- Parolini, M., Binelli, A., Cogni, D. & Provini, A. (2010).
Multi-biomarker approach for the evaluation of
the cyto-genotoxicity of paracetamol on the zebra
mussel (Dreissena polymorpha). Chemosphere,
79(5), 489-498.
- Pastorino, P., Prearo, M., Anselmi, S., Menconi, V.,
Bertoli, M., Dondo, A., Pizzul, E. & Renzi, M.
(2021). Use of the zebra mussel Dreissena
polymorpha (Mollusca, Bivalvia) as a
bioindicator of microplastics pollution in
freshwater ecosystems: A case study from Lake
Iseo (North Italy). Water, 13(4), 434.
- Radi, A.A.R., Hai, D.Q., Matkovics, B. & Gabrielak, T.
(1985). Comparative antioxidant enzyme study in
fresh water fish with different types of feeding
behaviour. Comparative Biochemistry and
Physiology, 81(2), 395-399.
- Rajasulochana, P. & Preethy, V. (2016). Comparison on
efficiency of various techniques in treatment
of waste and sewage water: A comprehensive
review. Resource-Efficient Technologies, 2(4),
175-184.
- Ross, D. (1988). Glutathione, free radicals and
chemotherapeutic agents. Mechanisms of free
radical induced toxicity and glutathione-
dependent protection. Pharmacology &
Therapeutics. 37(2), 231-249.
- Samanta, P., Im, H., Yoo, J., Lee, H., Kim, N.Y., Kim,
W., Hwangc, S.J., Kim, K.W. & Jung, J. (2018).
Comparative assessment of the adverse outcome
of wastewater effluents by integrating oxidative
stress and histopathological alterations in endemic
fish. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 35(344),
81-89.
- Sarwar, U., Ahmed, T., Saeed, S., Abdullah, S., Javed,
M., Abbas, K. & Zia, M.A. (2014). Purification
and partial characterization of liver catalase
enzyme from controlled and Pb + Cd metal
mixture stressed grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon
idella). 34 th Pakistan Congress of Zoology, 25-
27 February 2014, Bahauddin Zakria University,
Multan.
- Serdar, O., Aydin, R. & Soylemez, H. (2021). Effect of
Beta-Cyfluthrin Pesticide on Zebra Mussel
(Dressienna polymorpha). International Journal
of Pure and Applied Scirnce, 7(3), 462-471.
- Sheng, Y., Abreu, I.A., Cabelli, D.E., Maroney, M.J.,
Miller, A.F., Teixeira, M. & Valentina, J.S.
(2014). Superoxide Dismutases and Superoxide
Reductases. Chemical Reviews, 9, 114(7).
- Singh, D.V., Upadhyay, A.K., Singh, R. & Singh, D.P.
(2022). Implication of municipal wastewater on
growth kinetics, biochemical profile, and defense
system of Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus
vacuolatus. Environmental Technology &
Innovation, 26, 102334.
- Tabrez, S. & Ahmad, M. (2009). Effect of wastewater
intake on antioxidant and marker enzymes of
tissue damage in rat tissues: Implications for the
use of biochemical markers. Food and Chemical
Toxicology, 47(10), 2465-2478.
- Tatar, S., Cikcikoglu Yildirim, N., Serdar, O., Yildirim,
N. & Ogedey, A. (2018). The using of Gammarus
pulex as a biomonitor in ecological risk
assessment of secondary effluent from municipal
wastewater treatment plant in Tunceli, Turkey.
Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An
International Journal, 24(3), 819-829.
- Tatar, S.Y., Obek, E. & Yildirim, N.C. (2017).
Antioxidant Response in Duckweed After
Exposure to Secondary Effluent from Municipal
Wastewater Treatment Plant, Elazig, Turkey.
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology, 99(3),
- Tetreault, G.R., Kleywegt, S., Marjan, P., Bragg, L.M.,
Arlos, M., Fuzzen, M., Smith, B., Moon, T.,
Massarsky, A., Metcalfe, C., Oakes, K.D.,
Mcmaster, M.E. & Servos, M. (2021).
Biological responses fish exposed to municipal
wastewater treatment plant effluent in situ. Water
Quality Research Journal, 56(2), 83-99.
- Upadhyay, A.K., Singh, R., Singh D.V., Singh, L. &
Singh, D.P. (2021). Microalgal consortia
technology: A novel and sustainable approach of
resource reutilization, waste management and
lipid production. Environmental Technology &
Innovation, 23, 101600.
- Van der Oost, R., Beyer, J. & Vermeulen, N.P.E. (2003).
Fish bioaccumulation and biomarkers in
environmental risk assessment: a review.
Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology,
13(2), 57-149.
- Verlecar, X.N., Jena, K.B. & Chainy, G.B.N. (2008).
Modulation of antioxidant defences in digestive
gland of Perna viridis, on mercury exposures.
Chemosphere, 71(10), 1977-1985. DOI:
10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.12.014
- Yildirim, N.C., Aksu, O., Tatar, S. & Yildirim, N.
(2020). The Use of Astacus leptodactylus
(Eschscholtz, 1823) as a Test Species for Toxicity
Evaluation of Municipal Wastewater Treatment
Plant Effluents. Pollution, 6(1), 35-41.
- Zama, D., Meraihi, Z., Tebibel, S., Benayssa, W. &
Benayache, F. (2007). Chlorpyrifos-Induced
Oxidative Stress and Tissue Damage in the Liver
Protective Role of the Butanolic Extract of
Paronychia argentea L. Indian Journal of
Pharmacology, 39(3), 145-150.
Effect of Synthetic Wastewater on Antioxidant Defence System in Dreissena polymorpha
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 9 Sayı: 3, 307 - 313, 30.09.2024
Nuran Cikcikoglu Yildirim
,
Osman Serdar
,
Gökhan Önder Ergüven
,
Gozde Ergul
,
Numan Yıldırım
Öz
The effects of the synthetic wastewater on antioxidant defence system in Dreissena polymorpha evaluated. For this purpose, SOD, CAT, GPX activities and TBARS and GSH levels in tissues were determined by using commercial kits. The activities of SOD and CAT were in sythtetic group were determined lower than the control group in D. polymorpha during 24 and 96 h (p<0.05). After exposure of the cells of D. polymorpha samples to synthetic wastewater, depletion in GSH levels and subsequent increase in TBARS levels were observed, reflecting their unstable state. According to the data obtained from the study, it can be concluded that the biomarkers monitored are useful and effective in evaluating the biochemical mechanisms of urban wastewater as early warning indicators.
Etik Beyan
There is no need for ethical statement.
Kaynakça
- Abdellah, M., Mustapha, D. & Abdelmalek, B. (2020).
Ecotoxicity Assessment of Industrial Wastewater:
Evolution of Catalase Activity as A Biomarker of
Oxıdative Stress in The Mussels Mytilus
Galloprovincialis and Perna Perna. Revue
Agrobiologia, 10(1), 1770-86.
- Belda, M.T., Guerrero, J.J.V., Betancor, M.K., Reyes,
G.P., Pleiter, M.D., Leganes, F., Rosal, R. &
Pinas, F.F. (2021). Understanding nanoplastic
toxicity and their interaction with engineered
cationic nanopolymers in microalgae by
physiological and proteomic approaches.
Environmental Science: Nano, 8, 2277-2296.
- Bowman, M.F. & Bailey, R.C. (1998). Upper pH
tolerance limit of the zebra mussel (Dreissena
polymorpha). Canadian Journal of Zoology,
76(11), 2119-2123.
- Cavenave, J., Bacchetta, C., Rossi, A., Ale, A.,
Campana, M. & Parma, M.J. (2013).
Deleterious effects of wastewater on the health
status of fish: a field caging study. Ecological
Indicators, 38, 104-112.
- Cruz, N., Oliva, L.M.G., Martinez, M.G., Figueroa,
S.R., Flores, H.I., Medina, S.G., Vargas, J.M.J.
& Reyes, N.S.J. (2015). Oxidative stress in
Cyprinus carpio induced by hospital wastewater
in Mexico Nadia. Ecotoxicology, 24, 181-193.
- Dalzochio, T., Rodrigues, G.Z.P., Petry, I.E., Gehlen, G.
& da Silva, L.B. (2016). The use of biomarkers
to assess the health of aquatic ecosystems in
Brazil: a review. International Aquatic Research
8, 283-298.
- Deng, Y., Guo, C., Zhang, H., Yin, X., Wu, D. & Xu, J.
(2020). Occurrence and removal of illicit drugs in
different wastewater treatment plants with
different treatment techniques. Environmental
Sciences Europe, 32, 28.
- Droge, W. (2002). Free radicals in the physiological
control of cell function. Physiological Reviews,
82(1), 47-95.
- Elshamy A.I., Abd-ElGawad A.M., El Gendy A.E.N. G.
& Assaeed A.M. (2019). Chemical
characterization of Euphorbia heterophylla L.
essential oils and their antioxidant activity and
allelopathic potential on Cenchrus echinatus L.
Chemistry & Biodiversity, 16(5), e1900051.
- Geba, E., Rioult, D., Palluel, O., Dedourge-Geffard, O.,
Betoulle, S., Aubert, D. & Bigot-Clivot, A.
(2021). Resilience of Dreissena polymorpha in
wastewater effluent: Use as a bioremediation
tool?, Journal of Environmental Management,
278, 111513.
- Goedkoop, W., Naddafi, R. & Grandin, U. (2011).
Retention of N and P by zebra mussels (Dreissena
polymorpha pallas) and its quantitative role in the nutrient budget of eutrophic Lake Ekoln,
Sweden. Biological Invasions, 13(5), 1077-1086.
- Gusti, A.M.T., Qusti, S.Y., Alshammari, E.M., Toraih,
E.A. & Fawzy, M.S. (2021). Antioxidants-
Related Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase
(CAT), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX),
Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST), and Nitric
Oxide Synthase (NOS) Gene Variants Analysis in
an Obese Population: A Preliminary Case-Control
Study. Antioxidants (Basel), 13, 10(4), 595.
- Gwoździński, L., Krawczyk, P., Dworniak, D.,
Kowalczyk, E. & Błaszczyk, J. (2010).
Alterations in the erythrocyte plasma membranes
in patients with alcohol-induced liver cirrhosis -
preliminary results. Archives of Medical Science,
7(1), 87-91.
- Hassan, H.M. & Scandalios, J.M. (1990). Superoxide
dismutases in aerobic organisms. In: Alscher,
R.G., Cumming, J.R. (Eds.), Stress Responses in
Plants: Adaptation and Acclimatation
Mechanisms. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 175-
199.
- Karatayev, A.Y., Burlakova, L.E. & Padilla, D.K.
(2002). Impacts of zebra mussels on aquatic
communities and their role as ecosystem
engineers. In: Invasive Aquatic Species of
Europe. Distribution, Impacts and Management.
Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp. 433-446.
- Krismastuti, F.S.H. & Hamim, N. (2019). Designing a
formulation of synthetic wastewater as
proficiency testing sample: a feasibility study on
a laboratory scale. Accreditation and Quality
Assurance, 24, 437-441.
- Krishnamurthy, P. & Wadhwani, A. (2012). In
Antioxidant Enzyme (Ed: El Missiry, M. A.). In
Tech Science, Technology & Medicine, Vienna,
Austria, Ch. 1, pp. 4-18.
- Modesto, K.A. & Martinez, C.B.R. (2010). Roundup®
causes oxidative stress in liver and inhibits
acetylcholinesterase in muscle and brain of the
fish Prochilodus lineatus. Chemosphere, 78(3),
294-299.
- Oakes, K.D., McMaster, M.E. & van Der Kraak, G.J.
(2004). Oxidative stress responses in longnose
sucker (Catostomus catostomus) exposed to pulp
and paper mill and municipal sewage effluents.
Aquatic Toxicology, 67, 255-271.
- Orozco, M.R., Hernandez-Saavedra, N.Y., Valle, F.A.,
Gonzalez, B.A. & Ochoa, J.L. (1998). Cell yield
and superoxide dismutase activity of the marine
yeast Debaryomyces hansenii under different
culture conditions. Journal of Marine
Biotechnology, 6(4), 255-259.
- Parolini, M., Binelli, A., Cogni, D. & Provini, A. (2010).
Multi-biomarker approach for the evaluation of
the cyto-genotoxicity of paracetamol on the zebra
mussel (Dreissena polymorpha). Chemosphere,
79(5), 489-498.
- Pastorino, P., Prearo, M., Anselmi, S., Menconi, V.,
Bertoli, M., Dondo, A., Pizzul, E. & Renzi, M.
(2021). Use of the zebra mussel Dreissena
polymorpha (Mollusca, Bivalvia) as a
bioindicator of microplastics pollution in
freshwater ecosystems: A case study from Lake
Iseo (North Italy). Water, 13(4), 434.
- Radi, A.A.R., Hai, D.Q., Matkovics, B. & Gabrielak, T.
(1985). Comparative antioxidant enzyme study in
fresh water fish with different types of feeding
behaviour. Comparative Biochemistry and
Physiology, 81(2), 395-399.
- Rajasulochana, P. & Preethy, V. (2016). Comparison on
efficiency of various techniques in treatment
of waste and sewage water: A comprehensive
review. Resource-Efficient Technologies, 2(4),
175-184.
- Ross, D. (1988). Glutathione, free radicals and
chemotherapeutic agents. Mechanisms of free
radical induced toxicity and glutathione-
dependent protection. Pharmacology &
Therapeutics. 37(2), 231-249.
- Samanta, P., Im, H., Yoo, J., Lee, H., Kim, N.Y., Kim,
W., Hwangc, S.J., Kim, K.W. & Jung, J. (2018).
Comparative assessment of the adverse outcome
of wastewater effluents by integrating oxidative
stress and histopathological alterations in endemic
fish. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 35(344),
81-89.
- Sarwar, U., Ahmed, T., Saeed, S., Abdullah, S., Javed,
M., Abbas, K. & Zia, M.A. (2014). Purification
and partial characterization of liver catalase
enzyme from controlled and Pb + Cd metal
mixture stressed grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon
idella). 34 th Pakistan Congress of Zoology, 25-
27 February 2014, Bahauddin Zakria University,
Multan.
- Serdar, O., Aydin, R. & Soylemez, H. (2021). Effect of
Beta-Cyfluthrin Pesticide on Zebra Mussel
(Dressienna polymorpha). International Journal
of Pure and Applied Scirnce, 7(3), 462-471.
- Sheng, Y., Abreu, I.A., Cabelli, D.E., Maroney, M.J.,
Miller, A.F., Teixeira, M. & Valentina, J.S.
(2014). Superoxide Dismutases and Superoxide
Reductases. Chemical Reviews, 9, 114(7).
- Singh, D.V., Upadhyay, A.K., Singh, R. & Singh, D.P.
(2022). Implication of municipal wastewater on
growth kinetics, biochemical profile, and defense
system of Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus
vacuolatus. Environmental Technology &
Innovation, 26, 102334.
- Tabrez, S. & Ahmad, M. (2009). Effect of wastewater
intake on antioxidant and marker enzymes of
tissue damage in rat tissues: Implications for the
use of biochemical markers. Food and Chemical
Toxicology, 47(10), 2465-2478.
- Tatar, S., Cikcikoglu Yildirim, N., Serdar, O., Yildirim,
N. & Ogedey, A. (2018). The using of Gammarus
pulex as a biomonitor in ecological risk
assessment of secondary effluent from municipal
wastewater treatment plant in Tunceli, Turkey.
Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An
International Journal, 24(3), 819-829.
- Tatar, S.Y., Obek, E. & Yildirim, N.C. (2017).
Antioxidant Response in Duckweed After
Exposure to Secondary Effluent from Municipal
Wastewater Treatment Plant, Elazig, Turkey.
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology, 99(3),
- Tetreault, G.R., Kleywegt, S., Marjan, P., Bragg, L.M.,
Arlos, M., Fuzzen, M., Smith, B., Moon, T.,
Massarsky, A., Metcalfe, C., Oakes, K.D.,
Mcmaster, M.E. & Servos, M. (2021).
Biological responses fish exposed to municipal
wastewater treatment plant effluent in situ. Water
Quality Research Journal, 56(2), 83-99.
- Upadhyay, A.K., Singh, R., Singh D.V., Singh, L. &
Singh, D.P. (2021). Microalgal consortia
technology: A novel and sustainable approach of
resource reutilization, waste management and
lipid production. Environmental Technology &
Innovation, 23, 101600.
- Van der Oost, R., Beyer, J. & Vermeulen, N.P.E. (2003).
Fish bioaccumulation and biomarkers in
environmental risk assessment: a review.
Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology,
13(2), 57-149.
- Verlecar, X.N., Jena, K.B. & Chainy, G.B.N. (2008).
Modulation of antioxidant defences in digestive
gland of Perna viridis, on mercury exposures.
Chemosphere, 71(10), 1977-1985. DOI:
10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.12.014
- Yildirim, N.C., Aksu, O., Tatar, S. & Yildirim, N.
(2020). The Use of Astacus leptodactylus
(Eschscholtz, 1823) as a Test Species for Toxicity
Evaluation of Municipal Wastewater Treatment
Plant Effluents. Pollution, 6(1), 35-41.
- Zama, D., Meraihi, Z., Tebibel, S., Benayssa, W. &
Benayache, F. (2007). Chlorpyrifos-Induced
Oxidative Stress and Tissue Damage in the Liver
Protective Role of the Butanolic Extract of
Paronychia argentea L. Indian Journal of
Pharmacology, 39(3), 145-150.