The Importance of Propolis in Combating COVID-19

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 22 - 40, 28.06.2021

Meltem Uçar

https://doi.org/10.35206/jan.932050

Cited By: 3

Öz

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been going on since November 2019 in the World with different variants of SARS-CoV-2. Effective vaccine and drug investigations for COVID-19 are still ongoing. For decreasing the mortality rate of COVID-19 keeping social distance, using a mask, washing hands, and improving immune systems are important. Propolis is a natural bee product that contains various bioactive substrates such as polyphenolic acids, flavonoids, vitamins, minerals. Propolis via antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antithrombotic activities could be used as prophylactic or adjuvant COVID-19 treatment.

Anahtar Kelimeler

COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Propolis

Kaynakça

• Al Naggar, Y., Giesy, J.P., Abdel-Daim, M. M., Ansari, M. J., Al-Kahtani, S. N. & Yahya, G. (2021) Fighting against the second wave of COVID-19: Can honeybee products help protect against the pandemic? Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28, 1519-1527. ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.12.031)
• Ali, A. M. & Kunugi, H. (2021). Propolis, bee honey, and their components protect against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A review of in silico, in vitro, and clinical studies. Molecules, 26, 1232. ( http://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051232)
• Berretta, A. A., Silveira, M. A. D., Capcha, J. M. C.& De Jong, D. (2020). Propolis and its potential against SARS-CoV-2 infection mechanisms and COVID-19 disease Running title: Propolis against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 131, 110622. ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110622)
• Braakhuis, A. (2019). Evidence on the health benefits o supplemental propolis. Nutrients, 11, 2705. ( http://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112705)
• Burdock, G.A. (1998). Review of the biological properties and toxicity of bee propolis (propolis). Food and Chemical Toxicology, 36(4), 347-363. ( https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(97)00145-2)
• Cvek, J., Medic-Saric, M., Vitali, D., Vedrina-Dragojevic, I., Smit, Z. & Tomic, S. (2008). The content of essential and toxic elements in Croatian propolis samples and their tinctures. Journal of Apicultural Research and Bee World, 47(1), 35–45.
• Conti, P., Caraffa, A., Gallenga, C.E., Kritas, S. K., Frydas, I., Younes, A., Emidio, P.D., Tetè, G., Pregliasco, F. & Ronconi, G. (2021). The British variant of the new coronavirus-19 (Sars-Cov-2) should not create a vaccine problem. Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents, 35(1), 1-4.35(1): 1-4. ( http://doi.org/10.23812/21-3-E)
• Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Viral Proteins, Sigma-Aldrich. (2021) Retrieved April 28, 2021 from https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/technical-documents/protocols/biology/ncov-coronavirus-proteins.html In text reference: (Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Viral Proteins, Sigma-Aldrich, 2021).
• Coronavirus: 'Double mutant' Covid variant found in India, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2021, from ( https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-56507988) In text reference: (Coronavirus: 'Double mutant' Covid variant found in India, 2021).
• Çolak, M. (2009, Summer). Effects of Bee Pollen and Propolis Extracts on Expression of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels in Metastatic Human Prostate Cancer Cell Lines. [Ph.D. thesis, Karadeniz Technical University]. Available from Council of Higher Education and Theses database. (Thesis No. 266646) https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
• Dalan, R., Bornstein, S. R., El-Armouche, A., Rodionov, R. N., Markov, A., Wielockx, B., Beuschlein, F. & Boehm, B. O. (2020). The ACE-2 in COVID-19: Foe or friend? Hormone and Metabolic Research, 52, 257-263. ( http://doi.org/10.1055/a-1155-0501)
• Debiaggi, M., Tateo, F., Pagani, L., Luini, M. & Romero, E. (1990). Effects of propolis flavonoids on virus infectivity and replication. Microbiologica, 13(3), 207-13.
• Duarte Silveira, M. A., De Jong, D., dos Santos Galvao, E. B., Ribeiro, J. C., Silva, T. C., Berratta, A. A., Amorim, T. C., San Martin, R. L. A., da Rebelo Conceiçao, L. F. M., Gomes, M. M. D., Teixeira, M. B., de Souza, S. P., dos Santos, M. H. C., de Oliveira Silva, M., Lírio, M., Moreno, L., Sampaio, J. C. M., Mendonça, R., Ultchak, S. S., … da Hora Passos, R. (2021). Efficacy of propolis as an adjunct treatment for hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A randomized, controlled clinical trial. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 138, 111526.
• Duca, A., Sturza, A., Moacă, E.-A., Negrea, M., Lalescu, V.-D., Lungeanu, D., Dehelean, C. A., Muntean, D. M. & Alexa, E. (2019). Identification of Resveratrol as bioactive compound of propolis from Western Romania and characterization of phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts. Molecules, 24, 3368. ( http://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24183368)
• Erdemli, H. K., Akyol, S., Armutcu, F. & Akyol, O. (2015). Antiviral properties of caffeic acid phenethyl ester and its potential application. Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology, 4(4), 344–347. ( http://doi.org10.5455/jice.20151012013034)
• Feng, H., Liu, Y., Lv, M. & Zhong, J. (2020). A case report of COVID‑19 with false negative RT‑PCR test: necessity of chest CT. Japanese Journal of Radiology, 38(5), 409-410. ( http://doi.org/10.1007/s11604-020-00967-9)
• Fiorini, A. C., Scorza, C. A., de Almeida, A. -C. G., Fonseca, M. C. M., Finsterer, J., Fonseca, F. L. A. & Scorza, F. A. (2021). Antiviral activity of Brazilian Green Propolis extract against SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus2) infection: Case report and review. Clinics, 76, e2357. ( https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2021/e2357)
• Governa, P., Cusi, M. G., Borgonetti, V., Sforcin, J. M., Terrosi, C., Baini, G., Miraldi, E. & Biagi, M. (2019). Beyond the biological effect of a chemically characterized Poplar Propolis: Antibacterial and antiviral activity and comparison with Flurbiprofen in cytokines release by LPS-stimulated human mononuclear cells. Biomedicine, 7, 73. ( http://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines7040073)
• Guler, H. B., Tatar, G., Yildiz, O., Belduz, A. O. & Kolaylı, S. (2020), An investigation of ethanolic propolis extracts: Their potential inhibitor properties against ACE-II receptors for COVID-19 treatment by Molecular Docking Study. ScineceOpen Reprit, ( http://doi.org/10.14293/S2199-1006.1.SOR-.PP5BWN4.v1)
• Haris, Z., Rubinstein, A., Golodner, M., Elmaliah, M. & Mizrachi, Y. (1997). Suppression of HIV-1 replication by propolis and its immunoregulatory effect. Drugs Under Experimental And Clinical Research, 23(2), 89-96.
• Harisna, H. A., Nurdiansyah, R., Syaifie, P. H., Nugroho, D. W., Saputro, K. E., Firdayani, Prakoso, C. D., Rochman, N. T., Maulana, N. N., Noviyanto, A. & Mardliyati, E. (2021) In silico investigation of potential inhibitors to main protease and spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 in propolis. Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports, 26, 100969. ( http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.100969)
• Hoffmann, M., Kleine-Weber, H., Schroeder, S., Krüger, N., Herrier, T., Erichsen, S., Schiergens, T. S., Herrler, G., Wu, N.-H., Nitsche, A., Müller, M. A., Drosten, C. & Pöhlmann, S. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell, 181, 271-280. ( http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052)
• Huang, J., Song, W., Huang, H. & Sun, Q. (2020). Pharmacological therapeutics targeting RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase, Proteinase and Spike Protein: From mechanistic studies to clinical trials for COVID-19. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9, 1131. ( http://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041131)
• Jain, A. S., Sushma, P., Dharmashekar, C., Beelagi, M. S., Prasad, S. K., Shivamallu, C., Prasad, A., Syed, A., Marraiki, N. & Prasad, K. S. (2021). In silico evaluation of flavonoids as effective antiviral agents on the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(1), 1040-1051. ( http://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.11.049)
• Jin, Y.-H., Cai, L., Cheng, Z.-S., Cheng, H., Deng, T., Fan, Y.-P., Fang, C., Huang, D., Huang, L.-Q., Huang, Q., Han, Y., Hu, B., Hu, F., Li, B.-H., Li, Y.-R., Liang, K., Lin, L.-K., Luo, L.-S., Ma, J.,…Wang, X. H. (2020). A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version), Military Medical Research, 7, 4. ( https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-0233-6)
• Kaushik, N., Subramani, C., Anang, S., Muthumohan, R., Shalimar, Nayak, B., Ranjith-Kumar, C.T. & Surjita, M. (2017). Zinc salts block Hepatitis E Virus replication by inhibiting the activity of Viral RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase. Journal of Virology, 91(21), e00754-17. ( https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00754-17)
• Khayrani, A. C., Irdiani, R., Aditama, R., Pratami, D. K., Lischer, K., Ansari, M. J., Chinnathambi, A., Alharbi, S. A., Almoallim, H. S. & Sahlan, M. (2021). Evaluating the potency of Sulawesi propolis compounds as ACE-2 inhibitors through molecular docking for COVID-19 drug discovery preliminary study. Journal of King Saud University-Science, 33, 101297. ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2020.101297)
• Keflie, T. S., Phil, M. & Biesalski, H. K. (2021). Micronutrients and bioactive substances: Their potential roles in combating COVID-19. Nutrition, 84, 111103. ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2020.111103)
• Kim, G.-u., Kim, M. –J., Ra, S. H., Lee, J., Bae, S., Jung, J. & Kim, S. -H. (2020). Clinical characteristics of asymptomatic and symptomatic patients with mild COVID-19. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 26(7), 948.e1-948.e3. ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.04.040)
• Kosari, M., Noureddini, M., Khamechi, S. P., Najafi, A., Ghaderi, A., Sehat, M. & Banafshe, H. R. (2021). The effect of propolis plus Hyoscyamus niger L. methanolic extract on clinical symptoms in patients with acute respiratory syndrome suspected to COVID-19: A clinical trial. Phytotherapy Research, 2021, 1-7. ( http://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7116)
• Kumara, V., Dhanjal, J. K., Bhargava, P., Kaul, A., Wang, J., Zhang, H., Kaul, S. C., Wadhwa, R. & Sundar, D. (2020). Withanone and Withaferin-A are predicted to interact with transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS’) and block entry of SARS-CoV-2 into cells. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 1-13. ( http://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1775704)
• Kumarb, V., Dhanjal, J. K., Kaul, S. C., Wadhwa, R. & Sundar, D. (2020). Withanone and caffeic acid phenethyl ester are predicted to interact with main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 and inhibit its activity. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 1-14. ( http://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1772108)
• Labska, K., Plodkova, H., Pumannova, M. & Sensch, K. H. (2018). Antiviral activity of propolis special extract GH 2002 against Varicella zoster virus in vitro. Pharmazie, 73, 733-736. ( http://doi.org/10.1691/ph.2018.8672)
• Lima, W. G., Brito, J. C. M. & da Cruz Nizer, W. S. (2020). Bee products as a source of promising therapeutic and chemoprophylaxis strategies against COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2). Phytotherapy Research. 2020, 1-8.( http://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6872)
• Marcucci, M. C. (1995). Propolis: chemical composition, biological properties and therapeutic activity, Apidologie, 26, 83-99.
• Maruta H. & He H. (2020). PAK1-BLOCKERS: Potential Therapeutics against COVID-19. Medicine in Drug Discovery, 6, 100039. ( http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100039)
• Ohkuara, N., Maruyama, K. & Kihara-Negishi, F. (2020). Possible antithrombotic properties of propolis. Journal of Apitherapy, 7(1), 1–9. ( http://doi.org/10.5455/ja.20190807071847)
• Refaat, H., Mady, F. M., Sarhan, H. A., Rateb, H. S. & Alaaeldin, E. (2021). Optimization and evaluation of propolis liposomes as a promising therapeutic approach for COVID-19. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 592, 120028. ( http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120028)
• Ripari, N., Sartori, A. A., da Silva Honorio, M., Conte, F. L., Tasca, K. I., Santiago, K. B. & Sforcin, J. M. (2021). Propolis antiviral and immunomodulatory activity: a review and perspectives for COVID-19 treatment. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Vol XX, 1-19. ( http://doi.org/10.1093/jpp/rgaa067)
• Sahlan, M., Irdiani, R., Flamandita, D., Aditama, R., Alfarraj, S., Ansari, M. J., Khayrani, A. C., Pratami, D. K. & Lischer, K. (2021). Molecular interaction analysis of Sulawesi propolis compounds with SARS-CoV-2 main protease as preliminary study for COVI-19 drug discovery. Journal of King Saud University, 33, 101234. ( http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2020.101234)
• Santos, L. M., Fonseca, M. S., Sokolonski, A. R., Deegan, K. R., Araujo, R. P. C., Umsza-Guez, M. A., Barbosa, J. D. V., Portela, R. D. & Machado, B. A. S. (2019). Propolis: types, composition, biological activities, and veterinary product patent prospecting. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 100, 1369-1382. ( http://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10024)
• Shi, Z. H., Li, N. G., Tang, Y. P., Wei, L., Lian, Y., Yang, J. P., Hao, T. & Duan, J. A. (2012). Metabolism-based synthesis, biologic evaluation and SARs analysis of O-methylated analogs of quercetin as thrombin inhibitors, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 54, 210-212. ( http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.04.044)
• Singh, S., Sonawane, A. & Sadhukhan, S. (2020). Plant-derived natural polyphenols as potential antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 via RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibition: an in-silico analysis. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 28, 1-16. ( http://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1796810)
• Singhal, T. (2020). A review of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 87(4), 281-286. ( http://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-020-03263-6)
• Shubharani, R., Mahesh, M. & Murthy, V. N. Y. (2019). Biosynthesis and Characterization, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Selenium Nanoparticles from Ethanol Extract of Bee Propolis. Journal of Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology, 10, 1. ( http://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7439.1000522)
• Soroy, L., Bagus, S., Yongkie, I. P., & Djoko, W. (2014). The effect of a unique propolis compound (Propoelix™) on clinical outcomes in patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever. Infection and Drug Resistance, 7, 323–329. ( http://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S71505)
• Te Velthuis, A. J. W., van den Worm, S. H. E., Sims, A. C., Baric, R. S., Baric, Snijder E. J. & van Hemert, M. J. (2010). Zn2+ inhibits Coronavirus and Arterivirus RNA Polymerase activity in vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture. PLoS Pathogens, 6(11), e1001176.
• Tosic, S., Stojanovic, G., Mitic, S., Pavlovic, A. & Alagic, S. (2017). Mineral Composition of Selected Serbian Propolis samples. Journal of Apicultural Science, 61(1), 5-15. ( http://doi.org/10.1515/jas-2017-0001)
• United States Food and Drug Administration. 2020. FDA cautions against use of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine for COVID-19 outside of the hospital setting or a clinical trial due to risk of heart rhythm problems. 2020. Retrieved April 28, 2021 from https://www.fda.gov/safety/medical-product-safety-information/hydroxychloroquine-or-chloroquine-covid-19-drug-safety-communication-fda-cautions-against-use In text reference: (United States Food and Drug Administration, 2020)
• Vijayakumar, B. G., Ramesh, D., Joji, A., Jayachandra Prakasan, J. & Kannan, T. (2020). In silico pharmacokinetic and molecular docking studies of natural flavonoids and synthetic indole chalcones against essential proteins of SARS-CoV-2. European Journal of Pharmacology, 886, 173448. ( http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173448)
• Vipul, K., Dhanjal, J.K., Kaul, S.C., Wadhwa, R. & Sundar, D. (2020). Withanone and caffeic acid phenethyl ester are predicted to interact with main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 and inhibit its activity. Journal of Biomelecular Structure and Dynamics, 1, 1-13. ( http://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1772108)
• Volz, E, Hill, V., McCrone, J.T., Price, A., Jorgensen, D., Toole, A. O. Southgate, J., Johnson, R., Jackson, B., Nascimento, F. F., Rey, S. M., Nicholls, S. M., Colquhoun, R. M., da Silva Filipe, A., Shepherd, J., Pascall, D. J., Shah, R., Jesudason, N., Li, K., Jarrett, R.,…Connor, T. R. (2021). Evaluating the Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Mutation D614G on Transmissibility and Pathogenicity. Cell, 184(1), 64–75.e11.( http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.020)
• WHO. (2021a). Retrieved April 27, 2021 from https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novelcoronavirus2019?gclid=Cj0KCQjwyZmEBhCpARIsALIzmnKDVG9NN9IY9VnZ46UYJw4VXCrjihnt7kqPUQUW6nSprhThpL5nZDcaAvoZEALw_wcB In text reference: (WHO, 2021a).
• WHO. (2021b) Retrieved April 27, 2021 from https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_3 In text reference: (WHO, 2021b).
• Yildirim, A., Duran, G. G., Duran, N., Jenedi, K., Bolgul, B. S., Miraloglu, M. & Muz, M. (2016). Antiviral activity of Hatay Propolis against replication of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Type 2. Medical Science Monitor, 22, 422-430. ( http://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.897282)
• Zhang, L., Jackson, C. B., Mou, H., Ojha, A., Peng, H., Quinlan, B. D., Rangarajan, E. S., Pan, A., Vanderheiden, A., Suthar, M.S., Li, W., Izard, T., Rader, C., Farzan, M. & Choe, H. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 spike-protein D614G mutation increases virion spike density and infectivity. Nature Communication, 11, 6013. ( https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19808-4)
• Zitek, T. (2020). The Appropriate Use of Testing for COVID-19. The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 21(3), 470–472. ( http://doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2020.4.47370)
• Zulhendri, F., Felitti, R., Fearnley, J. & Ravalia, M. (2021). The use of propolis in dentistry, oral health, and medicine: A review. Journal of Oral Biosciences, 63, 23-34. ( http://doi.org/10.1016/j.job.2021.01.001)