Investigation of Life Satisfaction in Esports Athletes in Terms of Mindfulness and Gaming Motivation
Year 2023,
Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 164 - 173, 30.09.2023
Egemen Mancı
,
Seyhan Bekir
,
Samet Makas
,
Alp Kaan Kilci
,
Yasin Nuri Çakır
,
Zsolt Demetrovics
Abstract
Purpose: This research aims to examine the life satisfaction of esports players in terms of mindfulness and motivation to play. In this study, in which the relational screening model was used,
Material and Methods: T.C. 257 esports athletes who participated in the Esports Literacy project supported by the Ministry of Youth and Sports were included. In this study, as data collection tools "Online Gaming Motivation Scale", "Motivational Playing Scale”, “Life Satisfaction Scale”, “Bergen Insomnia Scale”, and “Conscious Awareness Scale” was used.
Results: The findings of the study showed that motivation to play, mindfulness and insomnia explained 13% of the variance in life satisfaction in esports athletes. It has been determined that there is a negative and significant relationship between sleeplessness and life satisfaction of esports athletes, a positive and significant relationship between motivation to socialize in the game and success motivation in the game, mindfulness has a negative relationship with insomnia and a positive and significant relationship with success motivation in the game.
Conclusion: As a result, it is thought that increasing life satisfaction, conscious awareness, motivation to socialize in the game and success motivation in the game, and reducing the insomnia of the esports athletes are the factors that need to be improved for the athletes to increase their game performance and be more successful in their careers.
Thanks
We thank you to the “Esports Education” project.
References
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- Smith MJ, Birch PD, Bright D. Identifying stressors and coping strategies of elite esports competitors. International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations (IJGCMS). 2019;11(2):22-39. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJGCMS.2019040102.
- Aslan, T. ve Çoknaz, D. Güçlü ve zayıf yönleri ile espor: Yönetici ve akademisyen bakış açısına dayalı nitel bir çalışma. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2021; 6(1), 118-136. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.904500
- Marta RF, Syarnubi KL, Wang C, Cahyanto IP, Briandana R, Isnaini M. Gaining public support: Framing of esports news content in the COVID-19 pandemic. SEARCH Journal of Media and Communication Research. 2021;13(2):71-86.
- Bartle R. Hearts, clubs, diamonds, spades: Players who suit MUDs. Journal of MUD research. 1996;1(1):19.
- Yee N. Motivations for play in online games. CyberPsychology & behavior. 2006;9(6):772-5. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2006.9.772.
- Hamari J, Alha K, Järvelä S, Kivikangas JM, Koivisto J, Paavilainen J. Why do players buy in-game content? An empirical study on concrete purchase motivations. Computers in Human Behavior. 2017;68:538-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.045.
- Giardina, A., Di Blasi, M., Schimmenti, A., King, D. L., Starcevic, V., & Billieux, J. Online gaming and prolonged self-isolation: evidence from Italian gamers during the COVID-19 outbreak. Clinical Neuropsychiatry. 2021;18(1), 65. https://doi.org/10.36131/cnfioritieditore20210106
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- Rosenzweig, S., Reibel, D. K., Greeson, J. M., Brainard, G. C., & Hojat, M. Mindfulness-based stress reduction lowers psychological distress in medical students. Teaching and learning in medicine. 2003;15(2), 88-92. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328015TLM1502_03
- Dylan R Poulus, Tristan J Coulter, Michael G Trotter & Remco Polman. A qualitative analysis of the perceived determinants of success in elite esports athletes, Journal of Sports Sciences. 2022;40:7, 742-753. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2021.2015916
- Baer RA. Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: a conceptual and empirical review. Clinical psychology: Science and practice. 2003;10(2):125. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bpg015.
- Bishop SR, Lau M, Shapiro S, Carlson L, Anderson ND, Carmody J, et al. Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical psychology: Science and practice. 2004;11(3):230. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bph077.
- Sherry JL. Flow and media enjoyment. Communication theory. 2004;14(4):328-47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2004.tb00318.x.
- Gackenbach J, Bown J. Mindfulness and video game play: A preliminary inquiry. Mindfulness. 2011;2(2):114-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-011-0049-2.
- AlMarzooqi, M. A., Alhaj, O. A., Alrasheed, M. M., Helmy, M., Trabelsi, K., Ebrahim, A., Hattab, S., et al. Symptoms of Nomophobia, Psychological Aspects, Insomnia and Physical Activity: A Cross-Sectional Study of ESports Players in Saudi Arabia. Healthcare. 2022;10(2), 257. MDPI AG. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10020257
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- Bányai F, Griffiths MD, Király O, Demetrovics Z. The psychology of esports: A systematic literature review. Journal of gambling studies. 2019;35:351-65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-018-9763-1
- Fazeli S, Zeidi IM, Lin C-Y, Namdar P, Griffiths MD, Ahorsu DK, et al. Depression, anxiety, and stress mediate the associations between internet gaming disorder, insomnia, and quality of life during the COVID-19 outbreak. Addictive Behaviors Reports. 2020;12:100307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100307.
- Medicine AAoS. International classification of sleep disorders. Diagnostic and coding manual. 2005:148-52.
- Dopheide JA. Insomnia overview: epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and monitoring, and nonpharmacologic therapy. The American journal of managed care. 2020;26(4 Suppl):S76-S84. https://doi.org/10.37765/ajmc.2020.42769.
- Olfson M, Wall M, Liu S-M, Morin CM, Blanco C. Insomnia and impaired quality of life in the United States. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2018;79(5):9151. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.17m12020.
- Alimoradi Z, Jafari E, Broström A, Ohayon MM, Lin C-Y, Griffiths MD, et al. Effects of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) on quality of life: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep medicine reviews. 2022:101646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101699.
- Bai W, Zhao Y-J, Cai H, Sha S, Zhang Q, Lei S-M, et al. Network analysis of depression, anxiety, insomnia and quality of life among Macau residents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of affective disorders. 2022;311:181-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.061.
- LeBlanc S, Uzun B, Aydemir A. Structural relationship among mindfulness, reappraisal and life satisfaction: The mediating role of positive affect. Current Psychology. 2021;40:4406-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00383-x.
- Brickman P. Hedonic relativism and planning the good society. Adaptation level theory. 1971:287-301.
- Diener E, Emmons RA, Larsen RJ, Griffin S. The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of personality assessment. 1985;49(1):71-5. doi: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13.
- Pavot W, Diener E. The affective and cognitive context of self-reported measures of subjective well-being. Social indicators research. 1993;28:1-20. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01086714.
- Jan M, Masood T. An assessment of life satisfaction among women. Studies on home and community science. 2008;2(1):33-42. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09737189.2008.11885250.
- Wei H-T, Chen M-H, Huang P-C, Bai Y-M. The association between online gaming, social phobia, and depression: an internet survey. BMC psychiatry. 2012;12(1):1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-12-92
- Heppner PP, Wampold BE. Psikolojik danışmada araştırma yöntemleri: Mentis Yayıncılık; 2008.
- McKay AK, Stellingwerff T, Smith ES, Martin DT, Mujika I, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, et al. Defining Training and Performance Caliber: A Participant Classification Framework. International journal of sports physiology and performance. 2022;17(2):317-31. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2021-0451.
- Scharkow M, Festl R, Vogelgesang J, Quandt T. Beyond the “core-gamer”: Genre preferences and gratifications in computer games. Computers in Human Behavior. 2015;44:293-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.020.
- Toth AJ, Conroy E, Campbell MJ. Beyond action video games: Differences in gameplay and ability preferences among gaming genres. Entertainment Computing. 2021;38:100408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.entcom.2021.100408.
- Dindar M, Akbulut Y. Motivational characteristics of Turkish MMORPG players. Computers in Human Behavior. 2014;33:119-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.01.016.
- Dağlı, A., & Baysal, N. (2016). Adaptation of the satisfaction with life scale into Turkish: the study of validity and reliability. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 15(59), 1250-1262. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.75955
- Pallesen, S., Bjorvatn, B., Nordhus, I. H., Sivertsen, B., Hjørnevik, M. A. R. I., & Morin, C. M. A new scale for measuring insomnia: the Bergen Insomnia Scale. Perceptual and motor skills. 2008;107(3), 691-706. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.107.3.691-706
- Bay T., Ergün A. Validity and reliability of Bergen Insomnia Scale (BIS) among adolescents. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2018;8(4):268-75.
- Brown KW, Ryan RM. The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of personality and social psychology. 2003;84(4):822. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822.
- Özyeşil Z, Arslan C, Kesici Ş, Deniz ME. Bilinçli farkındalık ölçeği’ni Türkçeye uyarlama çalışması. Eğitim ve Bilim. 2011;36(160).
- George, D. SPSS for windows step by step: A simple study guide and reference, 17.0 update, 10/e. Pearson Education India. 2011
- Büyüköztürk, Ş. Sosyal Bilimler için Veri Analizi El Kitabı İstatistik, Araştırma Deseni SPSS Uygulamaları ve Yorum, PegemA Yayıncılık, Genişletilmiş 22. Baskı, Ankara. 2016
- Lee S, Bonnar D, Roane B, Gradisar M, Dunican IC, Lastella M, et al. Sleep characteristics and mood of professional esports athletes: A multi-national study. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2021;18(2):664. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020664.
- Kaya A, Türk N. Espor, Depresyon, Anksiyete ve Stres. In: Mancı E, Bekir S, Çakır YN, editors. Espora Multidisipliner Yaklaşımlar. 1. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım; 2022. p. 69-78.
- Garland SN, Campbell T, Samuels C, Carlson LE. Dispositional mindfulness, insomnia, sleep quality and dysfunctional sleep beliefs in post-treatment cancer patients. Personality and Individual Differences. 2013;55(3):306-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.03.003.
Year 2023,
Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 164 - 173, 30.09.2023
Egemen Mancı
,
Seyhan Bekir
,
Samet Makas
,
Alp Kaan Kilci
,
Yasin Nuri Çakır
,
Zsolt Demetrovics
References
- Rosell Llorens M. eSport gaming: the rise of a new sports practice. Sport, Ethics and Philosophy. 2017;11(4):464-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/17511321.2017.1318947.
- Smith MJ, Birch PD, Bright D. Identifying stressors and coping strategies of elite esports competitors. International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations (IJGCMS). 2019;11(2):22-39. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJGCMS.2019040102.
- Aslan, T. ve Çoknaz, D. Güçlü ve zayıf yönleri ile espor: Yönetici ve akademisyen bakış açısına dayalı nitel bir çalışma. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2021; 6(1), 118-136. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.904500
- Marta RF, Syarnubi KL, Wang C, Cahyanto IP, Briandana R, Isnaini M. Gaining public support: Framing of esports news content in the COVID-19 pandemic. SEARCH Journal of Media and Communication Research. 2021;13(2):71-86.
- Bartle R. Hearts, clubs, diamonds, spades: Players who suit MUDs. Journal of MUD research. 1996;1(1):19.
- Yee N. Motivations for play in online games. CyberPsychology & behavior. 2006;9(6):772-5. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2006.9.772.
- Hamari J, Alha K, Järvelä S, Kivikangas JM, Koivisto J, Paavilainen J. Why do players buy in-game content? An empirical study on concrete purchase motivations. Computers in Human Behavior. 2017;68:538-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.045.
- Giardina, A., Di Blasi, M., Schimmenti, A., King, D. L., Starcevic, V., & Billieux, J. Online gaming and prolonged self-isolation: evidence from Italian gamers during the COVID-19 outbreak. Clinical Neuropsychiatry. 2021;18(1), 65. https://doi.org/10.36131/cnfioritieditore20210106
- Souza L., Freitas A. Consumer behavior of electronic games' players: a study on the intentions to play and to pay. Revista de Administração (São Paulo). 2017;52:419-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rausp.2017.08.004.
- Madden, D., & Harteveld, C. “Constant Pressure of Having to Perform”: Exploring Player Health Concerns in Esports. Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445733
- Hughes, J. W., Fresco, D. M., Myerscough, R., van Dulmen, M., Carlson, L. E., & Josephson, R. Randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based stress reduction for prehypertension. Psychosomatic medicine. 2013; 75(8). https://doi.org./10.1097/PSY.0b013e3182a3e4e5
- Rosenzweig, S., Reibel, D. K., Greeson, J. M., Brainard, G. C., & Hojat, M. Mindfulness-based stress reduction lowers psychological distress in medical students. Teaching and learning in medicine. 2003;15(2), 88-92. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328015TLM1502_03
- Dylan R Poulus, Tristan J Coulter, Michael G Trotter & Remco Polman. A qualitative analysis of the perceived determinants of success in elite esports athletes, Journal of Sports Sciences. 2022;40:7, 742-753. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2021.2015916
- Baer RA. Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: a conceptual and empirical review. Clinical psychology: Science and practice. 2003;10(2):125. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bpg015.
- Bishop SR, Lau M, Shapiro S, Carlson L, Anderson ND, Carmody J, et al. Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical psychology: Science and practice. 2004;11(3):230. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bph077.
- Sherry JL. Flow and media enjoyment. Communication theory. 2004;14(4):328-47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2004.tb00318.x.
- Gackenbach J, Bown J. Mindfulness and video game play: A preliminary inquiry. Mindfulness. 2011;2(2):114-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-011-0049-2.
- AlMarzooqi, M. A., Alhaj, O. A., Alrasheed, M. M., Helmy, M., Trabelsi, K., Ebrahim, A., Hattab, S., et al. Symptoms of Nomophobia, Psychological Aspects, Insomnia and Physical Activity: A Cross-Sectional Study of ESports Players in Saudi Arabia. Healthcare. 2022;10(2), 257. MDPI AG. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10020257
- Palanichamy, T., Sharma, M. K., Sahu, M., & Kanchana, D. M. Influence of Esports on stress: A systematic review. Industrial Psychiatry Journal. 2020; 29(2), 191. https://doi.org/10.4103/ipj.ipj_195_20
- Bányai F, Griffiths MD, Király O, Demetrovics Z. The psychology of esports: A systematic literature review. Journal of gambling studies. 2019;35:351-65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-018-9763-1
- Fazeli S, Zeidi IM, Lin C-Y, Namdar P, Griffiths MD, Ahorsu DK, et al. Depression, anxiety, and stress mediate the associations between internet gaming disorder, insomnia, and quality of life during the COVID-19 outbreak. Addictive Behaviors Reports. 2020;12:100307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100307.
- Medicine AAoS. International classification of sleep disorders. Diagnostic and coding manual. 2005:148-52.
- Dopheide JA. Insomnia overview: epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and monitoring, and nonpharmacologic therapy. The American journal of managed care. 2020;26(4 Suppl):S76-S84. https://doi.org/10.37765/ajmc.2020.42769.
- Olfson M, Wall M, Liu S-M, Morin CM, Blanco C. Insomnia and impaired quality of life in the United States. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2018;79(5):9151. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.17m12020.
- Alimoradi Z, Jafari E, Broström A, Ohayon MM, Lin C-Y, Griffiths MD, et al. Effects of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) on quality of life: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep medicine reviews. 2022:101646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101699.
- Bai W, Zhao Y-J, Cai H, Sha S, Zhang Q, Lei S-M, et al. Network analysis of depression, anxiety, insomnia and quality of life among Macau residents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of affective disorders. 2022;311:181-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.061.
- LeBlanc S, Uzun B, Aydemir A. Structural relationship among mindfulness, reappraisal and life satisfaction: The mediating role of positive affect. Current Psychology. 2021;40:4406-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00383-x.
- Brickman P. Hedonic relativism and planning the good society. Adaptation level theory. 1971:287-301.
- Diener E, Emmons RA, Larsen RJ, Griffin S. The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of personality assessment. 1985;49(1):71-5. doi: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13.
- Pavot W, Diener E. The affective and cognitive context of self-reported measures of subjective well-being. Social indicators research. 1993;28:1-20. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01086714.
- Jan M, Masood T. An assessment of life satisfaction among women. Studies on home and community science. 2008;2(1):33-42. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09737189.2008.11885250.
- Wei H-T, Chen M-H, Huang P-C, Bai Y-M. The association between online gaming, social phobia, and depression: an internet survey. BMC psychiatry. 2012;12(1):1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-12-92
- Heppner PP, Wampold BE. Psikolojik danışmada araştırma yöntemleri: Mentis Yayıncılık; 2008.
- McKay AK, Stellingwerff T, Smith ES, Martin DT, Mujika I, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, et al. Defining Training and Performance Caliber: A Participant Classification Framework. International journal of sports physiology and performance. 2022;17(2):317-31. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2021-0451.
- Scharkow M, Festl R, Vogelgesang J, Quandt T. Beyond the “core-gamer”: Genre preferences and gratifications in computer games. Computers in Human Behavior. 2015;44:293-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.020.
- Toth AJ, Conroy E, Campbell MJ. Beyond action video games: Differences in gameplay and ability preferences among gaming genres. Entertainment Computing. 2021;38:100408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.entcom.2021.100408.
- Dindar M, Akbulut Y. Motivational characteristics of Turkish MMORPG players. Computers in Human Behavior. 2014;33:119-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.01.016.
- Dağlı, A., & Baysal, N. (2016). Adaptation of the satisfaction with life scale into Turkish: the study of validity and reliability. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 15(59), 1250-1262. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.75955
- Pallesen, S., Bjorvatn, B., Nordhus, I. H., Sivertsen, B., Hjørnevik, M. A. R. I., & Morin, C. M. A new scale for measuring insomnia: the Bergen Insomnia Scale. Perceptual and motor skills. 2008;107(3), 691-706. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.107.3.691-706
- Bay T., Ergün A. Validity and reliability of Bergen Insomnia Scale (BIS) among adolescents. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2018;8(4):268-75.
- Brown KW, Ryan RM. The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of personality and social psychology. 2003;84(4):822. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822.
- Özyeşil Z, Arslan C, Kesici Ş, Deniz ME. Bilinçli farkındalık ölçeği’ni Türkçeye uyarlama çalışması. Eğitim ve Bilim. 2011;36(160).
- George, D. SPSS for windows step by step: A simple study guide and reference, 17.0 update, 10/e. Pearson Education India. 2011
- Büyüköztürk, Ş. Sosyal Bilimler için Veri Analizi El Kitabı İstatistik, Araştırma Deseni SPSS Uygulamaları ve Yorum, PegemA Yayıncılık, Genişletilmiş 22. Baskı, Ankara. 2016
- Lee S, Bonnar D, Roane B, Gradisar M, Dunican IC, Lastella M, et al. Sleep characteristics and mood of professional esports athletes: A multi-national study. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2021;18(2):664. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020664.
- Kaya A, Türk N. Espor, Depresyon, Anksiyete ve Stres. In: Mancı E, Bekir S, Çakır YN, editors. Espora Multidisipliner Yaklaşımlar. 1. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım; 2022. p. 69-78.
- Garland SN, Campbell T, Samuels C, Carlson LE. Dispositional mindfulness, insomnia, sleep quality and dysfunctional sleep beliefs in post-treatment cancer patients. Personality and Individual Differences. 2013;55(3):306-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.03.003.