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BREXIT OPTIONS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF ECONOMIC INTEGRATION STAGES

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 71 - 81, 30.03.2019
https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2019.1016

Öz

Purpose - This research examines the exit options of the United Kingdom from the European Union and discusses the possible trade relations
between the United Kingdom and the European Union after the exit.
Methodology - In this article, the exit options are discussed from the perspective of the economic integration stages. The monetary union stage
is evaluated by using least squares method.
Findings - The monetary union would not lead to significant changes in the import and export levels of the United Kingdom. Customs Union is
the first best for the United Kingdom as she will have closer trade relations with the European Union, and on the other side, will pursue its own
dependent trade policies against the other countries.
Conclusion - From the perspective of economic integration stages, the first best would be the Customs Union. If both sides do not agree on the
Customs Union, then the second best will be free trade area, in that the UK and the EU can make trade agreements that cover crucial trade
products for both sides.

Kaynakça

  • Akses, S., Ataç, E., Ceran, A., Çapanoğlu, S., İleri, C., Kıvılcım, I., Şahin, Y. (2016). Britanya referandumu ve sonrasi: AB entegrasyon sürecinin geleceği ve Türkiye. İktisadi Kalkınma Vakfı (284). ISBN: 978-605-5984-77-9.
  • Baldwin, R., Wyplosz, C. (2006). The economics of European integration. Second Edition. New York, McGraw-Hill.
  • BBC. (2017, October 04). Edward Heath: A profile of the former UK prime minister. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-33772016.
  • Begg, I. (2016). Brexit: why, what next and how? CESifo Forum, 17 (1). pp. 30-36. ISSN 1615- 245X.
  • Bulmer, S., Quaglia, L. (2018). The politics and economies of Brexit. Journal of European Public Policy.25 (8): 1089-1098. DOI: 10.1080/13501763.2018.1467957.
  • Efe, H. (2017). Brexit sonrası Birleşik Krallık ve Avrupa Birliği arasindaki tek pazar üzerine müzakereler: “sert” Brexit mi, “yumuşak” Brexit mi? E. Erol & D. Şekeroğlu (Ed.). In: BREXIT – Elveda Avrupa İngiltere’nin AB’den ayrilmasindan sonra Avrupa bütünleşmesi ve Türkiye‐AB ilişkilerinde firsatlar ve tehditler (Siyasal Kitapevi, pp. 109–136). Ankara.
  • EFTA (n.d.). The basic features of the EEA agreement. Retrieved from http://www.efta.int/eea/eea-agreement/eea-basic-features.
  • European Central Bank (n.d.). Economic and monetary union. Retrieved from https://www.ecb.europa.eu/ecb/history/emu/html/index.en.html.
  • European Commission (2018a). Countries and regions. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/.
  • European Commission (2018b). Intra and Extra-EU trade by member state and by product group. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-datasets/-/EXT_LT_INTRATRD.
  • European Commission (2018c). Draft withdrawal agreement, TF50 (2018) 55 – Commission to EU27. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/draft_withdrawal_agreement_0.pdf.
  • European Parliament (2016, February 18). The UK 'rebate' on the EU budget: An explanation of the abatement and other correction mechanisms. Retrieved from http://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.html?reference=EPRS_BRI%282016%29577973.
  • European Parliament (2015 March). A history of European monetary integration. Retrieved from http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2015/551325/EPRS_BRI(2015)551325_EN.pdf.
  • European Union (2006, June 30). United Kingdom: EMU opt-out clause. Retrieved from http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/b2878f0a-ec3b-451d-a90c-1345c0089462.0002.02/DOC_2.
  • European Union External Action (2016, September 26). Liechtenstein and the EU. Retrieved from https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage_en/7701/Liechtenstein%20and%20the%20EU.
  • Hunt, A., Wheeler, B. (2018, January 27). Brexit: All you need to know about the UK leaving the EU. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-32810887.
  • Konuralp, E., Adaş, S. (2018). Ya Brexit sonrası? Birleşik Krallık’ın AB’den kopuş dönemeci ve alternatifleri. BEÜ SBE Derg.,7(2), 518-540.
  • Lisbon Treaty, Article 50 (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.lisbon-treaty.org/wcm/the-lisbon-treaty/treaty-on-European-union-and-comments/title-6-final-provisions/137-article-50.html.
  • Lynch, M. (2015). Access to history, Britain 1945-2007. Second Edition. London, Hodder Education.
  • Office for National Statistics (2018, July 16). Trade in goods, country-by-commodity experimental data: 2011 to 2016. Retrieved from https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/nationalaccounts/balanceofpayments/articles/tradeingoodscountrybycommodityexperimentaldata2011to2016/2018-04-16.
  • Office for National Statistics (2018, July 16). International trade in services by partner country, UK: January to March 2018. Retrieved from https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/internationaltrade/bulletins/exportsandimportsstatisticsbycountryforuktradeinservices/januarytomarch2018.
  • Pettinger, T. (2016, July 6). UK exchange rate mechanism crisis 1992. Retrieved from https://econ.economicshelp.org/2008/12/exchange-rate-mechanism-crisis-1992.html.
  • Redhill Academy (n.d.). Changes in the UK economic structure: 6. https://www.theredhillacademy.org.uk/pluginfile.php?file=%2F7036%2Fmod_resource%2Fcontent%2F0%2Fchanges_in_th_UK_economy.pdf.
  • Robson, P. (1998). Economics of international integration. Third Edition. New York: Routledge.
  • Sampson, T. (2017). Brexit: the economics of international disintegration. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 31(4): 163-184. doi=10.1257/jep.31.4.163.
  • Sims, A. (2016, October 03). What is the difference between hard and soft Brexit? Everything you need to know. Retrieved from http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brexit-hard-soft-what-is-the-difference-uk-eu-single-market-freedom-movement-theresa-may-a7342591.html.
  • Soytürk, M. (2017). Büyük Britanya’nın Avrupa Birliği ile ilişkisi ve Brexit. The Journal of International Scientific Researches, 2(4), 72–72. https://doi.org/10.23834/isrjournal.280527.
  • The Electoral Commission (n.d.). EU referendum results. Retrieved from https://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/find-information-by-subject/elections-and-referendums/past-elections-and-referendums/eu-referendum/electorate-and-count-information.
  • The Telegraph. (2016, June 16). Britain's 40-year relationship with the EU. Retrieved from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2016/06/16/britains-40-year-relationship-with-the-eu/.
  • Van Reenen, J. (2016). Brexit’s long-run effects on the U.K. economy. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 367-383.
Yıl 2019, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 71 - 81, 30.03.2019
https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2019.1016

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Akses, S., Ataç, E., Ceran, A., Çapanoğlu, S., İleri, C., Kıvılcım, I., Şahin, Y. (2016). Britanya referandumu ve sonrasi: AB entegrasyon sürecinin geleceği ve Türkiye. İktisadi Kalkınma Vakfı (284). ISBN: 978-605-5984-77-9.
  • Baldwin, R., Wyplosz, C. (2006). The economics of European integration. Second Edition. New York, McGraw-Hill.
  • BBC. (2017, October 04). Edward Heath: A profile of the former UK prime minister. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-33772016.
  • Begg, I. (2016). Brexit: why, what next and how? CESifo Forum, 17 (1). pp. 30-36. ISSN 1615- 245X.
  • Bulmer, S., Quaglia, L. (2018). The politics and economies of Brexit. Journal of European Public Policy.25 (8): 1089-1098. DOI: 10.1080/13501763.2018.1467957.
  • Efe, H. (2017). Brexit sonrası Birleşik Krallık ve Avrupa Birliği arasindaki tek pazar üzerine müzakereler: “sert” Brexit mi, “yumuşak” Brexit mi? E. Erol & D. Şekeroğlu (Ed.). In: BREXIT – Elveda Avrupa İngiltere’nin AB’den ayrilmasindan sonra Avrupa bütünleşmesi ve Türkiye‐AB ilişkilerinde firsatlar ve tehditler (Siyasal Kitapevi, pp. 109–136). Ankara.
  • EFTA (n.d.). The basic features of the EEA agreement. Retrieved from http://www.efta.int/eea/eea-agreement/eea-basic-features.
  • European Central Bank (n.d.). Economic and monetary union. Retrieved from https://www.ecb.europa.eu/ecb/history/emu/html/index.en.html.
  • European Commission (2018a). Countries and regions. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/.
  • European Commission (2018b). Intra and Extra-EU trade by member state and by product group. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-datasets/-/EXT_LT_INTRATRD.
  • European Commission (2018c). Draft withdrawal agreement, TF50 (2018) 55 – Commission to EU27. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/draft_withdrawal_agreement_0.pdf.
  • European Parliament (2016, February 18). The UK 'rebate' on the EU budget: An explanation of the abatement and other correction mechanisms. Retrieved from http://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.html?reference=EPRS_BRI%282016%29577973.
  • European Parliament (2015 March). A history of European monetary integration. Retrieved from http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2015/551325/EPRS_BRI(2015)551325_EN.pdf.
  • European Union (2006, June 30). United Kingdom: EMU opt-out clause. Retrieved from http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/b2878f0a-ec3b-451d-a90c-1345c0089462.0002.02/DOC_2.
  • European Union External Action (2016, September 26). Liechtenstein and the EU. Retrieved from https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage_en/7701/Liechtenstein%20and%20the%20EU.
  • Hunt, A., Wheeler, B. (2018, January 27). Brexit: All you need to know about the UK leaving the EU. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-32810887.
  • Konuralp, E., Adaş, S. (2018). Ya Brexit sonrası? Birleşik Krallık’ın AB’den kopuş dönemeci ve alternatifleri. BEÜ SBE Derg.,7(2), 518-540.
  • Lisbon Treaty, Article 50 (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.lisbon-treaty.org/wcm/the-lisbon-treaty/treaty-on-European-union-and-comments/title-6-final-provisions/137-article-50.html.
  • Lynch, M. (2015). Access to history, Britain 1945-2007. Second Edition. London, Hodder Education.
  • Office for National Statistics (2018, July 16). Trade in goods, country-by-commodity experimental data: 2011 to 2016. Retrieved from https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/nationalaccounts/balanceofpayments/articles/tradeingoodscountrybycommodityexperimentaldata2011to2016/2018-04-16.
  • Office for National Statistics (2018, July 16). International trade in services by partner country, UK: January to March 2018. Retrieved from https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/internationaltrade/bulletins/exportsandimportsstatisticsbycountryforuktradeinservices/januarytomarch2018.
  • Pettinger, T. (2016, July 6). UK exchange rate mechanism crisis 1992. Retrieved from https://econ.economicshelp.org/2008/12/exchange-rate-mechanism-crisis-1992.html.
  • Redhill Academy (n.d.). Changes in the UK economic structure: 6. https://www.theredhillacademy.org.uk/pluginfile.php?file=%2F7036%2Fmod_resource%2Fcontent%2F0%2Fchanges_in_th_UK_economy.pdf.
  • Robson, P. (1998). Economics of international integration. Third Edition. New York: Routledge.
  • Sampson, T. (2017). Brexit: the economics of international disintegration. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 31(4): 163-184. doi=10.1257/jep.31.4.163.
  • Sims, A. (2016, October 03). What is the difference between hard and soft Brexit? Everything you need to know. Retrieved from http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brexit-hard-soft-what-is-the-difference-uk-eu-single-market-freedom-movement-theresa-may-a7342591.html.
  • Soytürk, M. (2017). Büyük Britanya’nın Avrupa Birliği ile ilişkisi ve Brexit. The Journal of International Scientific Researches, 2(4), 72–72. https://doi.org/10.23834/isrjournal.280527.
  • The Electoral Commission (n.d.). EU referendum results. Retrieved from https://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/find-information-by-subject/elections-and-referendums/past-elections-and-referendums/eu-referendum/electorate-and-count-information.
  • The Telegraph. (2016, June 16). Britain's 40-year relationship with the EU. Retrieved from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2016/06/16/britains-40-year-relationship-with-the-eu/.
  • Van Reenen, J. (2016). Brexit’s long-run effects on the U.K. economy. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 367-383.
Toplam 30 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ekonomi, Psikolojide Davranış-Kişilik Değerlendirmesi, Finans, İşletme
Bölüm Articles
Yazarlar

Ozlem Toplu Yilmaz 0000-0001-5335-8370

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Mart 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Yilmaz, O. T. (2019). BREXIT OPTIONS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF ECONOMIC INTEGRATION STAGES. Journal of Business Economics and Finance, 8(1), 71-81. https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2019.1016

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