Improvement of Survival in Newborn Offspring

Year 2018, Volume: 12 Issue: 34, 23 - 29, 25.05.2018

Mehmet Koyuncu , Yağmur Duymaz , Merve Karaca

Abstract

A significant portion of the world protein requirement is met by ruminants (sheep, goat, cattle). This is to increase the number of offspring raised by decreasing losses with the number of newborn per root as well as raising the intended yield of the animal breeder. Neonatal mortality in ruminants has remained stubbornly unchanging since long years, and represents a significant loss of farm income and affects animal welfare. However, deaths that occurred shortly before birth and within the first postpartum period are defined as prenatal period deaths. Deaths observed in this period are at the highest level. Post-natal period deaths are deaths in the circuit from the weaning to the prenatal period. Environmental factors are more efficient in deaths in this period. In lambs, kids, calf most deaths occur in the neonatal period. Causes include starvation, injuries, infectious conditions and difficult birth, among others. Following birth, offspring are exposed to bacteria and pathogens that its immune system is unfamiliar with. Lamb and kid survival rate are the most important traits influencing income the herd. Therefore, a great deal of effort should be put toward the care of pregnant and newborns before, during, and after birth. Postnatal longevity is very important in the determination of the adaptation of newborns to the environmental conditions and the profitability of the enterprises. The newborns are essential without immune protection as maternal antibodies are not transported across the placenta. An important strategy for newborn receives adequate colostrum during the first two to three hours of life. Colostrum, is rich with the antibodies that provide protection, from diseases in early life until the calf's own immune system becomes functional. Mortality is now considered the most crucial indicator of welfare level; it was an important indicator of management quality. The first 7 days of life can be to a new-born animal. The neonatal mortality seen in the first few months constitutes 84% of the total mortality rate. Priorities in newborns management; minimize stress at birth, maximize passive immunity, to meet the nutritional needs and maintain animal health as can be sorted. Because of improving the survival of neonatal lamb, kids and calves are essential for the economically and long-term genetic improvement.

Keywords

Lamb, Kid, Calf, Survival, Welfare, Colostrum

References

• Anonymous, 2017a. https://www.compassioninfoodbusiness.com/ (12.04.2017).
• Anonymous, 2017b. http://extension.psu.edu/animals/dairy/courses/calf-care-and-management (24.03.2017)
• Armstrong G 2012, Personal Communication, Project leader “The Sentinel Flock”, Victorian Department of Primary Industries.
• Arthur GH 1996. The development of the conceptus. In: Arthur GH, Nokes DE, Pearson H, Parkinson TJ, eds. Pregnancy and Parturition in Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics, 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 51–109.
• Bendali F, H. Bichet, F. Schelcher, M. Sanaa, 1999. Pattern of diarrhea in newborn beef calves in south-west France. Veterinary Research 30, 61–74.
• Brien FD, SWP. Cloete , N.M. Fogarty, J.F. Greeff, M.L. Hebart, S. Hiendleder, J.E. Hocking Edwards, J.M. Kelly, K.L. Kind, D.O. Kleeman, K.L. Plush and D.R. Miller, 2014. A review of genetic and epigenetic factors affecting lamb survival. Animal Production Science 54, 667–693.
• Carolyn, S., J. Reynolds, 2008. Calf welfare. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. 24: 1,191–203.
• Deaker J., M. Fisher, 2002. The impact of colostrum collection on the health and welfare of calves. Surveillance 29(3): 22-23.
• Donovan GA, I.R. Dohoo, D.M. Montgomery and F.L. Bennett, 1998. Associations between passive immunity and morbidity and mortality in dairy heifers in Florida, USA. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 34, 31–46.
• Dwyer, C.M. 2003. Behavioural development in the neonatal lamb: effect of maternal and birth-related factors. Science Direct 59: 1027-1050.
• Everett-Hincks J.M., K.G. Dodds, 2008. Management of maternal-offspring behaviour to improve lamb survival in easy-care sheep systems. Journal of Animal Science 86, E259-270.
• Fecteau G, D.C. Van Metre, J. Paré, B.P. Smith, R. Higgins, C.A. Holmberg, S. Jang and W. Guterbock, 1997. Bacteriological culture of blood from critically ill neonatal calves. Canadian Veterinary Journal 38, 95–100.
• Gulliksen SM, K.I. Lie, T. Løken and O. Østerås, 2009. Calf mortality in Norwegian dairy herds. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 2782–2795.
• Hall, J.B. 1998. The Cow-Calf Manager: Calving management. Virginia Cooperative Extension Newsletter Archive http://www.sites.ext.vt.edu/newsletter-archive/ livestock/aps-98_02/aps-881.html Hadjipanayiotou M. 1995. Composition of ewe, goat and cow milk and of colostrum of ewes and goats. Small Rum Res, 18: 255– 262.
• Hatcher S, K.D. Atkins, E. Safari, 2009. Phenotypic aspects of lamb survival in Australian Merino sheep, Journal of Animal Science 87, 2781-2790.
• Hatcher S, G.N. Hinch, R. Kilgour, P.J. Hoist, P.G. Refshauge, and C.G. Shands, 2010. Lamb survival balancing genetics, selection, and management. Australian Farm Business Management Journal 7, 65-73.
• Hinch G.N., F. Brien, 2016. Lamb survival in Australian flocks: a review. Animal Production Science 54, 656–666.
• Lacy-Hulbert S.J., D.B. Malcolm, P.J.A. Copeman, M.V. Woolford and R. Franks 1996. Reduction in SCC and colostrum levels in milk after calving. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 56, 263-5.
• Lambex JT 2014. Lambs to survive and thrive. http://www.moffittsfarm.com.au/2014/09/25/lambs-to-survive-and-thrive/ (06.04.2017)
• Lance, S. E., G.Y. Miller, D.D. Hancock, P.C. Bartlett, L.E. Heider, and M.L. Moeschberger 1992. Effects of environment and management on mortality in preweaned dairy calves. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 201:1197–1202.
• Mahboub H.D.H., S.G.A. Ramadan, M.A.Y. Helal and S. Aziz, 2013. Effect of Maternal feeding in late pregnancy on behaviour and performance of Egyptian goat and sheep and their offspring. Global Veterinaria, 11, 168-176.
• Mousa-Balabel, T.M. 2010. The Relationship between Sheep Management and Lamb Mortality. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 41, 1201-1206.
• Nourmohammadzadeh F, Y. Davoudi, G. Abdollahpour, A. Nouri, 2011. The prevalence of rotavirus in neonatal calf diarrhea, using electron microscopic examination.Comparative Clinical Pathology(DOI10.1007/s00580-011-1270 z).
• Nowak, R., P. Poindron, 2006. From birth to colostrum: early steps leading to lamb survival. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 46 (2006) 431–446.
• Patterson, D.J., R.A. Bellows, P.J. Burfening and J.B. Carr, 1987. Occurrence of neonatal and postnatal mortality in range beef cattle. 1. Calf loss incidence from birth to weaning, backward and breech presentations and effect of calf loss on subsequent pregnancy rate of dams. Theriogenology, 28:557-571.
• Relıć R., S. Hrıstov, L. Samolovac, J. Bojkovsk, D. Rogožarskı, 2014. Colostrum management in calves’ Welfare Risk Assessment. Bulletin UASVM Veterinary Medicine 71:1, 187-192.
• Reynolds, J.P. 2014. Evaluating calf welfare.. https://www.avma.org/KB/Policies/Pages/Veal-Calf-Management.aspx (11.10.2014).
• Sevi A., Casamassima D., Pulina G., Pazzona A. 2009. Factors of welfare reductionin dairy sheep and goats. Ital. J. Anim. Sci. vol. 8 (Suppl. 1), 81-101.
• Simensen, E. 1982. An epidemiological study of calf health and performance in Norwegian dairy herds. II. Factors affecting mortality. Acta Agric. Scand. 32:421–427.
• Sjaastad O.V., H. Knut, S. Olvav, 2003. Physiology of domestic animals, Scandinavian Veterinary Press, Oslo, (Norway).
• Svensson, C., A. Linder, S. O. Olsson. 2006. Mortality in Swedish dairy calves and replacement heifers. J. Dairy Sci. 89:4769– 4777.
• Uetake, K. 2013. Newborn calf welfare: A review focusing on mortality rates. Animal Science Journal 84, 101–105.
• Vetter RL, H.W. Norton, U.S. Garrigus, 2010. A study of weaning death losses in lambs. Illinos Agricultural Experiment Station. Urbana.www. Journal of animal science.
• Waelchli, R.O., Müller, Ch., Hässig, M., Rüsch, P., 1994. Immunoglobulin concentrations in colostrum and serum of lambs of dairy sheep breeds. The Veterinary Record 135, 16–17.
• Walker, W.L., W.B. Epperson, T.E. Wittum, L.K. Lord, P.J. Rajala-Schultz and J. Lakritz, 2012. Characteristics of dairy calf ranches: morbidity, mortality, antibiotic use practices and biosecurity and biocontainment practices. Journal of Dairy Science. 95, 2204-2214.
• Young J.M., J. Trompf, A.N. Thompson, 2014. The critical control points for increasing reproductive performance can be used to inform research priorities. Animal Production Science; 54(6):645-55.
• Tizard, I. 1992. Veterinary Immunology: an introduction. 4th ed. W. B. SaundersCompany. London.
• Turkson, P.K., 2003. Lamb and kid mortality in village flocks in the coastal savanna zone of Ghana. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 35 (6), 477-490.