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Bosna-Hersek'in Ulusal Bütünlüğü ve Avrupa'daki Dini, İdeolojik ve Siyasi Çatışması

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 104 - 152, 27.06.2022

Öz

Çalışma, B&H'nin tarihi, dini, ideolojik ve siyasi çekişmelerini, savaş sonrası bütünlüğünü, AB yolunu ve "çoğunlukla Müslüman Avrupa ülkesi" paradigmasını analiz etmektedir. Burada üzerinde durduğu 4 nokta bulunmaktadır. Makale ilke olarak etno-dini kutuplaşma, siyasi radikalizm ve ayrılıkçı süreçlerin çatışma dönüşümünü, sosyo-politik durgunluğu ve etkisiz AB sürecini etkilediğini savunuyor. İkinci unsur B&H'nin İslami radikalizmi/terörizmiyle ilgili yanlış iddialarla ilgili bölgesel ve uluslararası retorik, tarihsel/güncel Balkan dini ve ideolojik çatışmaları için bir metafordur. Üçüncü unsur ise daha geniş bir sosyopolitik bağlamda İslam'ın güvenlikleştirilmesi konusudur. Dördüncüsü ve son olarak, B&H'nin seçim yasası ve bölgesel jeopolitik müdahalesi, ayrılıkçılık ve üçüncü bir Hırvat varlığı yaratma potansiyeli nedeniyle ülkenin bütünlüğünü etkiliyor. Aşırı ve etno-dinsel milliyetçilik, etnopolitiğin ürettiği üç olası düşman kolektivite yaratarak devam etmektedir. B&H'nin bütünlüğünü veya ülkenin dağılma karşıtı modelini ve B&H'nin AB üyeliğini korumak, yeni şiddete ve dinler arası savaşlara karşı Avrupa'nın da güvenli anlamında önemlidir. Bölge'nin en kritik çok ırklı söylemi olan B&H sürekli olarak etnopolitik çatışmalar, çoklu hafıza siyaseti-soykırım inkarı ve ayrılıkçılık kronolojileri gibi krizlerle iç içedir. B&H halklarının tarihsel birliği ve devlet varlığı, ayrılıkçı anlatıların yapay olmadığını, Hırvat ve Sırp milliyetçiliğinin doğası gereği etno-dinsel hegemonik bir yoldaş olduğunu doğrular niteliktedir ve sayıda bölgesel entelektüelin anlatıları (Andrić, Njegoš), "uygar" Batı ile "despot" Doğu arasındaki kutuplaşmaya ilişkin İslam karşıtı söylemleri tarihyazımı, ideolojik ve politik olarak birleştirdi. Osmanlı dönemi, yabancı ve istenmeyen bir gücün mirası olarak damgalandı ve bu düşünce ile B&H ulus-devletinin karmaşıklığına katkıda bulunarak Avrupa medeniyetinden elenmesi gerekiyordu. Bölgesel siyasi liderlerin (Tuđman, Grabar-Kitaroviç) B&H'nin İslami köktenciliği/terörizmi (AB için bir güvenlik tehdidi) ile ilgili yanlış söylemleri, dini ve ideolojik çatışmalar için bir metafor oluşturmaktadır. B&H'nin Boşnakları ve Hırvatları, işlevsel olmayan seçim mevzuatıyla ilgili olarak "dış" müdahale olmaksızın (Hırvatistan) "çatışma dönüşümüne" ilişkin gösterge niteliğinde bir etik diyalog başlatmalılar. Milorad Dodik, Avrupa İslamofobisini istismar ediyor, B&H Müslümanları ile Türkler arasındaki kimlik bağını vurguluyor, Boşnakları kamusal yaşamda Müslüman olarak gösteriyor ve etnik gruplar arası evliliklere karşı ayrımcılık yaparak her üç etnik ve dinsel grubun sağlıklı ilişkilerinde adeta kanser etkisi yaratmaktadır. Bu ise etno-dinsel siyasi antagonizma ve dini kimliklerin kutuplaşması nedeniyle söylemsel radikal ideolojiye uymaktadır. Ayrıca birkaç uluslararası AB liderinin B&H'deki İslami aşırıcılıkla ilgili düşmanca ve yanlış beyanları, İslam'ın daha geniş bir sosyopolitik bağlamda güvenlikleştirilmesini temsil etmektedir. Dünyanın en liberal Müslüman milletlerinden biri olan Avrupalı Yerlli Müslüman Boşnaklar, Avrupa ile Müslüman dünya arasındaki barış diyaloğu için potansiyel bir bağlantıdır. Batı ( AB) "yüzde 100" bir Müslüman devlete izin vermeyeceği için B&H'nin asla bölünmeyeceği hipotezi temellendirilmemiştir. B&H'deki uluslararası başarısızlık, devlet inşasına, uzlaşmaya ve yapıcı grup ve siyasi ilişkiler geliştirmeye geri dönmek için kapsayıcı liberal koşulları gerektirir.

Kaynakça

  • Al Jazeera, 'A total collapse': Alarm as COVID deaths mount in Bosnia, 2021. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/17/a-total-collapse-bosnians-alarmed-over-covid-19-situation
  • Busuladzic, Mustafa, Muslimani u Evropi. Sarajevo, Sejtarija, 1997.
  • Buturovic, Amila, Al Jazeera, Za Andrića i Njegoša islam je strano tijelo na kršćanskom Balkanu, 2019. https://balkans.aljazeera.net/teme/2019/2/10/buturovic-za-andrica-i-njegosa-islam-je-strano-tijelo-na-krscanskom-balkanu
  • Cvitkovic, Ivan, Religion in the jaws of politics, Sarajevo: Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine [Academy of sciences and arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina], volume 47, 2019.
  • Delic, Zlatan, Saric, H. & Osmanovic, N. Significance of Social Capital in Socio-economic Development of Bosnia and Herzegovina, International Business Research Archives. 10/3, 2017, 169-181.
  • Democratization Policy. DPC, Making sense of Croatia's destructive Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) policy. 2021. http://www.democratizationpolicy.org/making-sense-of-croatias-destructive-bosnia-and-herzegovina-bih-polic/
  • Deutsche Welle, Karadzic se nece pokajati [Karadzic will not repent], 2010. https://www.dw.com/hr/karad%C5%BEi%C4%87-se-ne%C4%87e-pokajati/a-5300275
  • Esposito, John, Radiosarajevo, Esposito: BiH i Turska kao većinski muslimanske zemlje teško će u EU, 2013. https://radiosarajevo.ba/vijesti/bosna-i-hercegovina/esposito-bih-i-turska-kao-vecinski-muslimanske-zemlje-tesko-ce-u-eu/127395
  • European Comission, COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL Commission Opinion on Bosnia and Herzegovina’s application for membership of the European Union, 2019. https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/system/files/2019-05/20190529-bosnia-and-herzegovina-opinion.pdf
  • Gombrowicz, Witold, Diary (The Margellos World Republic of Letters), London, Yale University Press, 2012.
  • Hadžić, Faruk, Bosnia Between the Dayton's Peace Straightjacket, Development, and Power Centers' Moral Obligation; Solicitation to Biden, Small Wars Journal, 2020.
  • Hadžić, Faruk, Agnosticism and Atheism as Amoralism and Anti-Ideological Sociopolitical Paradigm in the Balkans, Specifically in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe (OPREE) 41/2, 2021, 67-85.
  • Hadžić, Faruk, The Politicization of Religion and the Sacralized Balkan Nations Regarding Bosnia and Herzegovina." Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe 40/7, 2020, 105-131.
  • Išerič, Harun Judgments of the European Court for Human Rights in Cases Sejdić and Finci, Zornić, Šlaku, and Pilav – nudum ius in BiH, 2019. http://www.fcjp.ba/analize/Harun_Iseric-Presude_ESLJP_Sejdic_i_Finci,_Zornic,_Pilav_i_Slaku%E2%80%93nudum_ius_u_BiH.pdf
  • Karic, Enes, Čekajući Evropu. Sarajevo, Zagreb, Synopsis, 2015.
  • Latal, Srecko, Balkan Insight, New Bosnian Peace Envoy Inherits Mission Impossible, 2021. https://balkaninsight.com/2021/08/09/new-bosnian-peace-envoy-inherits-mission-impossible/2021
  • Lovrenovic, Ivan, Unutarnja zemlja. Kratki pregled kulturne povijesti Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo, Synopsis, 2017.
  • Mazover, Mark, Mračni kontinent – Evropa u dvadesetom veku. Beograd: Arhipelag, 2011.
  • Neskovic, Radomir, Nedosvrsena drzava: Politicki sistem B&H, Sarajevo, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2017.
  • OSCE, OSCE presents the third report on judicial response to corruption in Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2019. https://www.osce.org/mission-to-bosnia-and-herzegovina/471324
  • Page, Scott, The Difference: How the Power of Diversity Creates Better Groups, Firms, Schools, and Societies (New Edition), Princeton, Princetown university press, 2007.
  • Perica, Vjekoslav, Balkan Idols: Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslav States (Religion and Global Politics), Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2002.
  • Sebel, Malik, Recnik zaljubljenika u islam, Beograd, Sluzbeni glasnik, 2017.
  • Tanaskovic, Darko, Radio Pescanik, 48 Emisija, 2001. https://pescanik.net/48-emisija/
  • Toal, Gerard, Republika Srpska will have a referendum: the rhetorical politics of Milorad Dodik“ The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity, 41/1, 2013, 166-204. https://doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2012.747500
  • UN News. UN chief underscores the need for reconciliation 25 years after Srebrenica genocide. 2021. https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/07/1068011
  • United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia, https://www.icty.org/
  • US Committee, (2021). N1, Bosnia dysfunctional and susceptible to Russia and China influence, https://rs.n1info.com/english/news/a681432-us-committee-bosnia-dysfunctional-and-susceptible-to-russia-and-china-influence/
  • Vidojević, Zoran, Što je na istoku vidika Evrope, u: Zbornik: Geokultura razvoja i kultura mira na Balkanu. Niš, Institut za sociologiju Filozofskog fakulteta, 2012.
  • Živković, Marko, Srpski stanovnik. Beograd, XX vek, 2012.

Bosnia and Herzegovina's National Integrity and its European Religious, Ideological and Political Clash

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 104 - 152, 27.06.2022

Öz

The study analyzes B&H's historical, religious, ideological, and political contests, its post-war integrity, the EU path, and the "majority Muslim European country" paradigm. First, the paper argues that ethnoreligious polarization, political radicalism, and the secessionist processes influence conflict transformation, sociopolitical stagnation, and ineffectual EU process. Second, the regional and international rhetorics related to inaccurate claims of B&H's Islamic radicalism/terrorism is a metaphor for historical/current Balkan religious and ideological hybrid conflicts. Third, it represents the securitization of Islam in a broader sociopolitical context. Fourth, B&H's electoral law and regional geopolitical interference influence the country's integrity due to secessionism and the potential of creating a third-Croat entity. The jingoism and ethnoreligious nationalism persisted, creating "three" prospective antagonistic collectivities generated by ethnopolitics. Preserving B&H's integrity, i.e., the country's anti-dissolution model, and B&H's EU membership, is European security against new violence and inter-religious wars. B&H, as the most critical multiethnic discourse of the Region, is in a perpetuating crisis; the ethnopolitical conflicts, multiple memory politics- genocide denial, and secessionism chronologies. The historical unification of B&H peoples and state existence confirms that secessionist narratives are not artificial but an inherently ethnoreligious hegemonic companion of Croat and Serbian nationalism. Numerous regional intellectuals' narratives (i.e., Andrić, Njegoš) combined anti-Islam discourses on polarization between the "civilized" West and the "despotic" East, historiographically, ideologically, and politically. The Ottoman period was marked as a legacy of foreign and undesirable power and had to be eliminated from European civilization, contributing to the B&H nation-state's intricacy. The inaccurate rhetorics related to B&H's Islamic fundamentalism/terrorism (a security threat to the EU) by regional political leaders (i.e., Tuđman, Grabar-Kitarovic) are a metaphor for religious and ideological hybrid conflicts. B&H's Bosniaks and Croats should initiate an indicative ethical dialogue of "conflict transformation" regarding the non-functional election legislation - without "external" interference (Croatia). Milorad Dodik exploits European Islamophobia, emphasizes the identity link between B&H Muslims and the Turks, cites Bosniaks as Muslims in public life, and discriminates against inter-ethnic marriages ("cancer" on the otherwise clean and healthy tissue of all three ethnoreligious groups). It fits the discoursive radical ideology due to ethnoreligious political antagonism and polarization of religious identities. The hostile and incorrect declarations of a few international- EU leaders regarding Islamic extremism in B&H represent the securitization of Islam in a broader sociopolitical context. The autochthonous European Muslims, one of the world's most liberal Muslim nations, Bosniaks, are a potential linkage for peace dialogue between Europe and the Muslim world. The hypothesis that B&H will never be divided because the West - EU will not allow a "100 percent" Muslim state is not grounded. The international failure in B&H requires inclusive liberal conditions for returning to state-building, reconciliation, and developing constructive group and political relationships.

Kaynakça

  • Al Jazeera, 'A total collapse': Alarm as COVID deaths mount in Bosnia, 2021. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/17/a-total-collapse-bosnians-alarmed-over-covid-19-situation
  • Busuladzic, Mustafa, Muslimani u Evropi. Sarajevo, Sejtarija, 1997.
  • Buturovic, Amila, Al Jazeera, Za Andrića i Njegoša islam je strano tijelo na kršćanskom Balkanu, 2019. https://balkans.aljazeera.net/teme/2019/2/10/buturovic-za-andrica-i-njegosa-islam-je-strano-tijelo-na-krscanskom-balkanu
  • Cvitkovic, Ivan, Religion in the jaws of politics, Sarajevo: Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine [Academy of sciences and arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina], volume 47, 2019.
  • Delic, Zlatan, Saric, H. & Osmanovic, N. Significance of Social Capital in Socio-economic Development of Bosnia and Herzegovina, International Business Research Archives. 10/3, 2017, 169-181.
  • Democratization Policy. DPC, Making sense of Croatia's destructive Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) policy. 2021. http://www.democratizationpolicy.org/making-sense-of-croatias-destructive-bosnia-and-herzegovina-bih-polic/
  • Deutsche Welle, Karadzic se nece pokajati [Karadzic will not repent], 2010. https://www.dw.com/hr/karad%C5%BEi%C4%87-se-ne%C4%87e-pokajati/a-5300275
  • Esposito, John, Radiosarajevo, Esposito: BiH i Turska kao većinski muslimanske zemlje teško će u EU, 2013. https://radiosarajevo.ba/vijesti/bosna-i-hercegovina/esposito-bih-i-turska-kao-vecinski-muslimanske-zemlje-tesko-ce-u-eu/127395
  • European Comission, COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL Commission Opinion on Bosnia and Herzegovina’s application for membership of the European Union, 2019. https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/system/files/2019-05/20190529-bosnia-and-herzegovina-opinion.pdf
  • Gombrowicz, Witold, Diary (The Margellos World Republic of Letters), London, Yale University Press, 2012.
  • Hadžić, Faruk, Bosnia Between the Dayton's Peace Straightjacket, Development, and Power Centers' Moral Obligation; Solicitation to Biden, Small Wars Journal, 2020.
  • Hadžić, Faruk, Agnosticism and Atheism as Amoralism and Anti-Ideological Sociopolitical Paradigm in the Balkans, Specifically in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe (OPREE) 41/2, 2021, 67-85.
  • Hadžić, Faruk, The Politicization of Religion and the Sacralized Balkan Nations Regarding Bosnia and Herzegovina." Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe 40/7, 2020, 105-131.
  • Išerič, Harun Judgments of the European Court for Human Rights in Cases Sejdić and Finci, Zornić, Šlaku, and Pilav – nudum ius in BiH, 2019. http://www.fcjp.ba/analize/Harun_Iseric-Presude_ESLJP_Sejdic_i_Finci,_Zornic,_Pilav_i_Slaku%E2%80%93nudum_ius_u_BiH.pdf
  • Karic, Enes, Čekajući Evropu. Sarajevo, Zagreb, Synopsis, 2015.
  • Latal, Srecko, Balkan Insight, New Bosnian Peace Envoy Inherits Mission Impossible, 2021. https://balkaninsight.com/2021/08/09/new-bosnian-peace-envoy-inherits-mission-impossible/2021
  • Lovrenovic, Ivan, Unutarnja zemlja. Kratki pregled kulturne povijesti Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo, Synopsis, 2017.
  • Mazover, Mark, Mračni kontinent – Evropa u dvadesetom veku. Beograd: Arhipelag, 2011.
  • Neskovic, Radomir, Nedosvrsena drzava: Politicki sistem B&H, Sarajevo, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2017.
  • OSCE, OSCE presents the third report on judicial response to corruption in Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2019. https://www.osce.org/mission-to-bosnia-and-herzegovina/471324
  • Page, Scott, The Difference: How the Power of Diversity Creates Better Groups, Firms, Schools, and Societies (New Edition), Princeton, Princetown university press, 2007.
  • Perica, Vjekoslav, Balkan Idols: Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslav States (Religion and Global Politics), Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2002.
  • Sebel, Malik, Recnik zaljubljenika u islam, Beograd, Sluzbeni glasnik, 2017.
  • Tanaskovic, Darko, Radio Pescanik, 48 Emisija, 2001. https://pescanik.net/48-emisija/
  • Toal, Gerard, Republika Srpska will have a referendum: the rhetorical politics of Milorad Dodik“ The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity, 41/1, 2013, 166-204. https://doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2012.747500
  • UN News. UN chief underscores the need for reconciliation 25 years after Srebrenica genocide. 2021. https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/07/1068011
  • United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia, https://www.icty.org/
  • US Committee, (2021). N1, Bosnia dysfunctional and susceptible to Russia and China influence, https://rs.n1info.com/english/news/a681432-us-committee-bosnia-dysfunctional-and-susceptible-to-russia-and-china-influence/
  • Vidojević, Zoran, Što je na istoku vidika Evrope, u: Zbornik: Geokultura razvoja i kultura mira na Balkanu. Niš, Institut za sociologiju Filozofskog fakulteta, 2012.
  • Živković, Marko, Srpski stanovnik. Beograd, XX vek, 2012.
Toplam 30 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Faruk Hadžić 0000-0003-1158-7858

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Haziran 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Ekim 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Hadžić, F. (2022). Bosnia and Herzegovina’s National Integrity and its European Religious, Ideological and Political Clash. Journal of International Eastern European Studies, 4(1), 104-152.
AMA Hadžić F. Bosnia and Herzegovina’s National Integrity and its European Religious, Ideological and Political Clash. Journal of International Eastern European Studies. Haziran 2022;4(1):104-152.
Chicago Hadžić, Faruk. “Bosnia and Herzegovina’s National Integrity and Its European Religious, Ideological and Political Clash”. Journal of International Eastern European Studies 4, sy. 1 (Haziran 2022): 104-52.
EndNote Hadžić F (01 Haziran 2022) Bosnia and Herzegovina’s National Integrity and its European Religious, Ideological and Political Clash. Journal of International Eastern European Studies 4 1 104–152.
IEEE F. Hadžić, “Bosnia and Herzegovina’s National Integrity and its European Religious, Ideological and Political Clash”, Journal of International Eastern European Studies, c. 4, sy. 1, ss. 104–152, 2022.
ISNAD Hadžić, Faruk. “Bosnia and Herzegovina’s National Integrity and Its European Religious, Ideological and Political Clash”. Journal of International Eastern European Studies 4/1 (Haziran 2022), 104-152.
JAMA Hadžić F. Bosnia and Herzegovina’s National Integrity and its European Religious, Ideological and Political Clash. Journal of International Eastern European Studies. 2022;4:104–152.
MLA Hadžić, Faruk. “Bosnia and Herzegovina’s National Integrity and Its European Religious, Ideological and Political Clash”. Journal of International Eastern European Studies, c. 4, sy. 1, 2022, ss. 104-52.
Vancouver Hadžić F. Bosnia and Herzegovina’s National Integrity and its European Religious, Ideological and Political Clash. Journal of International Eastern European Studies. 2022;4(1):104-52.