Evaluation and Comparison of Some Parameters in Four Garlic Varieties

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 4, 1866 - 1875, 01.12.2019

Selen Akan

https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.541783

Cited By: 8

Öz

This research is aimed to determine the variation and identification of some morphological and biochemical parameters among different garlic varieties. In this research, three foreign hardneck (French, Spanish, Chinese) and one Turkish softneck garlic varieties have been studied. The investigated traits are included the bulb and clove weight, clove height, number of clove/bulb, color values (L, a, b), pH, titratable acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS), dry matter (DM), total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AA). It is possible to say that varieties were significantly different on the basis of all morphological characters. The results indicated that Turkish variety had the highest TA (1.21%), TSS (36.80%) and AA (62.58% I) and the highest DM was obtained from French variety. Meanwhile, Spanish and Chinese varieties have higher L values (88.15 and 87.24) than others. On the other hand the highest level of TPC (32.17 mg GAE g-1 FW-1) was found in Chinese variety. In accordance with correlation analysis, there was a statistically significant correlation between TSS and TA, and also TPC was significantly correlated with pH and TA (p≤0.05). The result will be helpful for the future studies to understand the similarities and differences of this 4 varieties of morphological and biochemical properties. This study will be good to repeat the experiment at multi variations grown worldwide. However, further studies should be done in this respect in the coming years.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Garlic, bulb, morphologic character, biochemical quality

Kaynakça

• Akan S, 2016. Effect of modified atmosphere packaging and methyl jasmonate treatment on postharvest physiology of Taşköprü Garlic. Ankara University, Agriculture Faculty (published) PhD thesis,164p.
• Akan S, Tuna Gunes N, Yanmaz R, 2019. Methyl jasmonate and low temperature can help for keeping some physicochemical quality parameters in garlic (Allium sativum L.) cloves. Food Chemistry, 270: 546–553.
• Anonymous, 1997. Commission Regulation (EC) No 2288/97 of 18 November 1997 Laying down marketing standards for garlic. Official Journal, 315: 3–6.
• Anonymus, 2018. 400 Million Pounds of Garlic Grown in U.S. Annually. https://aghires.com/garlic-facts/. (access date: 20th February, 2019).
• AOAC, 1984. Official methods of analysis of the association of official analytical chemists. The Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Inc., Arlington, VA.
• Artik N, Poyrazoglu ES, 1994. Kastamonu sarımsağının (Allium sativum L.) kimyasal bileşiminin belirlenmesi üzerine bir araştırma. Gıda Teknoloji Derneği Dergisi, 19(1): 3–9.
• Baghalian K, Ziai SA, Naghavi MR, Naghdi Badi H, Khalighi A, 2005. Evaluation of allicin content and botanical traits in ıranian garlic (Allium sativum L.) Ecotypes. Scientia Horticulturea, 103: 155–166.
• Beato VM, Orgaz F, Mansilla F, Montaño A, 2011. Changes in phenolic compounds in garlic (Allium sativum L.) owing to the cultivar and location of growth. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 66: 218–223.
• Benke AP, Dukare S, Mahajan V, Singh M, 2018. Genetic divergence studies for bulbing and related traits in garlic germplasm during kharif season. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(1): 2920–27.
• Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset C, 1995. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 28: 25–30.
• Bozin B, Minica-Dukic N, Samojlik I, Giran A, Igic I, 2008. Phenolics as antioxidants in garlic (Allium sativum L., Alliaceae). Food Chemistry, 111(4): 925–929.
• Chen S, Shen X, Cheng S, Li P, Du J, Chang Y, Meng H, 2013. Evaluation of garlic cultivars for polyphenolic content and antioxidant properties. Plos One, 8(11): 1–12.
• Dronachari M, Venkatachalapathy K, Rajashekarappa K, 2010. Effect of pretreatments and packaging on shelf life of peeled garlic cloves. Jornal of Dairying Foods & Home Science, 29(2):130-135.
• Etoh T, Simon PW, 2002. Diversity, fertility and seed production of garlic. In: Rabinowitch H.D. and Currah L. (eds) Allium Crop Science – Recent Advances. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, 101–117p.
• FAO, 2017. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/TP. (access date: 8th February, 2019).
• Figliuolo G, Candido V, Logozzo G, Miccoli V, Spagnoletti-Zeuli PL, 2001. Genetic evaluation of cultivated garlic germplasm (Allium sativum L. and A. ampeloprasum L.). Euphytica, 121: 325–334.
• Fikreyohannes G, 2005. Effects of clove weight and plant density on the bulb yield and yield components of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in Awabel Woreda, Eastern Gojam Zone. Alemaya University, Ethiopia, MSc. thesis, 57p.
• Foskett RL, Petersen CE, 1950. Relation of dry matter content to storage quality in some onion varieties and hybrids. Proceeding of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 55: 314–318.
• Gad El-hak SH, Abd El-Mageed YT, 2000. Effect of nitrogen sourcen an growth, yield nitrate content and storage ability of two garlic cultivars. El-Minia Journal of Agricultural Research and Development, 20: 115–139.
• Gautam N, Kanwar HS, Mehta DK, Kansal S, Kumar S, 2018. Effect of clove weight and plant growth regulators on shelf-life of garlic (Allium sativum L.). Journal of Pharmacognosy Phytochemistry, 7(2): 1696–1700.
• Ghasemi K, Bolandnazar S, Tabatabaei SJ, Pirdashti H, Arzanlou M, Ebrahimzadeh MA, Fathi H, 2015. Antioxidant properties of garlic as affected by selenium and humic acid treatments. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 43: 173–181.
• Grégrova A, Čížková H, Bulantová I, Rajchl A, Voldřich M, 2013. Characteristics of garlic of the czech origin. Chech Journal of Food Science, 31(6): 581–588.
• Huang CH, Hsu FY, Wu YH, Zhong L, Tseng MY, Kuo CJ, Chiou SH, 2015. Analysis of lifespan-promoting effect of garlic extract by an integrated metabolo-proteomics approach. The Journal Nutritional Biochemistry, 26(8): 808–817.
• Hussein NS, El-Saeid HM, Omar EA, 1995. Development of growth and yield of some lines of chinese garlic. Egyptian Journal of Horticulture, 22(1): 19–23.
• Ipek M, Ipek A, Simon PW, 2008. Molecular characterization of kastamonu garlic: An economically ımportant garlic clone in Turkey. Scientia Horticulturae, 115(2): 203–208.
• Islam MJ, Islam MA, Akter Tania S, Saha SR, Alam MS, Hasani MK, 2004. Performance evaluation of some garlic genotypes in Bangladesh. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 3(1): 14–16.
• Islam MJ, AK M, Hossain M, Khanam F, Majumder UK, Rahman MM, Rahman MS, 2007. Effect of mulching and fertilization on growth and yield of garlic at Dinajpur in Bangladesh. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 6(1): 98–101.
• Kavalcová P, Bystrická J, Tomáš J, Karovičová J, Kuchtová V, 2014. Evaluation and comparison of the content of total polyphenols and antioxidant activity in onion, garlic and leek. Potravinarstvo Scientific Journal for Food Industry, 8(1): 272–276.
• Kaushik S, Kumar M, Prakash S, Kumar V, Kumar Singh M, Singh B, Malik S, Singh K, 2016. Study of genetic diversity in garlic (Allium Sativum L.) by using morphological characters. Progressive Agriculture, 16(2): 204–210.
• Kyung KH, 2012. Antimicrobial properties of allium species. Current Opinnion in Biotechnology, 23: 142–147.
• Lu X, Ross CF, Powers JR, Aston DE, Rasco BA, 2011. Determination of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of garlic (Allium sativum) and elephant garlic (Allium ampeloprasum) by attenuated total reflectance-fourier transformed ınfrared spectroscopy. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59: 5215–5221.
• Moustafa YMM, Latif SS, Abd El Naem GF, Fouly HMH, Ahmed SI, 2009. Performance of new imported foreign garlic genotypes grown under the egyptian conditions. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research, 87(1): 219–241.
• Nagella P, Thiruvengadam M, Ahmad A, Yoon JY, Chung IM, 2014. Composition of polyphenols and antioxidant activity of garlic bulbs collected from different locations of Korea. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 26(3): 897–902.
• Osman AZ, Abdgar El-Hameid AM, 1990. Evaluation of eighteen ecotypen of egyption garlic. Minia Journal of Agricultural Research and Development, 12: 1625–1640.
• Panse R, Jain PK, Avneesh G, Singh DS, 2013. Morphological variability and character association in diverse collection of garlic germplasm. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 8(23): 2861–2869.
• Pardo JE, Escrıbano J, Gómez J, Alvarruız A, 2007. Physical-chemical and sensory quality evaluation of garlic cultivars. Journal of Food Quality, 30(5): 609–622.
• Petropoulos S, Fernandes Â, Barros L, Ciric A, Sokovic M, Ferreira IC, 2018. Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of various Greek garlic genotypes. Food Chemistry, 245: 7–12.
• Priecina L, Karlina D, 2013. Total polyphenol, flavonoid content and antiradical activity of celery, dill, parsley, onion and garlic dried conventive and microwave-vacuum dryers. 2nd International Conference on Nutrition and Food Sciences, 107–112p, Singapore.
• Queiroz YS, Ishimoto EY, Bastos DH, Sampaio GR Torres EA, 2009. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) and ready-to-eat garlic products: In vitro antioxidant activity. Food Chemistry, 115(1): 371–374.
• Rahim MA, Chowdhury MNA, Anwar HRMM, Alam MS, 2003. Effect of planting dates on the growth and yield of garlic germplasm. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 2(2): 171–174.
• Rejano L, Sánchez AH, De Castro A, Montaño A, 1997. Chemical characteristics and storage stability of pickled garlic prepared using different processes. Journal of Food Sciences, 62(6): 1120–1123.
• Singh Y, Chand R, 2003. Performance studies of some garlic (Allium sativum L) clones. Himachal Journal of Agriculture Research, 29(1-2): 35–42.
• Singh RK, Dubey BK, Bhonde SR, 2012. Studies on some genotypes for yield, quality and storage in garlic. SAARC Journal of Agriculture, 10(2): 165–170.
• Strail P, Klejdus B, Kuban V, 2006. Determination of total content of phenolics compounds and their antioxidant activity in vegetables-evaluation of spectrophotometric methods. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(3): 607–616.
• Turkes N, 1978. Türkiye sarımsaklarının seleksiyon yolu ile ıslahı üzerine araştırmalar, Ankara University, Agriculture Faculty, (published) PhD thesis, 314p.
• USDA, 1997. United States Standards for Grades of Garlic. http://www.ams.usda.gov/standards/garlic.pdf. Accessed Date: 19/12/2018.
• UPOV, 2001. Guidelines for the conduct of tests for distinctness, uniformity and stability. Garlic (Allium sativum L.), Geneva.
• Yeshiwas Y, Belete N, Tegibew W, Yohaness G, Abayneh M, Kassahun Y, 2018. Collection and characterization of garlic (Allium sativm L.) germplasm for growth and bulb yield at Debre Markos, Ethiopia. Journal of Horticultural and Food Chemistry, 10(3): 17–26.
• Youssef NS, Tony HS, 2014. Influence of different planting date on the performance of new garlic genotypes grown under El-Minia governorate conditions. Journal of Nature and Science, 12(5): 47–54.
• Zahedi B, Kashi AK, Zamani Z, Mosahebi GH, Hassani M, 2007. Evaluation of Iranian garlic (Allium sativum L.) genotypes using multivariate analysis methods based on morphological characteristics. Biotechnology Journal, 6(3): 353–356.