The (Non-)Teaching of Pragmatics in an EFL Context
Yıl 2023,
Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 43 - 58, 29.04.2023
Mehmet Kanık
,
Gaelle Makougang Youbi
Tasong Tsofac Sharon
Mustafa Kasapoğlu
Öz
Pragmatics is an area that may be underrepresented in ESL/EFL teaching. This study aims to investigate to what extent pragmatics is taught in an international EFL setting. For this purpose, 28 class sessions taught by 17 teachers from seven different cultural backgrounds were observed for their inclusion of pragmatic features in their classes. The results indicate, despite teaching in an international school setting, these teachers did not make pragmatics an important component of their teaching. Pragmatics accounted for only 8.5 percent of the total observation time and when dealt with, it was handled incidentally when there was a moment to emphasize a pragmatic feature or when the textbook included a section or task relevant to pragmatics. Teachers’ incidental treatment of pragmatics signals its importance in language teaching. Thus, suggestions are made to include pragmatics in materials in EFL programs and in teacher education programs.
Kaynakça
- Alsuhaibani, Z. (2022). Developing EFL students’ pragmatic competence: The case of compliment responses. Language Teaching Research, 26(5), 847-866. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168820913539
- Atay, D. (2005). Raising the pragmatic consciousness of Turkish prospective EFL teachers. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 20, 48-61.
- Bachman, L. (1990). Fundamental considerations in language testing. Oxford University Press.
Bardovi-Harlig, K., & Mahan-Taylor, R. (2003). Introduction to teaching pragmatics. English Teaching Forum, 41(3), 37-39.
- Brock, M.N., & Nagasaka, Y. (2005). Teaching pragmatics in the EFL classroom? SURE you can! TESL Reporter, 38, 17-26.
- Barón, J., Celaya, M. L., & Levkina, M. (2020). Learning pragmatics through tasks: When interaction plays a role. Applied Pragmatics, 2(1), 1-25.
https://doi.org/10.1075/ap.18010.bar
- Civelek, M., & Karatepe, Ç. (2021). The impact of student-paced pragmatics instruction through Nearpod on EFL learners’ request performance. Advances in Language and Literary Studies, 12(6), 67-78. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.12n.6.p.67
- Cohen, A. D. (2016). The teaching of pragmatics by native and nonnative language teachers: What they know and what they report doing. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 6(4), 561-585. https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2016.6.4.2
- Cutting, J. (2002). Pragmatics and discourse: A resource book for students. Routledge
Çetinavcı, U. R. (2019). The effects of explicit film-based instruction on EFL teacher trainees’ interpretation of implied meanings. European Journal of Educational Research, 8(2), 581-605. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.8.2.581
Derakhshan, A., & Arabmofrad, A. (2018). The impact of instruction on the pragmatic comprehension of speech acts of apology, request, and refusal among Iranian intermediate EFL learners. English Teaching & Learning, 42(1), 75-94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42321-018-0004-6
- Dimitracopoulou, I. (1990). Conversational competence and social development. Cambridge University Press.
Economidou-Kogetsidis, M., Woodfield, H., & Savvidou, C. (2021). Non-native EFL teachers’ email production and perceptions of e-(im) politeness. Journal of Politeness Research, 17(2), 155-187. https://doi.org/10.1515/pr-2020-0046
- Elder, C., & Davies, A. (2006). Assessing English as a lingua franca. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 26, 282-304. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190506000146
- Gazioğlu, T., & Çiftçi, H. (2017). Developing pragmatic competence through teaching requests in English classrooms. Journal of Uludağ University Faculty of Education, 30(1), 139-165.
Glaser, K. (2016). News from the pragmatics classroom: Contrasting the inductive and the deductive approach in the teaching of pragmatic competence. Intercultural Pragmatics, 13(4), 529-561. https://doi.org/10.1515/ip-2016-0023
- Graddol, D., Cheshire, J., & Swann, J. (1994). Describing language. Open University Press
Ishihara, N., & Cohen, A. D. (2010). Teaching and learning pragmatics: Where language and culture meet. Pearson Education Limited.
- Jeon, E. H., & Kaya, T. (2006). Effects of L2 instruction on interlanguage pragmatic development. In John, M. Norris & L. Ortega (Eds.), Synthesizing research on language learning and teaching (pp. 165-211). John Benjamins.
Karatepe, Ç., & Civelek, M. (2021). A case study on EFL teachers’ views on material adaptation for teaching pragmatics. RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 23, 894-910.
- Konakahara, M. (2011). Analysis of request events in English textbooks for Japanese secondary schools. Paper Collection of Graduate School of Education of Waseda University, 19, 325-340.
Littlewood, W. (2011). Communicative language teaching: An expanding concept for a changing world. In E. Hinkel (Ed.), Handbook of research in second language teaching and learning: Volume II (pp. 541-557). Routledge.
- Liu, C. N. (2007). Pragmatics in foreign language instruction: the effects of pedagogical intervention and technology on the development of EFL learners’ realization of ‘request’ (Publication No. 3296458). [Doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
McNamara, T., & Roever, C. (2006). Language testing: The social dimension. Language Learning, 56, Supplement 2
Mey, J. L. (2001). Pragmatics: An introduction. Blackwell Publishing.
- Nguyen, M. T. T., & Canh, L. V. (2019). Teaching pragmatics in English as a foreign language classrooms. TEFLIN.
Nguyen, M. T. T., & Pham, T. T. T. (2022). Instructional effects on L2 pragmatic comprehension: the case of indirect refusals and indirect opinions. The Language Learning Journal, 50(4), 427-442. https://doi.org/10.1080/09571736.2022.2088443
- Nguyen, M. T. T., Pham, T. T. T., & Nguyen, A. T. (2019). The effects of corrective feedback with and without revision on enhancing L2 pragmatic performance. Applied Pragmatics, 1(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1075/ap.00001.min
- Nu, A. T. N., & Murray, J. (2020). Pragmatic content in EFL textbooks: An investigation into Vietnamese national teaching materials. TESL-EJ, 24(3), 1-28. http://tesl-ej.org/wordpress/issues/volume24/ej95/ej95a8/
- Savvidou, C., & Economidou-Kogetsidis, M. (2019). Teaching pragmatics: Nonnative-speaker teachers’ knowledge, beliefs and reported practices. Intercultural Communication Education, 2(1), 39-58.
Seidlhofer, B. (2004). Research perspectives on teaching English as a lingua franca. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 24, 209-239. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190504000145
- Szczepaniak-Kozak, A., & Wąsikiewicz-Firlej, E. (2018). Pragmatic competence of teachers: a contrastive case study of native and non-native teachers of English. Applied Linguistics Papers, 25(1), 127-142.
Taguchi, N. (2012). Teaching pragmatics. In C.A. Chapelle (Ed.), The encyclopedia of applied linguistics. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal1172
- Taguchi, N. (2015). Instructed pragmatics at a glance: Where instructional studies were, are, and should be going. Language Teaching, 48(1), 1-50. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444814000263
Tajeddin, Z., & Khodaparast, M. (2020). Unpacking the nexus between teachers' awareness of pragmatics instruction and their classroom practices. Teaching English Language, 14(2), 29-57. https://doi.org/ 10.22132/TEL.2020.118261
- Takimoto, M. (2020). Investigating the effects of cognitive linguistic approach in developing EFL learners’ pragmatic proficiency. System, 89, 102213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2020.102213
- The World Bank. (2022a). International tourism, number of arrivals.
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ST.INT.ARVL?end=2020&start=1995&view=chart
- The World Bank. (2022b). Individuals using the Internet (% of population). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.ZS
- Vásquez, C., & Fioramonte, A. (2011). Integrating pragmatics into the MA-TESL program: Perspectives from former students. TESL-EJ, 15(2), n2. https://tesl-ej.org/wordpress/issues/volume15/ej58/ej58a1/
- Vellenga, H. (2004). Learning pragmatics from ESL & EFL textbooks: How likely?. TESL-EJ, 8(2), 1-18. https://tesl-ej.org/wordpress/issues/volume8/ej30/ej30a3/
- Yildirim, O. (2010). Washback effects of a high-stakes university entrance exam: Effects of the English section of the university entrance exam on future English language teachers in Turkey. The Asian EFL Journal Quarterly, 12(2), 92-116
- Yilmaz, N., & Koban Koc, D. (2020). Developing pragmatic comprehension and production: Corpus-based teaching of formulaic sequences in an EFL setting. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 16(1), 474-488. https://doi.org/10.17263/jlls.712880
- Yule, G. (1996) Pragmatics. Oxford University Press.
Yıl 2023,
Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 43 - 58, 29.04.2023
Mehmet Kanık
,
Gaelle Makougang Youbi
Tasong Tsofac Sharon
Mustafa Kasapoğlu
Kaynakça
- Alsuhaibani, Z. (2022). Developing EFL students’ pragmatic competence: The case of compliment responses. Language Teaching Research, 26(5), 847-866. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168820913539
- Atay, D. (2005). Raising the pragmatic consciousness of Turkish prospective EFL teachers. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 20, 48-61.
- Bachman, L. (1990). Fundamental considerations in language testing. Oxford University Press.
Bardovi-Harlig, K., & Mahan-Taylor, R. (2003). Introduction to teaching pragmatics. English Teaching Forum, 41(3), 37-39.
- Brock, M.N., & Nagasaka, Y. (2005). Teaching pragmatics in the EFL classroom? SURE you can! TESL Reporter, 38, 17-26.
- Barón, J., Celaya, M. L., & Levkina, M. (2020). Learning pragmatics through tasks: When interaction plays a role. Applied Pragmatics, 2(1), 1-25.
https://doi.org/10.1075/ap.18010.bar
- Civelek, M., & Karatepe, Ç. (2021). The impact of student-paced pragmatics instruction through Nearpod on EFL learners’ request performance. Advances in Language and Literary Studies, 12(6), 67-78. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.12n.6.p.67
- Cohen, A. D. (2016). The teaching of pragmatics by native and nonnative language teachers: What they know and what they report doing. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 6(4), 561-585. https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2016.6.4.2
- Cutting, J. (2002). Pragmatics and discourse: A resource book for students. Routledge
Çetinavcı, U. R. (2019). The effects of explicit film-based instruction on EFL teacher trainees’ interpretation of implied meanings. European Journal of Educational Research, 8(2), 581-605. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.8.2.581
Derakhshan, A., & Arabmofrad, A. (2018). The impact of instruction on the pragmatic comprehension of speech acts of apology, request, and refusal among Iranian intermediate EFL learners. English Teaching & Learning, 42(1), 75-94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42321-018-0004-6
- Dimitracopoulou, I. (1990). Conversational competence and social development. Cambridge University Press.
Economidou-Kogetsidis, M., Woodfield, H., & Savvidou, C. (2021). Non-native EFL teachers’ email production and perceptions of e-(im) politeness. Journal of Politeness Research, 17(2), 155-187. https://doi.org/10.1515/pr-2020-0046
- Elder, C., & Davies, A. (2006). Assessing English as a lingua franca. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 26, 282-304. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190506000146
- Gazioğlu, T., & Çiftçi, H. (2017). Developing pragmatic competence through teaching requests in English classrooms. Journal of Uludağ University Faculty of Education, 30(1), 139-165.
Glaser, K. (2016). News from the pragmatics classroom: Contrasting the inductive and the deductive approach in the teaching of pragmatic competence. Intercultural Pragmatics, 13(4), 529-561. https://doi.org/10.1515/ip-2016-0023
- Graddol, D., Cheshire, J., & Swann, J. (1994). Describing language. Open University Press
Ishihara, N., & Cohen, A. D. (2010). Teaching and learning pragmatics: Where language and culture meet. Pearson Education Limited.
- Jeon, E. H., & Kaya, T. (2006). Effects of L2 instruction on interlanguage pragmatic development. In John, M. Norris & L. Ortega (Eds.), Synthesizing research on language learning and teaching (pp. 165-211). John Benjamins.
Karatepe, Ç., & Civelek, M. (2021). A case study on EFL teachers’ views on material adaptation for teaching pragmatics. RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 23, 894-910.
- Konakahara, M. (2011). Analysis of request events in English textbooks for Japanese secondary schools. Paper Collection of Graduate School of Education of Waseda University, 19, 325-340.
Littlewood, W. (2011). Communicative language teaching: An expanding concept for a changing world. In E. Hinkel (Ed.), Handbook of research in second language teaching and learning: Volume II (pp. 541-557). Routledge.
- Liu, C. N. (2007). Pragmatics in foreign language instruction: the effects of pedagogical intervention and technology on the development of EFL learners’ realization of ‘request’ (Publication No. 3296458). [Doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
McNamara, T., & Roever, C. (2006). Language testing: The social dimension. Language Learning, 56, Supplement 2
Mey, J. L. (2001). Pragmatics: An introduction. Blackwell Publishing.
- Nguyen, M. T. T., & Canh, L. V. (2019). Teaching pragmatics in English as a foreign language classrooms. TEFLIN.
Nguyen, M. T. T., & Pham, T. T. T. (2022). Instructional effects on L2 pragmatic comprehension: the case of indirect refusals and indirect opinions. The Language Learning Journal, 50(4), 427-442. https://doi.org/10.1080/09571736.2022.2088443
- Nguyen, M. T. T., Pham, T. T. T., & Nguyen, A. T. (2019). The effects of corrective feedback with and without revision on enhancing L2 pragmatic performance. Applied Pragmatics, 1(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1075/ap.00001.min
- Nu, A. T. N., & Murray, J. (2020). Pragmatic content in EFL textbooks: An investigation into Vietnamese national teaching materials. TESL-EJ, 24(3), 1-28. http://tesl-ej.org/wordpress/issues/volume24/ej95/ej95a8/
- Savvidou, C., & Economidou-Kogetsidis, M. (2019). Teaching pragmatics: Nonnative-speaker teachers’ knowledge, beliefs and reported practices. Intercultural Communication Education, 2(1), 39-58.
Seidlhofer, B. (2004). Research perspectives on teaching English as a lingua franca. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 24, 209-239. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190504000145
- Szczepaniak-Kozak, A., & Wąsikiewicz-Firlej, E. (2018). Pragmatic competence of teachers: a contrastive case study of native and non-native teachers of English. Applied Linguistics Papers, 25(1), 127-142.
Taguchi, N. (2012). Teaching pragmatics. In C.A. Chapelle (Ed.), The encyclopedia of applied linguistics. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal1172
- Taguchi, N. (2015). Instructed pragmatics at a glance: Where instructional studies were, are, and should be going. Language Teaching, 48(1), 1-50. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444814000263
Tajeddin, Z., & Khodaparast, M. (2020). Unpacking the nexus between teachers' awareness of pragmatics instruction and their classroom practices. Teaching English Language, 14(2), 29-57. https://doi.org/ 10.22132/TEL.2020.118261
- Takimoto, M. (2020). Investigating the effects of cognitive linguistic approach in developing EFL learners’ pragmatic proficiency. System, 89, 102213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2020.102213
- The World Bank. (2022a). International tourism, number of arrivals.
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ST.INT.ARVL?end=2020&start=1995&view=chart
- The World Bank. (2022b). Individuals using the Internet (% of population). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.ZS
- Vásquez, C., & Fioramonte, A. (2011). Integrating pragmatics into the MA-TESL program: Perspectives from former students. TESL-EJ, 15(2), n2. https://tesl-ej.org/wordpress/issues/volume15/ej58/ej58a1/
- Vellenga, H. (2004). Learning pragmatics from ESL & EFL textbooks: How likely?. TESL-EJ, 8(2), 1-18. https://tesl-ej.org/wordpress/issues/volume8/ej30/ej30a3/
- Yildirim, O. (2010). Washback effects of a high-stakes university entrance exam: Effects of the English section of the university entrance exam on future English language teachers in Turkey. The Asian EFL Journal Quarterly, 12(2), 92-116
- Yilmaz, N., & Koban Koc, D. (2020). Developing pragmatic comprehension and production: Corpus-based teaching of formulaic sequences in an EFL setting. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 16(1), 474-488. https://doi.org/10.17263/jlls.712880
- Yule, G. (1996) Pragmatics. Oxford University Press.