Effect of thermo-reactive diffusion coatings on microstructure and wear behavior of powder metallurgy steel cutting inserts

Yıl 2024, , 14 - 35, 26.06.2024

Talat Turan , Ali Günen , Erdoğan Kanca

https://doi.org/10.55546/jmm.1447858

Öz

In this study, powder metallurgy-produced 1.337 steel (PMS 1.3377) was subjected to boronizing, titanizing, and vanadinizing processes at 950 °C for 2 hours. The influence of boride and carbide coatings formed on the surface of PMS 1.3377 on the microstructure of these steels and their wear behaviors at room temperature and 500 °C were investigated. Characterization of the formed coating layers was carried out through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), microhardness, and wear testing. Wear tests considering the cutting tool turning, milling, and drilling applications of PMS 1.3377 were conducted at room temperature and 500 °C in ambient air with a 10 N load and a 250 m sliding distance against an Al2O3 ball. Metallographic studies showed that coating layers with thicknesses of 98±2.1, 11±0.5, 13.5±0.6 µm and hardness of 2566±125 HV0.1, 2037±104 HV0.1, and 1800±197 were obtained by boronizing, titanizing and vanadinizing processes, respectively. The dominant phase structures in the obtained coatings were determined to be FeB, TiC, and VC for boronizing, titanizing, and vanadinizing, respectively. Due to the high hardness of boride and carbide phases and their ability to form more stable oxide layers during wear, the coated samples exhibited lower friction coefficients and lower wear volume losses. While untreated PMS 1.3377 experienced delamination and oxidation wear mechanisms at room temperature, the wear mechanism at 500 °C transformed into adhesive and oxidation wear. On the other hand, in the coated samples, the wear mechanism was found to occur as adhesive, oxidative, and delamination at both room temperature and 500 °C.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Powder metallurgy, Thermo-reactive diffusion technique, Hardness, Friction, Wear

Termo-reaktif difüzyon kaplamaların toz metalurjisi yöntemi ile üretilen çelik kesici uçların mikroyapısı ve aşınma davranışlarına etkisi

Öz

Bu çalışmada, toz metalurjisi yöntemiyle üretilen 1.337 çeliği (PMS 1.3377) 950 °C'de 2 saat süreyle borlama, titanlama ve vanadyumlama işlemlerine tabi tutuldu. PMS 1.3377'nin yüzeyinde oluşan borür ve karbür kaplamaların bu çeliklerin mikroyapısına etkisi ve oda sıcaklığında ile 500 °C'deki aşınma davranışları araştırıldı. Oluşturulan kaplama katmanlarının karakterizasyonu Taramalı Elektron Mikroskobu (SEM-EDS), X-ışını Kırınımı (XRD), mikrosertlik ve aşınma testleri yoluyla gerçekleştirildi. PMS 1.3377'nin kesici takım tornalama, frezeleme ve delme uygulamalarını dikkate alınarak aşınma testleri, oda sıcaklığında ve 500 °C'de açık hava ortamında, 10 N yük ve 6.3mm çapında Al2O3 topuna karşı 250 m kayma mesafesi ile gerçekleştirildi. Metalografik çalışmalar, borlama, titanyumlama ve vanadyumlama yoluyla 98±2,1, 11±0,5, 13,5±0,6 µm kalınlığında ve 2566±125 HV0,1, 2037±104 HV0,1 ve 1800±197 sertliğinde kaplama katmanları elde edildiğini göstermiştir. Elde edilen kaplamalarda baskın faz yapılarının borlama, titanyumlama ve vanadyumlama için sırasıyla FeB, TiC ve VC olduğu belirlendi. Borür ve karbür fazlarının yüksek sertlikleri ve aşınma sırasında daha stabil oksit tabakaları oluşturabilme yetenekleri nedeniyle, kaplanan numuneler, işlemsizlere göre daha düşük sürtünme katsayıları ve daha düşük aşınma hacmi kayıpları sergilemiştir. İşlenmemiş PMS 1.3377'de oda sıcaklığında delaminasyon ve oksidasyon aşınma mekanizmaları meydana gelmişken, 500 °C'de aşınma mekanizması adhezyon ve oksidasyon aşınmasına dönüşmüştür. Kaplamalı numunelerde ise aşınma mekanizmasının hem oda sıcaklığında hem de 500 °C'de adhezyon, oksidasyon ve delaminasyon şeklinde meydana geldiği tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Toz metalurjisi, Termo-reaktif difüzyon tekniği, Sertlik, Sürtünme, Aşınma.

Kaynakça

• Angelo, P. C., Subramanian, R., & Ravisankar, B., Powder metallurgy: science, technology and applications. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., 2022.
• Arai, T., The thermo-reactive deposition and diffusion process for coating steels to improve wear resistance. In Thermochemical surface engineering of steels (pp. 703-735). Woodhead Publishing, 2015.
• Aras, M., Şahin, M., & Gündoğdu, Ö., Effects of sintering temperature on microstructural properties of ni1-xznxfe2o4 synthesized by powder metallurgy. Materials Science/Medziagotyra, , 28(4), 487-495, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5755/j02.ms.30204
• Campos Silva, I. E., Günen, A., Serdar Karakaş, M., & Delgado Brito, A. M., The Boriding Process for Enhancing the Surface Properties of High-Temperature Metallic Materials. Coatings for High-Temperature Environments: Anti-Corrosion and Anti-Wear Applications, 221-259, 2023.
• Claros, J. M., do Nascimento, E. M., & D Oliveira, A. S. C. M., Effect of the oxide film on the sliding wear behavior of a CoCrMoSi alloy hard facing coating. In 24th ABCM International Congress of Mechanical Engineering: pp. 3-8, 2017.
• Çakir, M. V., A Comparative Study on Tribocorrosion Wear Behavior of Boride and Vanadium Carbide Coatings Produced by TRD on AISI D2 Steel. Protection of Metals and Physical Chemistry of Surfaces, 58(3), 562-573, 2022.
• Çalıgülü, U., Durmuş, H., Akkaş, M., & Sahin, B., Microstructure and mechanical properties of ni matrix b4c reinforced functionally graded composites. Science of Sintering, 53(4), 475-484, 2021. https://doi.org/10.2298/sos2104475c
• Çalık, A., Karakaş, M. S., Uçar, N., & Ünüvar, F., Boriding kinetics of pure cobalt. Metallic Materials, 52(02), 107-112, 2021. https://doi.org/10.4149/km_2014_2_107
• Daicu, R., Chivu, C., & Oancea, G., A case study about acquisition of mechanically fixed cutting inserts. MATEC Web of Conferences, 137, 03004, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201713703004
• Dement, T. V., Kurzina, I., Калашников, М. П., Попова, Н. А., & Karakchieva, N., Structure and phase composition of material based on vanadium alloy v-4.9ti-4.8cr and ferrite steel 17cr-12ni-fe. MATEC Web of Conferences, 243, 00019, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824300019
• Demir, M., Kanca, E., & Karahan, I. H., Characterization of electrodeposited Ni–Cr/hBN composite coatings. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 844, 155511, 2020.
• Duran, H., Özkan, D., Karaoğlanli, C., Borlama işlemi uygulanmış Inconel 718 süperalaşımın mikroyapı, aşınma ve mekanik özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Karaelmas Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 11(1), 61-72, 2021. DOI:10.7212/ karaelmasfen.811408
• Erden, M. A., Yaşar, N., Korkmaz, M. E., Ayvacı, B., Nimel Sworna Ross, K., & Mia, M., Investigation of microstructure, mechanical and machinability properties of Mo-added steel produced by powder metallurgy method. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 114, 2811-2827, 2021.
• Fang, Z. Z., Paramore, J. D., Sun, P., Chandran, K. R., Zhang, Y., Yang, X., … & Free, M. L., Powder metallurgy of titanium – past, present, and future. International Materials Reviews, 63(7), 407-459, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1080/09506608.2017.1366003
• Hamamcı, M., Nair, F., Cerit, A. A., & Güneş, R., Thermal shock effects on the microstructure and mechanical properties of iron-based composites reinforced by in-situ Fe2B/FeB ceramic phases. Ceramics International, 43(1), 1584-1587.2024.
• Hasçelik, A., & Aslantaş, K., Mikro Tornalama İşleminde Kesici Takım Burun Yarıçapının Kesme Kuvvetlerine Etkisi. Journal of Materials and Mechatronics: A, 2(1), 13-25, 2012.
• Gevorkyan, E., Rucki, M., Sałaciński, T., Siemiątkowski, Z., Nerubatskyi, V., Kucharczyk, W., … & Nejman, M., Feasibility of cobalt-free nanostructured wc cutting inserts for machining of a tic/fe composite. Materials, 14(12), 3432, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14123432
• Ghadi, A., Ebrahimnezhad-Khaljiri, H., & Gholizadeh, R., A comprehensive review on the carbide-base coatings produced by thermo-reactive diffusion: microstructure and properties viewpoints. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 171839, 2023.
• Gökmen, U., Eslam Jamal Golzari, L., Gürgen Avşar, S., Özkan, Z., & Bilge Ocak, S., Microstructural and radioactive shielding analyses of alumix-231 and alumix-231 reinforced with b4c/sic/al2o3 particles produced through hot pressing. ACS Omega, 8(39), 35755-35767, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c03132
• Gutierrez-Noda, L., Cuao-Moreu, C. A., Perez-Acosta, O., Lorenzo-Bonet, E., Zambrano-Robledo, P., & Hernandez-Rodriguez, M. A. L., The effect of a boride diffusion layer on the tribological properties of AISI M2 steel. Wear, 426, 1667-1671, 2019.
• Günen, A., Kanca, E., Demir, M., Er, Y., Sağlam, G., & Gök, M. S., Microabrasion wear behavior of fast-borided steel tooth drill bits. Tribology Transactions, 60(2), 267-275, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2016.1159359
• Günen, A., Kalkandelen, M., Karahan, İ. H., Kurt, B., Kanca, E., Gök, M. S., & Serdar Karakaş, M., Properties and corrosion behavior of chromium and vanadium carbide composite coatings produced on ductile cast iron by thermoreactive diffusion technique. Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology, 142(4), 041008, 2020.
• Günen, A., Lindner, T., Karakaş, M. S., Kanca, E., Töberling, G., Vogt, S., ... & Lampke, T., Effect of the boriding environment on the wear response of laser-clad AlCoCrFeNi high entropy alloy coatings. Surface and Coatings Technology, 447, 128830, 2022.
• Günen, A., Soylu, B., & Karakaş, Ö., Titanium carbide coating to improve surface characteristic, wear and corrosion resistance of spheroidal graphite cast irons. Surface and Coatings Technology, 437, 128280, 2022.
• Günen, A., Bölükbaşı, Ö. S., Özgürlük, Y., Özkan, D., Odabaş, O., & Somunkıran, İ., Effect of cr addition on properties and tribological behavior at elevated temperature of boride layers grown on borosintered powder metallurgy alloys. Metals and Materials International, 29(3), 748-766, 2023.
• Günen, A., & Ergin, Ö., A comparative study on characterization and high-temperature wear behaviors of thermochemical coatings applied to cobalt-based Haynes 25 superalloys. Coatings, 13(7), 1272, 2023.
• Gürbüz, H., Şeker, U., & Kafkas, F., Effects of cutting tool forms on the surface integrity in turning of AISI 316L stainless steel. Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 35(1), 225-240, 2020.
• Kara, R., Çolak, F., & Kayali, Y., Investigation of wear and adhesion behaviors of borided steels. Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, 69, 1169-1177, 2016.
• Karakaş, M. S., Tribocorrosion behavior of surface-modified AISI D2 steel. Surface and Coatings Technology, 394, 125884, 2020.
• Kasprzycka, E., Corrosion resistant layers produced in vacuum titanizing process on a low carbon steel surface coated electrolytically with cobalt. Solid State Phenomena, 223, 110-118, 2015.
• Kato, K., Wear in relation to friction—a review. wear, 241(2), 151-157, 2000.
• Kayali, Y., Taktak, S., Ulu, S., & Yalcin, Y., Investigation of mechanical properties of boro-tempered ductile iron. Materials & Design, 31(4), 1799-1803, 2010.
• Kayalı, Y., & Yalçın, Y., Borlanmış AISI 316 L Paslanmaz Çeliğin Difüzyon Kinetiğinin İncelenmesi. Journal of Materials and Mechatronics: A, 1(1), 12-21, 2020.
• Khan, M. A. and Gupta, K., A study on machinability of nickel based superalloy using micro-textured tungsten carbide cutting tools. Materials Research Express, 7(1), 016537, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab61bf.
• Kılınç, B., Kocaman, E., Şen, Ş., & Şen, U., Effect of titanium content on the microstructure and wear behavior of fe(13-x)tixb7 (x=0-5) hardfacing alloy. Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy, 58(1), 29-41, 2022. https://doi.org/10.2298/jmmb210430047k
• König, W., Komanduri, R., Toenshoff, H. K., & Ackershott, G., Machining of hard materials. CIRP annals, 33(2), 417-427, 1984.
• Kulka, M., Makuch, N., & Piasecki, A., Nanomechanical characterization and fracture toughness of FeB and Fe2B iron borides produced by gas boriding of Armco iron. Surface and Coatings Technology, 325, 515-532, 2017.
• Kurt, B., Günen, A., Kanca, Y., Koç, V., Gök, M. S., Kırar, E., & Askerov, K., Properties and tribologic behavior of titanium carbide coatings on AISI D2 steel deposited by thermoreactive diffusion. Jom, 70, 2650-2659, 2018.
• Kurt, B., Özdoğan, L., Güney, B., Bölükbaşı, Ö. S., & Günen, A., Characterization and wear behavior of TiBC coatings formed by thermo-reactive diffusion technique on AISI D6 steel. Surface and Coatings Technology, 385, 125332, 2020.
• Liu, S., Huang, P., Sun, X., Zeng, W., Zhang, J., & Zu, G., Fatigue of an aluminum foam sandwich formed by powder metallurgy. Materials, 16(3), 1226, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16031226
• Mathivanan, A., Sudeshkumar, M. P., Radhika, R., Ezilarasan, C., Raju, G. U., & Jayaseelan, V., Finite element simulation and regression modeling of machining attributes on turning aisi 304 stainless steel. Manufacturing Review, 8, 24, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1051/mfreview/2021022
• Mohan, N., Natarajan, S., & KumareshBabu, S. P., The role of synthetic and natural fillers on three‐body abrasive wear behaviour of glass fabric–epoxy hybrid composites. Journal of applied polymer science, 124(1), 484-494, 2012.
• Nayak, K. C., Rane, K., Date, P. P., & Srivatsan, T. S., Synthesis of an aluminum alloy metal matrix composite using powder metallurgy: role of sintering parameters. Applied Sciences, 12(17), 8843, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12178843
• Pashechko, М. І., Dziedzic, K., & Jóźwik, J., Analysis of wear resistance of borided steel c45. Materials, 13(23), 5529, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235529
• Rizzo, A., Goel, S., Luisa Grilli, M., Iglesias, R., Jaworska, L., Lapkovskis, V., ... & Valerini, D., The critical raw materials in cutting tools for machining applications: A review. Materials, 13(6), 1377, 2020.
• Sathish, T., Mohanavel, V., Karthick, A., Arunkumar, M., Ravichandran, M., & Rajkumar, S., Study on compaction and machinability of silicon nitride (si3n4) reinforced copper alloy composite through p/m route. International Journal of Polymer Science, 1-10, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7491679
• Somunkıran, İ., Çelik, E., Tunç., B & Güneş, Ç., Toz Metalurjisi Yöntemiyle Üretilen Fe Esaslı Fe-Ni-Cu Elmas Kesici Takımında Co’ın Etkisi. Journal of Materials and Mechatronics: A, 3(2), 194-205, 2022.
• Şap, E., Usca, Ü. A., Gupta, M. K., Kuntoğlu, M., Sarıkaya, M., Pimenov, D. Y., … & Mia, M., Parametric optimization for improving the machining process of cu/mo-sicp composites produced by powder metallurgy. Materials, 14(8), 1921, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14081921
• Şen, U., Thermo-reactive diffusion vanadium nitride coatings on AISI 1020 steel. Key Engineering Materials, 264, 577-580, 2004.
• Taktak, S., Ulker, S., & Gunes, I., High temperature wear and friction properties of duplex surface treated bearing steels. Surface and Coatings Technology, 202(14), 3367-3377, 2008.
• Turgut, S., & Günen, A., Mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of borosintered distaloy steels. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 29, 6997-7010, 2020.
• Türkmen, İ., & Yalamaç, E., Effect of alternative boronizing mixtures on boride layer and tribological behaviour of boronized SAE 1020 steel. Metals and Materials International, 1-15, 2021.
• Vijaya Kumar, P., & Velmurugan, C., Surface Treatments and Surface Modification Techniques for 3D Built Materials. Cham: Springer International Publishing. In Innovations in Additive Manufacturing: pp. 189-220, 2022.
• Wang, S. Q., Wei, M. X., Wang, F., & Zhao, Y. T., Transition of elevated-temperature wear mechanisms and the oxidative delamination wear in hot-working die steels. Tribology International, 43(3), 577-584, 2010.
• Zakharov, B. V., Minkevich, A. N., Pikunov, D. V., Toné, É. R., & Argasova, E. D., Role of the phase composition of tungsten containing hard alloys in the formation of a layer of titanium carbide in gas titanizing. Soviet Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics, 28(7), 574-578, 1989.
• Zhao, Y. T., Wang, S. Q., Yang, Z. R., & Wei, M. X., A new delamination pattern in elevated-temperature oxidative wear. Journal of materials science, 45, 227-232, 2010.