Araştırma Makalesi
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Yüksek Rakımlı Karstik Bir Mağara Deresinin (Güvercinkaya Mağarası: Çanakkale, Türkiye) Hidrokimyasal ve Bakteriyolojik Durumu ile Sucul Makroomurgasız Bulguları

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 26 - 38, 20.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.46384/jmsf.1032339

Öz

Mağaralar maden bilimi, biyoloji, hidrojeoloji ve arkeoloji dahil olmak üzere doğa bilimlerinin pek çok disiplini için bir laboratuvar niteliğindedir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'nin kuzeybatısında yer alan yüksek rakımlı bir mağara olan Güvercinkaya Mağarası'nın seçilen bölümlerinden, hidrokimyasal ve mikrobiyolojik özellikleri ile sucul makroomurgasızlarının değerlendirilmesi için iki aylık periyotlarda bir yıl örneklemeler yapılmıştır. Suyun pH, elektriksel iletkenlik, sıcaklık, oksidasyon-redüksiyon potansiyeli, çözünmüş oksijen gibi bazı parametreleri yerinde ölçülürken, elementler (toplam 70 adet) ve suyun bazı iyonları laboratuvarda analiz edilmiştir. Mikrobiyolojik analizlerde toplam bakteri, toplam koliform, fekal koliform, fekal Streptococcus ve Escherichia coli analizleri yapılmıştır. Hidrokimyasal verilerin Piper diyagramı değerlendirildiğinde, mağara deresinin esas olarak Ca-Mg-HCO3 karakterine sahip olduğunu, Schoeller diyagramının ise ana iyonik bileşenlerin, aynı modeli takip etmesinden dolayı ortak bir su kaynağını işaret ettiği görülmüştür. Mikrobiyolojik analizler sonucunda, mağarada aktif bir yaban hayatı olduğunu gösteren, dışkı kaynaklı bir kontaminasyon belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca mağara deresinde, troglobiont olmayan sucul omurgasızlardan Rhynchelmis limosella, Dugesia sp. ve Gammarus uludagi tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada tespit edilen Rhynchelmis limosella Türkiye faunası için ilk kayıttır.

Proje Numarası

115Y419

Kaynakça

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  • Balık, S., Ustaoğlu, M. R., Özbek, M., Taşdemir, A. & Topkara, E. T. (2002). Yelköprü Mağarası (Dikili, İzmir) ve yakın çevresinin sucul faunası hakkında bir ön araştırma, Ege Üniviversitesi Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 19, 1–2.
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  • Berková, H. & Zukal, J. (2006). Flight activity of bats at the entrance of a natural cave. Acta Chiropterologica, 8(1), 187-195. doi:10.3161/150811006777070938
  • Biswas, J. (1992). Kotumsar Cave ecosystem: an interaction between geophysical, chemical and biological characteristics. The NSS Bulletin, 54, 7–10.
  • Biswas, J. (2010). Kotumsar cave biodiversity: A review of Cavernicoles and their Troglobitic traits. Biodiversity and Conservation, 19(1), 275-289. doi:10.1007/s10531-009-9710-7
  • Boyd, S. H., Niemiller, K. D. K., Dooley, K. E., Nix, J. & Niemiller, M. L. (2020). Using environmental DNA methods to survey for rare groundwater fauna: Detection of an endangered endemic cave crayfish in northern Alabama. PLoS One, 15(12), e0242741. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0242741
  • Brancelj, A., Mori, N., Treu, F. & Stoch, F. (2020). The groundwater fauna of the Classical Karst: Hydrogeological indicators and descriptors. Aquatic Ecology, 54(1), 205-224. doi:10.1007/s10452-019-09737-w
  • Cabral, J. P. & Marques, C. (2006). Faecal Coliform Bacteria in Febros river (Northwest Portugal): Temporal variation, correlation with water parameters, and species identification. Environ Monit Assessment, 118(1), 21-36. doi:10.1007/s10661-006-0771-8
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  • Coca, C., Moreno, O., Espigares, M., Fernández-Crehuet, M. & Gálvez, R. (1996). Chemical and microbiologic indicators of faecal contamination in the Guadalquivir (Spain). European Water Pollution Control, 6, 7-13.
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Hydrochemical and Bacteriological Status of a High Altitude Karstic Cave Stream (Güvercinkaya Cave: Çanakkale, Turkey) with Aquatic Macroinvertebrates Findings

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 26 - 38, 20.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.46384/jmsf.1032339

Öz

Caves are laboratories for many disciplines that work in natural sciences including mineralogy, biology, hydrogeology, and archaeology. In this study, bi-monthly samplings were carried out from three sampling locations within and around the Güvercinkaya Cave, a high-altitude cave located in northwestern Turkey, to evaluate the hydrochemical and microbiological properties and the aquatic macroinvertebrates of the cave stream. Some parameters of the water including pH, electrical conductivity, temperature, oxidation-reduction potential, and dissolved oxygen were measured in-situ, while elemental (70 in total) and ionic composition of water were analyzed in the laboratory. Microbiological analyses of the cave stream were examined through analyses of total bacteria, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, fecal Streptococcus, and Escherichia coli. According to the Piper diagram of hydrochemical data, the cave stream had mainly Ca-Mg-HCO3 character, on the other hand, the Schoeller diagram indicated a common water source in Güvercinkaya cave due to the similar components of the main ionic components of the water. As a result of microbiological analysis, fecal contamination was determined, indicating active wildlife in the cave. Additionally, several aquatic macroinvertebrates taxa, Rhynchelmis limosella, Dugesia sp., Gammarus uludagi which have non-troglobiont character were found in the cave stream. Rhynchelmis limosella detected in this study is the first record for the Turkish fauna.

Destekleyen Kurum

The present study is financially supported by TUBİTAK (ÇAYDAG)

Proje Numarası

115Y419

Kaynakça

  • Alagöz, C. (1943). Türkiye'de karst olayları hakkında bir araştırma. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, 1, 86-92.
  • Andersen, T., Baranov, V., Hagenlund, L. K., Ivković, M., Kvifte, G. M., & Pavlek, M. (2016). Blind flight? A new troglobiotic Orthoclad (Diptera, Chironomidae) from the Lukina Jama–Trojama Cave in Croatia. PloS one, 11(4), e0152884. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152884
  • APHA (1999). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association/American Water Works Association/Water Environment Federation. ISBN 0875532357
  • Aygen, T. (1959). Speleoloji Mağaralar ve Yeraltı Irmakları. Ankara: DSİ Neşriyatı.
  • Azad, H. S., & Borchardt, J. A. (1969). A method for predicting the effects of light intensity on algal growth and phosphorus assimilation. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 41(11), 392-404.
  • Bakalowicz, M. (2015). Karst and karst groundwater resources in the Mediterranean. Environmental Earth Sciences, doi:10.1007/s12665-015-4239-4
  • Balık, S., Ustaoğlu, M. R., Özbek, M., Taşdemir, A. & Topkara, E. T. (2002). Yelköprü Mağarası (Dikili, İzmir) ve yakın çevresinin sucul faunası hakkında bir ön araştırma, Ege Üniviversitesi Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 19, 1–2.
  • Barr, T. C. (1968). Cave Ecology and the Evolution of Troglobites. In Dobzhansky T., Hecht M. K., & Steere W. C. (Eds.), Evolutionary Biology (pp. 35-102). Boston: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-8094-8_2
  • Bennett, S. D., Lowther, S. A., Chingoli, F., Chilima, B., Kabuluzi, S. … & Mintz, E. (2018). Assessment of water, sanitation and hygiene interventions in response to an outbreak of typhoid fever in Neno District, Malawi. PLoS One, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0193348
  • Berková, H. & Zukal, J. (2006). Flight activity of bats at the entrance of a natural cave. Acta Chiropterologica, 8(1), 187-195. doi:10.3161/150811006777070938
  • Biswas, J. (1992). Kotumsar Cave ecosystem: an interaction between geophysical, chemical and biological characteristics. The NSS Bulletin, 54, 7–10.
  • Biswas, J. (2010). Kotumsar cave biodiversity: A review of Cavernicoles and their Troglobitic traits. Biodiversity and Conservation, 19(1), 275-289. doi:10.1007/s10531-009-9710-7
  • Boyd, S. H., Niemiller, K. D. K., Dooley, K. E., Nix, J. & Niemiller, M. L. (2020). Using environmental DNA methods to survey for rare groundwater fauna: Detection of an endangered endemic cave crayfish in northern Alabama. PLoS One, 15(12), e0242741. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0242741
  • Brancelj, A., Mori, N., Treu, F. & Stoch, F. (2020). The groundwater fauna of the Classical Karst: Hydrogeological indicators and descriptors. Aquatic Ecology, 54(1), 205-224. doi:10.1007/s10452-019-09737-w
  • Cabral, J. P. & Marques, C. (2006). Faecal Coliform Bacteria in Febros river (Northwest Portugal): Temporal variation, correlation with water parameters, and species identification. Environ Monit Assessment, 118(1), 21-36. doi:10.1007/s10661-006-0771-8
  • Calmbach, L. (1997). AquaChem Computer CodeVersion 3.7.42. Canada: Waterloo Hydrogeologic.
  • Chen, W. F., & Liu, T. K. (2003). Dissolved oxygen and nitrate of groundwater in Choshui Fan-Delta, western Taiwan. Environmental Geology, 44(6), 731-737. doi:10.1007/s00254-003-0823-0
  • Coca, C., Moreno, O., Espigares, M., Fernández-Crehuet, M. & Gálvez, R. (1996). Chemical and microbiologic indicators of faecal contamination in the Guadalquivir (Spain). European Water Pollution Control, 6, 7-13.
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  • D'Angeli, I. M., Serrazanetti, D. I., Montanari, C., Vannini, L., Gardini, F., & Waele, J. D. (2017). Geochemistry and microbial diversity of cave waters in the gypsum karst aquifers of Emilia Romagna region, Italy. Science of The Total Environment, 598, 538-552. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.270
  • Danyer, E., Aytemiz, I., Özbek, E. Ö., & Tonay, A. M. (2013). Preliminary study on a stranding case of Mediterranean monk seal Monachus monachus (Hermann, 1779) on Antalya coast, Turkey. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 19(3), 359-364.
  • de Vries, E. J. (1985). The biogeography of the genus Dugesia (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Paludicola) in the Mediterranean region. Journal of Biogeography, 12(6), 509-518.
  • Erkakan, F., & Özdemir, F. (2014). The first new cave fish species, Cobitis damlae (Teleostei: Cobitidae) from Turkey. Hacettepe Journal of Biology and Chemistry, 42(2), 275–279.
  • Ford D.C. & Williams P.W. (2007). Karst Hydrogeology and Geomorphology. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Wiley. ISBN 9780470849965
  • Freeze, R. A. & Cherry, J. A. (1979). Groundwater. Englewood, Cliffs, New Jersey: PrenticeHall.
  • Georgiev, D. (2012). New taxa of Hydrobiidae (Gastropoda: Risooidea) from Bulgarian cave and spring waters. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, 64(2), 113-121.
  • Georgiev, D., Osikowski, A., Hofman, S., Rysiewska, A., & Falniowski, A. (2017). Contribution to the morphology of the Bulgarian stygobiont Truncatelloidea (Caenogastropoda). Folia Malacologica, 25(1), 15-25. doi:10.12657/folmal.025.003
  • Gounot, A. M. (1994). Microbial Ecology of Groundwaters. In Gibert, J., Danielopol, D. L. & Stanford J. A. (Eds.), Groundwater Ecology (pp. 189-215). London: Academic Press.
  • Hering, D., Moog, O., Sandin, L., & Verdonschot, P. F. M. (2004). Overview and application of the AQEM assessment system. Hydrobiologia, 516(1), 1-20. doi:110.1023/B:HYDR.0000025255.70009.a5
  • Hershey O.S., Kallmeyer J., Barton H.A. (2019). A Practical Guide to Studying the Microbiology of Karst Aquifers. In Younos T., Schreiber M., Kosič Ficco K. (Eds) Karst Water Environment. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry (pp. 191-207). Cham: Springer, doi:110.1007/978-3-319-77368-1_7
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  • Karaman, G. S., & Pinkster, S. (1977). Freshwater Gammarus species from Europe, North Africa and adjacent regions of Asia (Crustacea-Amphipoda): Part II. Gammarus roeseli-group and related species. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 47(2), 165-196.
  • Karaman, G., & Ruffo, S. (1994). Sinogammarus troglodytes n. gen. n. sp. a new troglobiont gammarid from China (Crustacea Amphipoda). International Journal of Speleology, 23(3), 2. doi:10.5038/1827-806X.23.3.2
  • Kumar, B., Singh, U. K., & Mukherjee, I. (2017). Hydrogeological influence on the transport and fate of contaminants in the groundwater, India. JSM Biology, 2(1), 1-11.
  • Kunt, K. B., Yağmur, E. A., Özkütük, S., Durmuş, H., & Anlaş, S. (2010). Checklist of the cave dwelling invertebrates (Animalia) of Turkey. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 3(2), 26-41.
  • LaMoreaux, P. E., Powell, W. J., & LeGrand, H. E. (1997). Environmental and legal aspects of karst areas. Environmental Geology, 29(1-2), 23-36.
  • Mammola, S., Cardoso, P., Culver, D. C., Deharveng, L., Ferreira, R. L., Fišer, C., ... & Zagmajster, M. (2019). Scientists' warning on the conservation of subterranean ecosystems. BioScience, 69(8), 641-650. doi:10.1093/biosci/biz064
  • Mauch, E. (1989). Rhynchelmis limosella Hoffmeister und Rheomorpha neismwestnovae (LAST-CHOKIN), zwei seltene Oligochaeten im Lech/Donau. Lauterbornia, 2, 55-56.
  • Mazor, E. (2004). Chemical And Isotopic Groundwater Hydrology. New York: Marcel Dekker Publication.
  • Mukherjee, I., & Singh, U. K. (2020). Fluoride abundance and their release mechanisms in groundwater along with associated human health risks in a geologically heterogeneous semi-arid region of east India. Microchemical Journal, 152, 104304 doi:10.1016/j.microc.2019.104304
  • Nazik, L. (1989). Mağara morfolojisinin belirlediği jeolojik-jeomorfolojik ve ekolojik özellikler. Jeomorfoloji Dergisi, 17, 53-62.
  • Nazik, L., Törk, K., Özel, E., Acar, C., & Tuncer, K. (2003). Türkiye mağaralarının envanter çalışmaları. Mağara Ekosisteminin Türkiye’de Korunması ve Değerlendirilmesi Sempozyumu, 06.07.2003, (91-102) Ankara: TÜBİTAK.
  • Odabaşı, D. A. & Georgiev, D. (2014). Bythinella kazdaghensis sp. n.(Gastropoda: Rissooidea) from the Mount Ida (Kaz Dağı)-Northwestern Turkey. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, 66(1), 21-24.
  • Okay, A. İ. (2008). Geology of Turkey: A synopsis. Anschnitt, 21, 19–42.
  • Özbek, M., Özkan, N., & Çamur-Elipek, B. (2017). Freshwater and brackish amphipods (Crustacea: Amphipoda) from Turkish Thrace Region (including Çanakkale Province). Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, 69(4), 493-499.
  • Özbek, M., Yurga, L., & Külköylüoğlu, O. (2013). Gammarus baysali sp. nov., a new freshwater amphipod species from Turkey (Amphipoda: Gammaridae). Turkish Journal of Zoology, 37(2), 163-171. doi:10.3906/zoo-1209-14
  • Özkan, N. (2009). Dupnisa Mağarası’nın (Sarpdere Köyü, Demirköy, Kırklareli) Chironomidae (Diptera) ve Gammaridae (Amphipoda) Faunası. Ege University Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 26(1), 7-10.
  • Ponnimbaduge-Perera, P. D., Yapa, W. B., Dangalle, C. D., & Manage, P. M. (2019). Bat Guano; A Resource or a Contaminant? Proceedings of the 24th International Forestry and Environment Symposium 2019 of the Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka p. 65.
  • Schoeller, H. (1962). Les eaux souterraines. Paris: Masson & Cie.
  • Savio, D., Stadler, P., Reischer, G. H., Kirschner, A. K., Demeter, K., …& Farnleitner, A. H. (2018). Opening the black box of spring water microbiology from alpine karst aquifers to support proactive drinking water resource management. WIREs Water, 5(3), e1282. doi:10.1002/wat2.1282
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  • Sidorov, D. A., & Samokhin, G. V. (2016). Kruberia abchasica, a new genus and species of troglobiont amphipods (Crustacea: Gammaridae) from Krubera Cave (Western Transcaucasia). Arthropoda Selecta, 25 (4), 373-379.
  • Sket, B. 2008. Can we agree on an ecological classification of subterranean animals? Journal of Natural History, 42(21–22), 1549-1563. doi:10.1080/00222930801995762
  • Stevanović, Z. (2015). Karst aquifers-characterization and engineering. Springer. 20.09.2021, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-12850-4
  • Stroj, A., Briški, M. & Oštrić, M. (2020). Study of groundwater flow properties in a karst system by Coupled Analysis of diverse environmental tracers and discharge dynamics. Water, 12(9), 2442. doi:10.3390/w12092442
  • Şengör, A. M. C. (1986). Outlines of the Turkish Karst. Istanbul, Boğaziçi University.
  • Taşdemir, A., & Ustaoğlu, M. R. (2005). Taxonomical investigation of lake district inland waters Chironomidae and Chaoboridae (Diptera) fauna. Ege University Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 22(3), 377-384.
  • TS 266 (2005) Water intended for human consumption. Ankara, 5pp (In Turkish).
  • Turkish Water Pollution Control Regulation (TWPCR) (2004). Official Gazette 25687.
  • Vardanjani, H. K., Chitsazan, M., Ford, D., Karimi, H. & Charchi, A. (2018). Initial assessment of recharge areas for large karst springs: a case study from the central Zagros Mountains, Iran. Hydrogeology Journal, 26(1), 57-70. doi: 10.1007/s10040-017-1703-0
  • Wang, Z., Qianlong C., Ziqi Y., Mingming L., Hong, Z., & Wei, L. (2019). Method for identifying and estimating karst groundwater runoff components based on the frequency distributions of conductivity and discharge. Water, 11(12), 2494. doi: 10.3390/w11122494
  • WHO (2004). Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, 3rd ed. Geneva: WHO.
  • Wolozan D. 2003. Researches Speleologiques en Turquie (8ème campagne de I’ADEKS). Lyon, France: Federation Française de Speleologie. (Etudes et documents de L’ADEK 6)
  • Zukal, J., Berková, H., Banďouchová, H., Kovacova, V., & Pikula, J. (2017). Bats and caves: activity and ecology of bats wintering in caves. In Karabulut S. & Cinku, M. C. (Eds.) Cave Investigation (pp. 51-77). Zagrep, Croatia: Rijeka. InTech.
Toplam 65 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ekoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Deniz Anıl Odabaşı 0000-0003-0738-2606

Serpil Odabaşı 0000-0003-0709-1534

Ozan Deniz 0000-0002-9984-9893

Fikret Çakır 0000-0001-5261-2365

Belgin Çamur Elipek 0000-0002-0954-8967

Naime Arslan 0000-0002-9193-2510

Onur Özbek 0000-0002-8916-0339

H. Barış Özalp 0000-0003-2640-8912

Proje Numarası 115Y419
Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Temmuz 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Odabaşı, D. A., Odabaşı, S., Deniz, O., Çakır, F., vd. (2022). Hydrochemical and Bacteriological Status of a High Altitude Karstic Cave Stream (Güvercinkaya Cave: Çanakkale, Turkey) with Aquatic Macroinvertebrates Findings. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Journal of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, 5(1), 26-38. https://doi.org/10.46384/jmsf.1032339