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0-5 Yaş Grubu Çocuklarda Ateş Yönetimi: Güncel Yaklaşımlar

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 33 - 39, 30.05.2022

Öz

Dünya Sağlık Örgütü’ne göre ateş, koltukaltından ölçüldüğünde 37,5°C’yi geçen vücut sıcaklığıdır. Çoğu çocukta ateşe viral ya da bakteriyel enfeksiyonlar sebep olur. Bir çocuğun ateşlenmesi çocuk kadar ebeveynlerine de rahatsızlık vermektedir. Günümüzde hala birçok ebeveyn çocuklarını acil servislere ulaştırana kadar yüksek ateşe ilişkin yoğun bir korku ve kaygı yaşamaktadır. Ebeveynlerin çoğu 1980’de tanımı ilk kez Schmitt tarafından yapılan ateş fobisine sahiptir. Bu derleme Google Akademik, Pubmed, UpToDate veri tabanlarında “ateş, ebeveyn ateş yönetimi, hemşirelik, pediatrik ateş yönetimi” ifadeleri kullanılarak yapılan literatür taraması sonucunda oluşturulmuştur. Derlemede 0-5 yaş grubu çocuklarda ateşe yaklaşım konusundaki güncel bilgilere yer verilmiştir. Yapılan çalışmalar ateşin günümüzde ebeveynlerde duygusal açıdan halen önemli bir sorun olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu nedenle pediatri hemşirelerinin ateşlenen çocuk ve ailesine yönelik olarak fiziksel bakımın yanında psikososyal bakıma da ağırlık vermesi önerilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Aguirre-Velázquez C, Hurtado AMH, Ceja-Moreno H, Salgado-Hernández K, San Román-Tovar R, Ortiz-Villalpando M, ve ark. Clinical guideline: febrile seizures, diagnosis and treatment. Revista Mexicana de Neurociencia. 2019; 20(2), 97-103.
  • Arias D, Chen TF, Moles, RJ. Australian care givers' knowledge of and attitudes towards paediatric fever management. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2021.
  • Canadian Paediatric Society (CPS). Health Condıtıons And Treatments Fever And Temperature Taking. Kanada Pediatri Toplumu (İnternet) (Son güncelleme Ekim 2020) Erişim 18 Ekim 2021, https://caringforkids.cps.ca/handouts/health-conditions-and-treatments/fever_and_temperature_taking
  • Centers for Disease and Control and Prevention (CDC). Febrile Seizures and Childhood Vaccines. (Son güncelleme Ağustos 2020). Erişim 10 Kasım 2021, https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/febrile-seizures.html
  • Chiappini E, Venturini E, Remaschi G, Principi N, Longhi R, Tovo PA, ve ark. 2016 update of the Italian pediatric society guidelines for Management of Fever in children. The Journal of pediatrics. 2017;180, 177-183.
  • Chilambarasan V. Parental Knowledge, Attitudes and Beliefs Regarding Fever in Children (Doctoral dissertation). Thanjavur Medical College, Thanjavur; 2020.
  • Consolini D. Fever in Infants And Children. Examination Of The Febrile Fever in Infants and Children. Merck Manuel Professional Version (İnternet) (Son güncelleme Haziran 2020). Erişim 18 Ekim 2021, https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/symptoms-in-infants-and-children/fever-in-infants-and-children.
  • Çavuşoğlu H, Erdem Y. Çocuklarda enfeksiyon hastalıkları ve hemşirelik bakımı. İçinde: Editörler Conk Z, Başbakkal Z, Yılmaz HB, Bolışık B, Pediatri hemşireliği). Akademisyen Tıp Kitabevi. Ankara; 2018;s.766-771.
  • de Freitas Floriano CM, Avelar AFM, Peterlini MAS. Difficulties Related to Peripheral Intravenous Access in Children in an Emergency Room. Journal of infusion nursing: the official publication of the Infusion Nurses Society. 2018; 41(1), 66-72.
  • Doria M, Careddu D, Ceschin F, Libranti M, Pierattelli M, Perelli V, ve ark. Understanding discomfort in order to appropriately treat fever. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(22).
  • Doria M, Careddu D, Lorio R, Verrotti A, Chiappini E, Barbero GM, ve ark. Paracetamol and Ibuprofen in the Treatment of Fever and Acute Mild–Moderate Pain in Children: Italian Experts’ Consensus Statements. Children. 2021; 8(10), 873.
  • Good A, Olans R. CE: Pediatric Antibiotic Stewardship. AJN The American Journal of Nursing. 2021;121(11), 38-43.
  • Green C, Krafft H, Guyatt G, Martin D. Symptomatic fever management in children: A systematic review of national and international guidelines. Plos one. 2021;16(6), e0245815.
  • Green R, Webb D, Jeena PM, Wells M., Butt N, Hangoma JM, ve ark. Management of acute fever in children: Consensus recommendations for community and primary healthcare providers in sub-Saharan Africa. African Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2021;11(2), 283-296.
  • Gunduz S, Usak E, Koksal T, Canbal M. Why fever phobia is still common?. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. 2016;18(8).
  • Gülcan MK. Çocuk acil servise ateş şikayeti ile başvuran 1-5 yaş arası çocuğa sahip annelerin ateş ile ilgili bilgi ve uygulamalarının belirlenmesi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Hemşirelik Ana Bilim Dalı / Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Hemşireliği Bilim Dalı Karaman; 2020.
  • Hacımustafaoğlu M. Ateş ; klinik kullanımda tanımlamalar. Journal of Pediatric Infection. 2018;12(1):40–41.
  • Laino D, Mencaroni E, Esposito S. Management of pediatric febrile seizures. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2018;15(10), 2232.
  • Lass M, Tatari CR, Merrild CH, Huibers L, Maindal HT. Contact to the out-of-hours service among Danish parents of small children–a qualitative interview study. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. 2018; 36(2), 216-223.
  • Lim J, Kim J, Moon B, Kim G. Tepid massage for febrile children: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. International Journal of Nursing Practice. 2018; 24(5), e12649.
  • Macmahon D, Brabyn C, Dalziel SR, Mckinlay CJ, Tan E. Fever phobia in caregivers presenting to New Zealand emergency departments. Emergency Medicine Australasia. 2021.
  • Mahajan P, Batra P, Thakur N, Patel R, Rai N, Trivedi N, ve ark. Consensus guidelines on evaluation and management of the febrile child presenting to the emergency department in India. Indian pediatrics. 2017;54(8), 652-660.
  • Martins M, Abecasis F. Healthcare professionals approach paediatric fever in significantly different ways and fever phobia is not just limited to parents. Acta Paediatrica. 2016;105(7), 829-833.
  • MedicalNewsToday(MNT). What is a normal body temperature range? (İnternet). (Son güncelleme Ocak 2020) Erişim 10 Kasım 2021, https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323819 National Health Service (NHS). Paracetamol for children. (İnternet). (Son güncelleme 16 Temmuz 2019) Erişim 18 Ekim 2021, https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/paracetamol-for-children/
  • National Health Service Greater Glasgow and Clyde (NHSGGC), Paediatric Clinical Guidelines. Empirical antibiotic therapy in children.(İnternet) (Son Güncelleme 01 Kasım 2020) Erişim, 20 Kasım 2021, https://www.clinicalguidelines.scot.nhs.uk/nhsggc-paediatric-clinical-guidelines/nhsggc-guidelines/emergency-medicine/empirical-antibiotic-therapy-in-children/
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Fever in Under 5s: Assessment and Initial Management. İngiltere: Ulusal Sağlık ve Bakım Mükemmelliği Enstitüsü. NICE Guideline (İnternet). (Son güncelleme Kasım 2019) Erişim 20 Ekim 2021, https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng143
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Fever in under 5s: assessment and initial management. Clinical guideline (İnternet). Mayıs 2013. Erişim 20 Ekim 2021, http://thepafp.org/website/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/2013-Fever-in-Under-5s-by-NICE.pdf
  • Neves C, Luz IR, Salgado M. Fever and clinical thermometry: What do physicians and nurses really know?. Nascer e Crescer-Bırth and Growth Medıcal Journal. 2019;28(4), 191-202.
  • Offringa M, Newton R, Nevitt SJ, Vraka K. Prophylactic drug management for febrile seizures in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021;(6).
  • Oğuz F. Çocuklarda ateş ve antipiretikler. İçinde: Editör Somer, A. Çocuklarda ateş (s.123-140.) Selen Medya Yayıncılık Tanıtım ve Organizasyon Hizmetleri. Ankara; 2014.
  • Paul IM, Walson PD. Acetaminophen and ibuprofen in the treatment of pediatric fever: A narrative review. Current Medical Research and Opinion, (just-accepted). 2021;1-1.
  • Peetoom KK, Smits JJ, Ploum LJ, et al. Does well-child care education improve consultations and medication management for childhood fever and common infections? A systematic review. Arch Dis Child. 2017; 102:261.
  • Piller S, Herzog D. The burden of visits for fever at a paediatric emergency room: A retrospective study on patients presenting at the cantons hospital of Fribourg, A peripheral public hospital of Switzerland. Pediatric health, medicine and therapeutics. 2019;10, 147.
  • Pour HA. Ameliyat sonrası ateş ve hemşirelik bakımı. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2012; 1(4), 309-322.
  • Sajadi M, Khosravi S. Mothers’ experiences about febrile convulsions in their children: A qualitative study. International Journal of Community Based Nursing and Midwifery. 2017;5(3), 284.
  • Schmitt BD. Fever Phobia. Am J Dis Child. 1980;134(10):1001.
  • Sert HE. Ebeveynlerin ateş hakkındaki bilgileri ve ateşli çocuğa yaklaşımlarının değerlendirilmesi (Uzmanlık Tezi) Pamukkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Aile Hekimliği Anabilim Dalı Denizli; 2021.
  • Sezici E. Annelerin hastanede yatan çocuklarında ateş deneyimleri: niteliksel bir çalışma. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi. 2019; 12(1), 40-45.
  • Souza MVD, Damiã EBC, Buchhorn SMM, Rossato LM. Non-pharmacological fever and hyperthermia management in children: an integrative review. Acta Paulista de Enfermagem. 2021;34.
  • Sökün, D. (2014). Çocuk sağlığı kliniğinde çalışan hemşirelerin ateş ve ateş yönetimine ilişkin bilgi ve yaklaşımları (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Erişim adresi Yök Tez Merkezi- Haliç Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü & İstanbul.
  • Texas Chıldren’s Hospıtal Evıdence-Based Outcomes Center Fever without Localizing Signs (0-60 Days Old) Evidence-Based Guideline. (İnternet). (Son güncelleme Şubat 2021) Erişim 20 Ekim 2021, https://www.texaschildrens.org/sites/default/files/uploads/documents/outcomes/standards/FWLS_0-60_days_Guideline_FINAL.pdf
  • The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). Febrile Seizures. (İnternet). (Son güncelleme 3 kasım 2020) Erişim 10 Kasım 2021, https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/fever/Pages/Febrile-Seizures.aspx
  • The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). How to Take Your Child's Temperature.(İnternet). (Son Güncelleme 10.12.2020 ) Erişim 20 Ekim 2021, https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/fever/Pages/How-to-Take-a-Childs-Temperature.aspx
  • Villarejo‐Rodríguez MG, Rodríguez‐Martín B. Parents' and primary caregivers' conceptualizations of fever in children: A systematic review of qualitative studies. Nursing & Health Sciences. 2020;22(2), 162-170.
  • Ward MA. Edwards MS (editör). Fever in infants and children: Pathophysiology and management. UpToDate (İnternet).(Son Güncelleme 25 Mart 2020) Erişim 30 Ekim 2021, https://www.uptodate.com/contents/fever-in-infants-and-children-pathophysiology-and-management
  • Ward MA. Edwards MS (editör). Patient education: Fever in children (Beyond the Basics) UpToDate (İnternet).(Son Güncelleme 9 Eylül 2020) Erişim 30 Ekim 2021, https://www.uptodate.com/contents/fever-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print
  • Watts R, Robertson J. Non-pharmacological management of fever in otherwise healthy children. JBI Evidence Synthesis. 2012;10(28), 1634-1687.
  • World Health Organisation (WHO). Guideline: Managing possible serious bacterial infection in young infants when referral is not feasible. 2015 (İnternet). Erişim 18 Ekim 2021, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/181426/9789241509268_eng.pdf;jsessionid=012DC118F056B1EF8718B216E3B3E562?sequence=1
  • World Health Organisation (WHO). Integrated Management of Childhood Illness. Module 5: Fever. Geneva: WHO Press; 2014 (İnternet). Erişim 30 Ekim 2021, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/104772/9789241506823_Module-5_eng.pdf?sequence=7&isAllowed=y
  • World Health Organisation (WHO).GENEVA: The management of fever in young children with acute respiratory infections in developing countries.1993 (İnternet). Erişim 18 Ekim 2021, http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/58266/WHO_ARI_93.30.pdf?sequence=1.

Fever Management in Children Aged 0-5 Years: Current Aproaches

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 33 - 39, 30.05.2022

Öz

According to the World Health Organization, fever is a body temperature that exceeds 37.5°C when measured from the armpit. In most children, fever is caused by viral or bacterial infections. A fever in a child is as uncomfortable for the parents as it is for the child. Today, many parents still experience an intense fear and anxiety about a high fever until they get their children to the emergency departments. Most parents have fever phobia, which was first described by Schmitt in 1980. This review was created as a result of a literature review conducted using the phrases “fever, parental fever management, nursing, pediatric fever management” in the Google Academic, Pubmed, UpToDate databases. The current information on the approach to fever in children aged 0-5 years is given in the review. Studies show that fever is still an important emotional problem for parents today. For this reason, it is recommended that pediatric nurses focus on psychosocial care in addition to physical care for the child with fever and her/his parents.

Kaynakça

  • Aguirre-Velázquez C, Hurtado AMH, Ceja-Moreno H, Salgado-Hernández K, San Román-Tovar R, Ortiz-Villalpando M, ve ark. Clinical guideline: febrile seizures, diagnosis and treatment. Revista Mexicana de Neurociencia. 2019; 20(2), 97-103.
  • Arias D, Chen TF, Moles, RJ. Australian care givers' knowledge of and attitudes towards paediatric fever management. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2021.
  • Canadian Paediatric Society (CPS). Health Condıtıons And Treatments Fever And Temperature Taking. Kanada Pediatri Toplumu (İnternet) (Son güncelleme Ekim 2020) Erişim 18 Ekim 2021, https://caringforkids.cps.ca/handouts/health-conditions-and-treatments/fever_and_temperature_taking
  • Centers for Disease and Control and Prevention (CDC). Febrile Seizures and Childhood Vaccines. (Son güncelleme Ağustos 2020). Erişim 10 Kasım 2021, https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/febrile-seizures.html
  • Chiappini E, Venturini E, Remaschi G, Principi N, Longhi R, Tovo PA, ve ark. 2016 update of the Italian pediatric society guidelines for Management of Fever in children. The Journal of pediatrics. 2017;180, 177-183.
  • Chilambarasan V. Parental Knowledge, Attitudes and Beliefs Regarding Fever in Children (Doctoral dissertation). Thanjavur Medical College, Thanjavur; 2020.
  • Consolini D. Fever in Infants And Children. Examination Of The Febrile Fever in Infants and Children. Merck Manuel Professional Version (İnternet) (Son güncelleme Haziran 2020). Erişim 18 Ekim 2021, https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/symptoms-in-infants-and-children/fever-in-infants-and-children.
  • Çavuşoğlu H, Erdem Y. Çocuklarda enfeksiyon hastalıkları ve hemşirelik bakımı. İçinde: Editörler Conk Z, Başbakkal Z, Yılmaz HB, Bolışık B, Pediatri hemşireliği). Akademisyen Tıp Kitabevi. Ankara; 2018;s.766-771.
  • de Freitas Floriano CM, Avelar AFM, Peterlini MAS. Difficulties Related to Peripheral Intravenous Access in Children in an Emergency Room. Journal of infusion nursing: the official publication of the Infusion Nurses Society. 2018; 41(1), 66-72.
  • Doria M, Careddu D, Ceschin F, Libranti M, Pierattelli M, Perelli V, ve ark. Understanding discomfort in order to appropriately treat fever. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(22).
  • Doria M, Careddu D, Lorio R, Verrotti A, Chiappini E, Barbero GM, ve ark. Paracetamol and Ibuprofen in the Treatment of Fever and Acute Mild–Moderate Pain in Children: Italian Experts’ Consensus Statements. Children. 2021; 8(10), 873.
  • Good A, Olans R. CE: Pediatric Antibiotic Stewardship. AJN The American Journal of Nursing. 2021;121(11), 38-43.
  • Green C, Krafft H, Guyatt G, Martin D. Symptomatic fever management in children: A systematic review of national and international guidelines. Plos one. 2021;16(6), e0245815.
  • Green R, Webb D, Jeena PM, Wells M., Butt N, Hangoma JM, ve ark. Management of acute fever in children: Consensus recommendations for community and primary healthcare providers in sub-Saharan Africa. African Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2021;11(2), 283-296.
  • Gunduz S, Usak E, Koksal T, Canbal M. Why fever phobia is still common?. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. 2016;18(8).
  • Gülcan MK. Çocuk acil servise ateş şikayeti ile başvuran 1-5 yaş arası çocuğa sahip annelerin ateş ile ilgili bilgi ve uygulamalarının belirlenmesi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Hemşirelik Ana Bilim Dalı / Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Hemşireliği Bilim Dalı Karaman; 2020.
  • Hacımustafaoğlu M. Ateş ; klinik kullanımda tanımlamalar. Journal of Pediatric Infection. 2018;12(1):40–41.
  • Laino D, Mencaroni E, Esposito S. Management of pediatric febrile seizures. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2018;15(10), 2232.
  • Lass M, Tatari CR, Merrild CH, Huibers L, Maindal HT. Contact to the out-of-hours service among Danish parents of small children–a qualitative interview study. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. 2018; 36(2), 216-223.
  • Lim J, Kim J, Moon B, Kim G. Tepid massage for febrile children: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. International Journal of Nursing Practice. 2018; 24(5), e12649.
  • Macmahon D, Brabyn C, Dalziel SR, Mckinlay CJ, Tan E. Fever phobia in caregivers presenting to New Zealand emergency departments. Emergency Medicine Australasia. 2021.
  • Mahajan P, Batra P, Thakur N, Patel R, Rai N, Trivedi N, ve ark. Consensus guidelines on evaluation and management of the febrile child presenting to the emergency department in India. Indian pediatrics. 2017;54(8), 652-660.
  • Martins M, Abecasis F. Healthcare professionals approach paediatric fever in significantly different ways and fever phobia is not just limited to parents. Acta Paediatrica. 2016;105(7), 829-833.
  • MedicalNewsToday(MNT). What is a normal body temperature range? (İnternet). (Son güncelleme Ocak 2020) Erişim 10 Kasım 2021, https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323819 National Health Service (NHS). Paracetamol for children. (İnternet). (Son güncelleme 16 Temmuz 2019) Erişim 18 Ekim 2021, https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/paracetamol-for-children/
  • National Health Service Greater Glasgow and Clyde (NHSGGC), Paediatric Clinical Guidelines. Empirical antibiotic therapy in children.(İnternet) (Son Güncelleme 01 Kasım 2020) Erişim, 20 Kasım 2021, https://www.clinicalguidelines.scot.nhs.uk/nhsggc-paediatric-clinical-guidelines/nhsggc-guidelines/emergency-medicine/empirical-antibiotic-therapy-in-children/
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Fever in Under 5s: Assessment and Initial Management. İngiltere: Ulusal Sağlık ve Bakım Mükemmelliği Enstitüsü. NICE Guideline (İnternet). (Son güncelleme Kasım 2019) Erişim 20 Ekim 2021, https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng143
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Fever in under 5s: assessment and initial management. Clinical guideline (İnternet). Mayıs 2013. Erişim 20 Ekim 2021, http://thepafp.org/website/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/2013-Fever-in-Under-5s-by-NICE.pdf
  • Neves C, Luz IR, Salgado M. Fever and clinical thermometry: What do physicians and nurses really know?. Nascer e Crescer-Bırth and Growth Medıcal Journal. 2019;28(4), 191-202.
  • Offringa M, Newton R, Nevitt SJ, Vraka K. Prophylactic drug management for febrile seizures in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021;(6).
  • Oğuz F. Çocuklarda ateş ve antipiretikler. İçinde: Editör Somer, A. Çocuklarda ateş (s.123-140.) Selen Medya Yayıncılık Tanıtım ve Organizasyon Hizmetleri. Ankara; 2014.
  • Paul IM, Walson PD. Acetaminophen and ibuprofen in the treatment of pediatric fever: A narrative review. Current Medical Research and Opinion, (just-accepted). 2021;1-1.
  • Peetoom KK, Smits JJ, Ploum LJ, et al. Does well-child care education improve consultations and medication management for childhood fever and common infections? A systematic review. Arch Dis Child. 2017; 102:261.
  • Piller S, Herzog D. The burden of visits for fever at a paediatric emergency room: A retrospective study on patients presenting at the cantons hospital of Fribourg, A peripheral public hospital of Switzerland. Pediatric health, medicine and therapeutics. 2019;10, 147.
  • Pour HA. Ameliyat sonrası ateş ve hemşirelik bakımı. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2012; 1(4), 309-322.
  • Sajadi M, Khosravi S. Mothers’ experiences about febrile convulsions in their children: A qualitative study. International Journal of Community Based Nursing and Midwifery. 2017;5(3), 284.
  • Schmitt BD. Fever Phobia. Am J Dis Child. 1980;134(10):1001.
  • Sert HE. Ebeveynlerin ateş hakkındaki bilgileri ve ateşli çocuğa yaklaşımlarının değerlendirilmesi (Uzmanlık Tezi) Pamukkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Aile Hekimliği Anabilim Dalı Denizli; 2021.
  • Sezici E. Annelerin hastanede yatan çocuklarında ateş deneyimleri: niteliksel bir çalışma. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi. 2019; 12(1), 40-45.
  • Souza MVD, Damiã EBC, Buchhorn SMM, Rossato LM. Non-pharmacological fever and hyperthermia management in children: an integrative review. Acta Paulista de Enfermagem. 2021;34.
  • Sökün, D. (2014). Çocuk sağlığı kliniğinde çalışan hemşirelerin ateş ve ateş yönetimine ilişkin bilgi ve yaklaşımları (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Erişim adresi Yök Tez Merkezi- Haliç Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü & İstanbul.
  • Texas Chıldren’s Hospıtal Evıdence-Based Outcomes Center Fever without Localizing Signs (0-60 Days Old) Evidence-Based Guideline. (İnternet). (Son güncelleme Şubat 2021) Erişim 20 Ekim 2021, https://www.texaschildrens.org/sites/default/files/uploads/documents/outcomes/standards/FWLS_0-60_days_Guideline_FINAL.pdf
  • The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). Febrile Seizures. (İnternet). (Son güncelleme 3 kasım 2020) Erişim 10 Kasım 2021, https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/fever/Pages/Febrile-Seizures.aspx
  • The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). How to Take Your Child's Temperature.(İnternet). (Son Güncelleme 10.12.2020 ) Erişim 20 Ekim 2021, https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/fever/Pages/How-to-Take-a-Childs-Temperature.aspx
  • Villarejo‐Rodríguez MG, Rodríguez‐Martín B. Parents' and primary caregivers' conceptualizations of fever in children: A systematic review of qualitative studies. Nursing & Health Sciences. 2020;22(2), 162-170.
  • Ward MA. Edwards MS (editör). Fever in infants and children: Pathophysiology and management. UpToDate (İnternet).(Son Güncelleme 25 Mart 2020) Erişim 30 Ekim 2021, https://www.uptodate.com/contents/fever-in-infants-and-children-pathophysiology-and-management
  • Ward MA. Edwards MS (editör). Patient education: Fever in children (Beyond the Basics) UpToDate (İnternet).(Son Güncelleme 9 Eylül 2020) Erişim 30 Ekim 2021, https://www.uptodate.com/contents/fever-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print
  • Watts R, Robertson J. Non-pharmacological management of fever in otherwise healthy children. JBI Evidence Synthesis. 2012;10(28), 1634-1687.
  • World Health Organisation (WHO). Guideline: Managing possible serious bacterial infection in young infants when referral is not feasible. 2015 (İnternet). Erişim 18 Ekim 2021, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/181426/9789241509268_eng.pdf;jsessionid=012DC118F056B1EF8718B216E3B3E562?sequence=1
  • World Health Organisation (WHO). Integrated Management of Childhood Illness. Module 5: Fever. Geneva: WHO Press; 2014 (İnternet). Erişim 30 Ekim 2021, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/104772/9789241506823_Module-5_eng.pdf?sequence=7&isAllowed=y
  • World Health Organisation (WHO).GENEVA: The management of fever in young children with acute respiratory infections in developing countries.1993 (İnternet). Erişim 18 Ekim 2021, http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/58266/WHO_ARI_93.30.pdf?sequence=1.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

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Konular Hemşirelik
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Yazarlar

Ayşe Göbekli 0000-0003-4872-0413

Rabiye Güney 0000-0001-7995-8040

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Mayıs 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Kasım 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Göbekli, A., & Güney, R. (2022). 0-5 Yaş Grubu Çocuklarda Ateş Yönetimi: Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Journal of Health Sciences and Management, 2(2), 33-39.