In the present study, a new theoretical model for the calculation of molecular electrophilicity and molecular nucleophilicity based on group electronegativity and molecular hardness equations derived by us in recent years is presented. Furthermore, a validity test of the present model is performed with 33 molecules by comparing the computed electrophilicity and nucleophilicity data with the electrophilicity and nucleophilicity data computed using some well-known theoretical methods and their experimental counterparts. The comparative study reveals excellent correlation between theory and experiment. Thus the new theoretical model presented in this work for the calculation of molecular reactivity indices like electrophilicity and nucleophilicity is logical and reliable.
Kaynakça
Geerlings P, De Proft F, Langenaeker W. Conceptual Density Functional Theory. Chemical Reviews. 2003 May;103(5):1793–874. DOI: 10.1021/cr990029p.
Chattaraj PK, editor. Chemical reactivity theory: a density functional view. Boca Raton: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis; 2009. 576 p. ISBN: 978-1-4200-6543-5
Liu S. Conceptual density functional theory and some recent developments. Acta Phys Chim Sinica. 25:590–600. URL: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/apcs/apcs/2009/00000025/00000003/art00033#expand/collapse.
Nataraj A, Balachandran V, Karthick T. Molecular orbital studies (hardness, chemical potential, electrophilicity, and first electron excitation), vibrational investigation and theoretical NBO analysis of 2-hydroxy-5-bromobenzaldehyde by density functional method. Journal of Molecular Structure. 2013 Jan;1031:221–33. DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.09.047.
Kaya S, Kaya C. Derivation of ionization energy and electron affinity equations using chemical hardness and absolute electronegativity in isoelectronic series. Journal of Physical & Theoretical Chemistry. 2015;11(4):155–63. URL: http://jptc.srbiau.ac.ir/pdf_6246_94c596367c3fea5c0d54f9671b940188.html.
Malek A, Balawender R. Revisiting the chemical reactivity indices as the state function derivatives. The role of classical chemical hardness. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 2015 Feb 7;142(5):054104. URL: 10.1063/1.4906555.
Beg H, De SP, Ash S, Das D, Misra A. Polarizability, chemical hardness and ionization potential as descriptors to understand the mechanism of double proton transfer in acetamide dimer. Computational and Theoretical Chemistry. 2013 Feb;1005:1–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2012.10.023.
Kaya S, Kaya C. A Simple Method for the Calculation of Lattice Energies of Inorganic Ionic Crystals Based on the Chemical Hardness. Inorganic Chemistry. 2015 Sep 8;54(17):8207–13. DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b00383.
Chermette H. Chemical reactivity indexes in density functional theory. Journal of Computational Chemistry. 1999 Jan 15;20(1):129–54. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-987X(19990115)20:1<129::AID-JCC13>3.0.CO;2-A.
Putz MV. Electronegativity: Quantum observable. International Journal of Quantum Chemistry. 2009 Mar 15;109(4):733–8. DOI: 10.1002/qua.21957.
Putz MV, Chattaraj PK. Electrophilicity kernel and its hierarchy through softness in conceptual density functional theory. International Journal of Quantum Chemistry. 2013 Sep 15;113(18):2163–71. DOI: 10.1002/qua.24473. DOI: 10.1002/qua.22508.
Ghosh DC, Islam N. Whether there is a hardness equalization principle analogous to the electronegativity equalization principle-A quest. International Journal of Quantum Chemistry. 2011 Aug 5;111(9):1961–9. DOI: 10.1002/qua.22499.
Ghosh DC, Islam N. A quest for the algorithm for evaluating the molecular hardness. International Journal of Quantum Chemistry. 2011 Aug 5;111(9):1931–41. DOI: 10.1021/cr60051a003.
Ingold CK. Principles of an Electronic Theory of Organic Reactions. Chemical Reviews. 1934 Oct;15(2):225–74. DOI: 10.1021/cr60051a003.
Islam N, Ghosh DC. On the Electrophilic Character of Molecules Through Its Relation with Electronegativity and Chemical Hardness. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2012 Feb 17;13(12):2160–75. DOI: 10.3390/ijms13022160.
Parr RG, Szentpály L v., Liu S. Electrophilicity Index. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1999 Mar;121(9):1922–4. DOI: 10.1021/ja983494x.
Maynard AT, Huang M, Rice WG, Covell DG. Reactivity of the HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein p7 zinc finger domains from the perspective of density-functional theory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1998 Sep 29;95(20):11578–83. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.20.11578.
Chattaraj PK, Sarkar U, Roy DR. Electrophilicity Index. Chemical Reviews. 2006 Jun;106(6):2065–91. DOI: 10.1021/cr040109f.
Verstraelen T, Bultinck P. Can the electronegativity equalization method predict spectroscopic properties? Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy. 2015 Feb;136:76–80. DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.10.124.
Ionescu C-M, Geidl S, Svobodová Vařeková R, Koča J. Rapid Calculation of Accurate Atomic Charges for Proteins via the Electronegativity Equalization Method. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling. 2013 Oct 28;53(10):2548–58. DOI: 10.1021/ci400448n.
Ouyang Y, Ye F, Liang Y. A modified electronegativity equalization method for fast and accurate calculation of atomic charges in large biological molecules. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2009;11(29):6082. DOI: 10.1039/B821696G.
Iczkowski RP, Margrave JL. Electronegativity. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1961 Sep;83(17):3547–51. DOI: 10.1021/ja01478a001.
Kaya S, Kaya C. A new equation based on ionization energies and electron affinities of atoms for calculating of group electronegativity. Computational and Theoretical Chemistry. 2015 Jan;1052:42–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2014.11.017.
Kaya C. İnorganik kimya. Ankara: Palme Yayıncılık; 2008. ISBN: 9789944341776.
Pearson RG. Chemical hardness. Weinheim, Germany ; New York: Wiley-VCH; 1997. 198 p. ISBN: 3527294821.
Chattaraj PK. Chemical Reactivity and Selectivity: Local HSAB Principle versus Frontier Orbital Theory. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 2001 Jan;105(2):511–3. DOI: 10.1021/jp003786w.
Chattaraj PK, Maiti B. HSAB Principle Applied to the Time Evolution of Chemical Reactions †. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2003 Mar;125(9):2705–10. DOI: 10.1021/ja0276063.
Kaya S, Kaya C, Islam N. Maximum hardness and minimum polarizability principles through lattice energies of ionic compounds. Physica B: Condensed Matter. 2016 Mar;485:60–6. 10.1016/j.physb.2016.01.010.
Kaya S, Kaya C. A new equation for calculation of chemical hardness of groups and molecules. Molecular Physics. 2015 Jun 3;113(11):1311–9. DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2014.991771.
Chattaraj PK, Giri S, Duley S. Electrophilicity Equalization Principle. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 2010 Apr;1(7):1064–7. DOI: 10.1021/jz1001117.
Von Szentpály L. Ruling Out Any Electrophilicity Equalization Principle. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 2011 Aug 4;115(30):8528–31. DOI: 10.1021/jp203319y.
Chattaraj PK, Giri S, Duley S. Comment on “Ruling Out Any Electrophilicity Equalization Principle.” The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 2012 Jan 12;116(1):790–1. DOI: 10.1021/jp208541x.
Geerlings P, De Proft F, Langenaeker W. Conceptual Density Functional Theory. Chemical Reviews. 2003 May;103(5):1793–874. DOI: 10.1021/cr990029p.
Chattaraj PK, editor. Chemical reactivity theory: a density functional view. Boca Raton: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis; 2009. 576 p. ISBN: 978-1-4200-6543-5
Liu S. Conceptual density functional theory and some recent developments. Acta Phys Chim Sinica. 25:590–600. URL: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/apcs/apcs/2009/00000025/00000003/art00033#expand/collapse.
Nataraj A, Balachandran V, Karthick T. Molecular orbital studies (hardness, chemical potential, electrophilicity, and first electron excitation), vibrational investigation and theoretical NBO analysis of 2-hydroxy-5-bromobenzaldehyde by density functional method. Journal of Molecular Structure. 2013 Jan;1031:221–33. DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.09.047.
Kaya S, Kaya C. Derivation of ionization energy and electron affinity equations using chemical hardness and absolute electronegativity in isoelectronic series. Journal of Physical & Theoretical Chemistry. 2015;11(4):155–63. URL: http://jptc.srbiau.ac.ir/pdf_6246_94c596367c3fea5c0d54f9671b940188.html.
Malek A, Balawender R. Revisiting the chemical reactivity indices as the state function derivatives. The role of classical chemical hardness. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 2015 Feb 7;142(5):054104. URL: 10.1063/1.4906555.
Beg H, De SP, Ash S, Das D, Misra A. Polarizability, chemical hardness and ionization potential as descriptors to understand the mechanism of double proton transfer in acetamide dimer. Computational and Theoretical Chemistry. 2013 Feb;1005:1–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2012.10.023.
Kaya S, Kaya C. A Simple Method for the Calculation of Lattice Energies of Inorganic Ionic Crystals Based on the Chemical Hardness. Inorganic Chemistry. 2015 Sep 8;54(17):8207–13. DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b00383.
Chermette H. Chemical reactivity indexes in density functional theory. Journal of Computational Chemistry. 1999 Jan 15;20(1):129–54. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-987X(19990115)20:1<129::AID-JCC13>3.0.CO;2-A.
Putz MV. Electronegativity: Quantum observable. International Journal of Quantum Chemistry. 2009 Mar 15;109(4):733–8. DOI: 10.1002/qua.21957.
Putz MV, Chattaraj PK. Electrophilicity kernel and its hierarchy through softness in conceptual density functional theory. International Journal of Quantum Chemistry. 2013 Sep 15;113(18):2163–71. DOI: 10.1002/qua.24473. DOI: 10.1002/qua.22508.
Ghosh DC, Islam N. Whether there is a hardness equalization principle analogous to the electronegativity equalization principle-A quest. International Journal of Quantum Chemistry. 2011 Aug 5;111(9):1961–9. DOI: 10.1002/qua.22499.
Ghosh DC, Islam N. A quest for the algorithm for evaluating the molecular hardness. International Journal of Quantum Chemistry. 2011 Aug 5;111(9):1931–41. DOI: 10.1021/cr60051a003.
Ingold CK. Principles of an Electronic Theory of Organic Reactions. Chemical Reviews. 1934 Oct;15(2):225–74. DOI: 10.1021/cr60051a003.
Islam N, Ghosh DC. On the Electrophilic Character of Molecules Through Its Relation with Electronegativity and Chemical Hardness. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2012 Feb 17;13(12):2160–75. DOI: 10.3390/ijms13022160.
Parr RG, Szentpály L v., Liu S. Electrophilicity Index. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1999 Mar;121(9):1922–4. DOI: 10.1021/ja983494x.
Maynard AT, Huang M, Rice WG, Covell DG. Reactivity of the HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein p7 zinc finger domains from the perspective of density-functional theory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1998 Sep 29;95(20):11578–83. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.20.11578.
Chattaraj PK, Sarkar U, Roy DR. Electrophilicity Index. Chemical Reviews. 2006 Jun;106(6):2065–91. DOI: 10.1021/cr040109f.
Verstraelen T, Bultinck P. Can the electronegativity equalization method predict spectroscopic properties? Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy. 2015 Feb;136:76–80. DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.10.124.
Ionescu C-M, Geidl S, Svobodová Vařeková R, Koča J. Rapid Calculation of Accurate Atomic Charges for Proteins via the Electronegativity Equalization Method. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling. 2013 Oct 28;53(10):2548–58. DOI: 10.1021/ci400448n.
Ouyang Y, Ye F, Liang Y. A modified electronegativity equalization method for fast and accurate calculation of atomic charges in large biological molecules. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2009;11(29):6082. DOI: 10.1039/B821696G.
Iczkowski RP, Margrave JL. Electronegativity. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1961 Sep;83(17):3547–51. DOI: 10.1021/ja01478a001.
Kaya S, Kaya C. A new equation based on ionization energies and electron affinities of atoms for calculating of group electronegativity. Computational and Theoretical Chemistry. 2015 Jan;1052:42–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2014.11.017.
Kaya C. İnorganik kimya. Ankara: Palme Yayıncılık; 2008. ISBN: 9789944341776.
Pearson RG. Chemical hardness. Weinheim, Germany ; New York: Wiley-VCH; 1997. 198 p. ISBN: 3527294821.
Chattaraj PK. Chemical Reactivity and Selectivity: Local HSAB Principle versus Frontier Orbital Theory. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 2001 Jan;105(2):511–3. DOI: 10.1021/jp003786w.
Chattaraj PK, Maiti B. HSAB Principle Applied to the Time Evolution of Chemical Reactions †. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2003 Mar;125(9):2705–10. DOI: 10.1021/ja0276063.
Kaya S, Kaya C, Islam N. Maximum hardness and minimum polarizability principles through lattice energies of ionic compounds. Physica B: Condensed Matter. 2016 Mar;485:60–6. 10.1016/j.physb.2016.01.010.
Kaya S, Kaya C. A new equation for calculation of chemical hardness of groups and molecules. Molecular Physics. 2015 Jun 3;113(11):1311–9. DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2014.991771.
Chattaraj PK, Giri S, Duley S. Electrophilicity Equalization Principle. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 2010 Apr;1(7):1064–7. DOI: 10.1021/jz1001117.
Von Szentpály L. Ruling Out Any Electrophilicity Equalization Principle. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 2011 Aug 4;115(30):8528–31. DOI: 10.1021/jp203319y.
Chattaraj PK, Giri S, Duley S. Comment on “Ruling Out Any Electrophilicity Equalization Principle.” The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 2012 Jan 12;116(1):790–1. DOI: 10.1021/jp208541x.