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Akıllı şehir, kentsel direnç ve sürdürülebilirlik arasındaki ilişki: kentsel planlama için çıkarımlar

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1-2, 1 - 19, 26.12.2024

Mücella Ateş

Öz

Cities function as complex ecosystems with unique qualities, cultural diversity, and distinctive identities, requiring a comprehensive examination of interconnected factors. From an urban planning perspective, sustainability, urban resilience, and the smart city concept are of paramount importance. In urban planning, urban resilience is predominantly associated with responses to natural disasters. Despite being a relatively new concept, resilience is perceived as a transformative approach to mitigating vulnerabilities faced by cities. As concepts, sustainability and resilience are synergistic and strategic, enabling urban planning. To earn the “smart” label, a city must have urban planning that both promotes sustainability and demonstrates urban resilience. This article aims to elucidate the complex interplay between “smart cities”, “sustainability” and “urban resilience” their impacts on urban planning, and their significant aspects. The study employs the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology. Subsequently, a comprehensive analysis of 95 articles, supported by the visualization of keywords using VOSviewer®, was conducted. The analyzed articles span the fields of interior architecture, architecture, and urban planning. The findings emphasize the transformative potential of integrating “smart cities”, “sustainability”" and “urban resilience” principles in urban planning, leading to a paradigm shift towards more holistic and resilient urban environments. The results also highlight the interdependence of smart cities, sustainability, and resilient planning. The study concludes that smart cities cannot be considered separately from sustainability, and sustainability cannot be evaluated independently of urban resilience.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Smart city Urban resilience Sustainability Notion analyze Meta-Analyse Informatics and Information Technologies in Architecture

Kaynakça

  • Alberti, M. (2005). The effects of urban patterns on ecosystem function. International Regional Science Review, 28(2), 168–192. https://doi.org/10.1177/0160017605275160
  • Alderete, M. V. (2019). Qué factores influyen en la construcción de ciudades inteligentes? Un modelo multinivel con datos a nivel ciudades y países. CTS Revista Iberoamericana Ciencia Tecnología Sociedad, 14, 71–89.
  • Allwinkle, S., & Cruickshank, P. (2011). Creating smarter cities: An overview. Journal of Urban Technology, 18, 1–16.
  • Angelidou, M. (2014). Smart city policies: A spatial approach. Cities, 41, S3-S11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2014.06.007
  • Anthopoulos, L., & Tougountzoglou, T. (2012). A viability model for digital cities: Economic and acceptability factors. In S. Aikins (Ed.), Web 2.0 technologies and democratic governance: Political, policy and management implications (pp. 41-59). Springer.
  • Asprone, D., & Manfredi, G. (2015). Linking disaster resilience and urban sustainability: A glocal approach for future cities. Disasters, 39, 96-111.
  • Aurigi, A. (2006). New technologies, same dilemmas: Policy and design issues for the augmented city. Journal of Urban Technology, 13, 5–28.
  • Bento, S. C., de Melo Conti, D., Baptista, R. M., & Ghobril, C. N. (2018). As novas diretrizes e a importância do planejamento urbano para o desenvolvimento de cidades sustentáveis. Revista de Gestão Ambiental e Sustentabilidade, 7, 469–488.
  • Bria, F. (2012). New governance models towards an open Internet ecosystem for smart connected European cities and regions. In Open innovation (pp. 62–71). Directorate-General for the Information Society and Media, European Commission. https://doi.org/10.2759/47606
  • Carter, P., Rojas, B., & Sahni, M. (2011). Delivering next-generation citizen services; assessing the environmental, social and economic impact of intelligent X on future cities and communities. IDC White Paper.
  • Casaus, S. (2018). Environmental education and the Tbilisi Declaration: A basis for urban environmental ethics. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 8(1), 123-134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13412-018-0462-5
  • Caselles Moncho, A., Carrasco Esteve, M., Martínez Gascón, A., Coll Ribera, S., Doménech Quesada, J. L., & González Arenales, M. (2008). La huella ecológica corporativa de los materiales: Aplicación al sector comercial. Observatorio Iberoamericano del Desarrollo Local y la Economía Social.
  • Chourabi, H., Nam, T., Walker, S., Gil-Garcia, J. R., Mellouli, S., & Nahon, K. (2012). Understanding smart cities: An integrative framework. In Proceedings of the 45th International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 1-10). Hawaii.
  • Davalos, J., & Pérez, A. R. (2017). Ciudades sostenibles, inclusivas y resilientes: Gobiernos locales y participación ciudadana en la implementación de las agendas globales para el desarrollo. I. Res. J., 2, 116–131.
  • Davoudi, S., et al. (2012). Resilience: A bridging concept or a dead end? Planning Theory & Practice, 13(2), 299-307.
  • Fergnani, A. (2016). The resistance to scientific theory in futures and foresight, and what to do about it. 21-32. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffo2.61
  • Folke, C. (2006). Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social–ecological systems analyses. Global Environmental Change, 16(3), 253-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.04.002
  • Gere, A. K. (2019). Resilience standards. Retrieved from https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1428303/FULLTEXT02.pdf
  • Giffinger, R., Fertner, C., Kramar, H., Kalasek, R., Pichler-Milanovic, N., & Meijers, E. (2007). Smart cities: Ranking of European medium-sized cities. Retrieved from http://www.smart-cities.eu/download/smart cities final report.pdf
  • Glaeser, E. L., & Berry, C. R. (2006). Why are smart places getting smarter? Rappaport Institute for Greater Boston & Taubman Centre.
  • González, J. A. A., & Rossi, A. (2012). New trends for smart cities. In Open innovation mechanisms in smart cities. Project co-funded by the European Commission within the ICT Policy Support Programme (Deliverable D2.2.21).
  • Guerra, M. E., Sabadell, J., & Duran, J. (2017). Regional planning and sustainable development: Legal perspectives from the Rio Summit. Journal of Planning Literature, 32(4), 374-391. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412217711452
  • Habitat. (2023). What is urban resilience? Retrieved from https://www.unhabitat.org
  • Hollands, R. G. (2008). Will the real smart city please stand up? City, 12(3), 303–320.
  • Holling, C. S. (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000245
  • Jovanovic, A., Jelić, M., Rosen, T., Klimek, P., Macika, S., & Øien, K. (2019). The resilience tool of the SmartResilience project. SmartResilience Project. Stuttgart, Germany.
  • Kallaos, J., Mainguy, G., & Wyckmans, A. (2014). Considering resilience: Steps towards an assessment framework. Tema J. Land Use Mobil. Environ., 7, 5–28.
  • Kassam, A. (2023). ISO 37101:2016 and the role of sustainability in urban planning. Sustainability Reports.
  • Kassam, Z. (2023). Sustainability: Standards create change faster. Retrieved from https://www.iso.org/news/sustainability.html
  • Kayakutlu, G., Daim, T., Kunt, M., Altay, A., & Suharto, Y. (2017). Scenarios for regional waste management. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 74, 1323–1335.
  • Kerestecioğlu, F., & Akin, S. (2022). İstanbul”da üst ölçekli planlarda turizm alanlarının değişiminin kente etkisi: Kültür alanları. Jass Studies-The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 15, 227–252.
  • Komninos, N. (2008). Intelligent cities and globalization of innovation networks. Routledge.
  • Komninos, N., & Sefertzi, E. (2009). Intelligent cities: R&D offshoring, web 2.0 product development and globalization of innovation systems. In 2nd Knowledge Cities Summit, Shenzhen, China.
  • Lanfranchi, G., Herrero, A., & Jaureguiberry, J. (2016). Resiliencia urbana diálogos institucionales. Programa de Ciudades de CIPPEC: Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  • Lind, D. (2012). Information and communications technologies creating livable, equitable, sustainable cities. In L. Starke (Ed.), State of the world 2012: Moving toward sustainable prosperity (pp. 69-81). Island Press/Center for Resource Economics.
  • Lipp, A. (2018). The role of environmental ethics education in urban sustainability. Environmental Ethics, 40(2), 123-135. https://doi.org/10.5840/enviroethics201840212
  • Lombardi, P., Giordano, S., Farouh, H., & Yousef, W. (2012). Modelling the smart city performance. The European Journal of Social Science Research, 25, 137–149.
  • Longstaff, P. H., Koslowski, T. G., & Geoghegan, W. (2013). Translating resilience: A framework to enhance communication and implementation. Paper presented at the 5th Resilience Engineering International Symposium, Soesterberg, The Netherlands.
  • Lopera, A. P. (2019). Legislación ambiental en Colombia: Ayer, hoy y desafíos. Summa Iuris, 7(2), 103-118. https://doi.org/10.15446/summa.iuris.v7n2.77605
  • Lussier, G. (2014). Smart cities: Where the challenges and opportunities are. Canadian Institute for Urban Studies.
  • Mamadouh, V. (2017). Urban resilience: A perspective from the Netherlands. Sustainable Cities and Society, 32, 103–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.03.015
  • Marzouk, M., & El-Sherif, A. (2018). Smart urbanism: A new approach to integrated urban development. International Journal of Urban Sciences, 22(3), 326–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2018.1487367 Mele, R. (2014). A new challenge for the city: How to transform urban landscapes into smart cities? Urban Studies, 51(10), 2123–2135.
  • Morf, A. (2014). The role of urban green spaces in disaster resilience. Environmental Research, 135, 15-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2014.08.028
  • Muñiz, A. (2014). Technology transfer and resilience: A framework for smart cities. In Cities and climate change: A global perspective (pp. 195-204). Cambridge University Press.
  • Nash, K. (2015). The art of building resilience: Urban design for a resilient city. Environment and Urbanization, 27(2), 1-15.
  • Parnell, S. (2016). Urban resilience in the Global South: Emerging challenges. Cities, 55, 126-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2016.01.007
  • Pelling, M., & Dill, K. (2010). Disaster politics: Tipping points for change in the adaptation of human systems. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 52(5), 8-23.
  • Pumain, D. (2006). Urban systems as complex systems. Geographical Journal, 172(2), 87-98.
  • Ritchie, H., & Roser, M. (2018). Urbanization. Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/urbanization
  • Rozenberg, J. (2019). Smart cities and inclusive growth. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 9270.
  • Rydin, Y. (2013). The importance of urban green space in sustainable cities: Towards a green city framework. Sustainable Cities and Society, 8, 19–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2013.05.001
  • Sandercock, L. (2004). Towards a planning imagination for the 21st century. Journal of the American Planning Association, 70(2), 154-164. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944360408976307
  • Shaw, K. (2016). The role of cities in climate change mitigation. Urban Climate, 18, 13-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2016.03.003
  • Simmie, J. (2014). The role of knowledge in the urban resilience agenda. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 32(5), 887-898. https://doi.org/10.1068/c13102j
  • Simmie, J., & Martin, R. (2010). The economic resilience of cities: A review of the literature. Journal of Economic Geography, 10(2), 257-281. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbp015
  • Stein, R., & Horrell, S. (2018). Smart cities and climate change: Creating pathways to a resilient future. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 10(4), 564-579. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-06-2017-0064
  • Tanguay, G. A., & et al. (2010). Measuring the sustainability of cities: A comprehensive framework. Sustainable Cities and Society, 2(2), 103–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2011.02.003 Turok, I. (2016). The future of cities: Understanding urban resilience. Urban Studies, 53(1), 12-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098015594335
  • UN Habitat. (2021). World Cities Report 2020: The value of sustainable urbanization. Nairobi, Kenya: UN-Habitat.
  • UNISDR. (2015). Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction.
  • Urban, F., & Kamata, H. (2016). Green city planning and green infrastructure: An urban design perspective. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 142(2), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000298
  • Wamsler, C., & Linden, A. (2016). Resilience in the urban context: Reframing the concept of urban resilience in the light of climate change. Climate Policy, 16(5), 615-630. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2015.1031744
  • Zetter, R. (2014). Resilience in the face of climate change: The role of urban planning. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 34(2), 162-171. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X14527307

The Relationship between Smart Cities, Urban Resilience and Sustainability: Implications for Urban Planning

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1-2, 1 - 19, 26.12.2024

Mücella Ateş

Öz

Cities function as complex ecosystems with unique qualities, cultural diversity, and distinctive identities, requiring a comprehensive examination of interconnected factors. From an urban planning perspective, sustainability, urban resilience, and the smart city concept are of paramount importance. In urban planning, urban resilience is predominantly associated with responses to natural disasters. Despite being a relatively new concept, resilience is perceived as a transformative approach to mitigating vulnerabilities faced by cities. As concepts, sustainability and resilience are synergistic and strategic, enabling urban planning. To earn the “smart” label, a city must have urban planning that both promotes sustainability and demonstrates urban resilience. This article aims to elucidate the complex interplay between “smart cities”, “sustainability” and “urban resilience” their impacts on urban planning, and their significant aspects. The study employs the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology. Subsequently, a comprehensive analysis of 95 articles, supported by the visualization of keywords using VOSviewer®, was conducted. The analyzed articles span the fields of interior architecture, architecture, and urban planning. The findings emphasize the transformative potential of integrating “smart cities”, “sustainability”" and “urban resilience” principles in urban planning, leading to a paradigm shift towards more holistic and resilient urban environments. The results also highlight the interdependence of smart cities, sustainability, and resilient planning. The study concludes that smart cities cannot be considered separately from sustainability, and sustainability cannot be evaluated independently of urban resilience.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Smart city Urban resilience Sustainability Notion analyze Meta-Analyse Informatics and Information Technologies in Architecture

Kaynakça

  • Alberti, M. (2005). The effects of urban patterns on ecosystem function. International Regional Science Review, 28(2), 168–192. https://doi.org/10.1177/0160017605275160
  • Alderete, M. V. (2019). Qué factores influyen en la construcción de ciudades inteligentes? Un modelo multinivel con datos a nivel ciudades y países. CTS Revista Iberoamericana Ciencia Tecnología Sociedad, 14, 71–89.
  • Allwinkle, S., & Cruickshank, P. (2011). Creating smarter cities: An overview. Journal of Urban Technology, 18, 1–16.
  • Angelidou, M. (2014). Smart city policies: A spatial approach. Cities, 41, S3-S11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2014.06.007
  • Anthopoulos, L., & Tougountzoglou, T. (2012). A viability model for digital cities: Economic and acceptability factors. In S. Aikins (Ed.), Web 2.0 technologies and democratic governance: Political, policy and management implications (pp. 41-59). Springer.
  • Asprone, D., & Manfredi, G. (2015). Linking disaster resilience and urban sustainability: A glocal approach for future cities. Disasters, 39, 96-111.
  • Aurigi, A. (2006). New technologies, same dilemmas: Policy and design issues for the augmented city. Journal of Urban Technology, 13, 5–28.
  • Bento, S. C., de Melo Conti, D., Baptista, R. M., & Ghobril, C. N. (2018). As novas diretrizes e a importância do planejamento urbano para o desenvolvimento de cidades sustentáveis. Revista de Gestão Ambiental e Sustentabilidade, 7, 469–488.
  • Bria, F. (2012). New governance models towards an open Internet ecosystem for smart connected European cities and regions. In Open innovation (pp. 62–71). Directorate-General for the Information Society and Media, European Commission. https://doi.org/10.2759/47606
  • Carter, P., Rojas, B., & Sahni, M. (2011). Delivering next-generation citizen services; assessing the environmental, social and economic impact of intelligent X on future cities and communities. IDC White Paper.
  • Casaus, S. (2018). Environmental education and the Tbilisi Declaration: A basis for urban environmental ethics. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 8(1), 123-134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13412-018-0462-5
  • Caselles Moncho, A., Carrasco Esteve, M., Martínez Gascón, A., Coll Ribera, S., Doménech Quesada, J. L., & González Arenales, M. (2008). La huella ecológica corporativa de los materiales: Aplicación al sector comercial. Observatorio Iberoamericano del Desarrollo Local y la Economía Social.
  • Chourabi, H., Nam, T., Walker, S., Gil-Garcia, J. R., Mellouli, S., & Nahon, K. (2012). Understanding smart cities: An integrative framework. In Proceedings of the 45th International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 1-10). Hawaii.
  • Davalos, J., & Pérez, A. R. (2017). Ciudades sostenibles, inclusivas y resilientes: Gobiernos locales y participación ciudadana en la implementación de las agendas globales para el desarrollo. I. Res. J., 2, 116–131.
  • Davoudi, S., et al. (2012). Resilience: A bridging concept or a dead end? Planning Theory & Practice, 13(2), 299-307.
  • Fergnani, A. (2016). The resistance to scientific theory in futures and foresight, and what to do about it. 21-32. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffo2.61
  • Folke, C. (2006). Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social–ecological systems analyses. Global Environmental Change, 16(3), 253-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.04.002
  • Gere, A. K. (2019). Resilience standards. Retrieved from https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1428303/FULLTEXT02.pdf
  • Giffinger, R., Fertner, C., Kramar, H., Kalasek, R., Pichler-Milanovic, N., & Meijers, E. (2007). Smart cities: Ranking of European medium-sized cities. Retrieved from http://www.smart-cities.eu/download/smart cities final report.pdf
  • Glaeser, E. L., & Berry, C. R. (2006). Why are smart places getting smarter? Rappaport Institute for Greater Boston & Taubman Centre.
  • González, J. A. A., & Rossi, A. (2012). New trends for smart cities. In Open innovation mechanisms in smart cities. Project co-funded by the European Commission within the ICT Policy Support Programme (Deliverable D2.2.21).
  • Guerra, M. E., Sabadell, J., & Duran, J. (2017). Regional planning and sustainable development: Legal perspectives from the Rio Summit. Journal of Planning Literature, 32(4), 374-391. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412217711452
  • Habitat. (2023). What is urban resilience? Retrieved from https://www.unhabitat.org
  • Hollands, R. G. (2008). Will the real smart city please stand up? City, 12(3), 303–320.
  • Holling, C. S. (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000245
  • Jovanovic, A., Jelić, M., Rosen, T., Klimek, P., Macika, S., & Øien, K. (2019). The resilience tool of the SmartResilience project. SmartResilience Project. Stuttgart, Germany.
  • Kallaos, J., Mainguy, G., & Wyckmans, A. (2014). Considering resilience: Steps towards an assessment framework. Tema J. Land Use Mobil. Environ., 7, 5–28.
  • Kassam, A. (2023). ISO 37101:2016 and the role of sustainability in urban planning. Sustainability Reports.
  • Kassam, Z. (2023). Sustainability: Standards create change faster. Retrieved from https://www.iso.org/news/sustainability.html
  • Kayakutlu, G., Daim, T., Kunt, M., Altay, A., & Suharto, Y. (2017). Scenarios for regional waste management. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 74, 1323–1335.
  • Kerestecioğlu, F., & Akin, S. (2022). İstanbul”da üst ölçekli planlarda turizm alanlarının değişiminin kente etkisi: Kültür alanları. Jass Studies-The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 15, 227–252.
  • Komninos, N. (2008). Intelligent cities and globalization of innovation networks. Routledge.
  • Komninos, N., & Sefertzi, E. (2009). Intelligent cities: R&D offshoring, web 2.0 product development and globalization of innovation systems. In 2nd Knowledge Cities Summit, Shenzhen, China.
  • Lanfranchi, G., Herrero, A., & Jaureguiberry, J. (2016). Resiliencia urbana diálogos institucionales. Programa de Ciudades de CIPPEC: Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  • Lind, D. (2012). Information and communications technologies creating livable, equitable, sustainable cities. In L. Starke (Ed.), State of the world 2012: Moving toward sustainable prosperity (pp. 69-81). Island Press/Center for Resource Economics.
  • Lipp, A. (2018). The role of environmental ethics education in urban sustainability. Environmental Ethics, 40(2), 123-135. https://doi.org/10.5840/enviroethics201840212
  • Lombardi, P., Giordano, S., Farouh, H., & Yousef, W. (2012). Modelling the smart city performance. The European Journal of Social Science Research, 25, 137–149.
  • Longstaff, P. H., Koslowski, T. G., & Geoghegan, W. (2013). Translating resilience: A framework to enhance communication and implementation. Paper presented at the 5th Resilience Engineering International Symposium, Soesterberg, The Netherlands.
  • Lopera, A. P. (2019). Legislación ambiental en Colombia: Ayer, hoy y desafíos. Summa Iuris, 7(2), 103-118. https://doi.org/10.15446/summa.iuris.v7n2.77605
  • Lussier, G. (2014). Smart cities: Where the challenges and opportunities are. Canadian Institute for Urban Studies.
  • Mamadouh, V. (2017). Urban resilience: A perspective from the Netherlands. Sustainable Cities and Society, 32, 103–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.03.015
  • Marzouk, M., & El-Sherif, A. (2018). Smart urbanism: A new approach to integrated urban development. International Journal of Urban Sciences, 22(3), 326–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2018.1487367 Mele, R. (2014). A new challenge for the city: How to transform urban landscapes into smart cities? Urban Studies, 51(10), 2123–2135.
  • Morf, A. (2014). The role of urban green spaces in disaster resilience. Environmental Research, 135, 15-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2014.08.028
  • Muñiz, A. (2014). Technology transfer and resilience: A framework for smart cities. In Cities and climate change: A global perspective (pp. 195-204). Cambridge University Press.
  • Nash, K. (2015). The art of building resilience: Urban design for a resilient city. Environment and Urbanization, 27(2), 1-15.
  • Parnell, S. (2016). Urban resilience in the Global South: Emerging challenges. Cities, 55, 126-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2016.01.007
  • Pelling, M., & Dill, K. (2010). Disaster politics: Tipping points for change in the adaptation of human systems. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 52(5), 8-23.
  • Pumain, D. (2006). Urban systems as complex systems. Geographical Journal, 172(2), 87-98.
  • Ritchie, H., & Roser, M. (2018). Urbanization. Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/urbanization
  • Rozenberg, J. (2019). Smart cities and inclusive growth. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 9270.
  • Rydin, Y. (2013). The importance of urban green space in sustainable cities: Towards a green city framework. Sustainable Cities and Society, 8, 19–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2013.05.001
  • Sandercock, L. (2004). Towards a planning imagination for the 21st century. Journal of the American Planning Association, 70(2), 154-164. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944360408976307
  • Shaw, K. (2016). The role of cities in climate change mitigation. Urban Climate, 18, 13-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2016.03.003
  • Simmie, J. (2014). The role of knowledge in the urban resilience agenda. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 32(5), 887-898. https://doi.org/10.1068/c13102j
  • Simmie, J., & Martin, R. (2010). The economic resilience of cities: A review of the literature. Journal of Economic Geography, 10(2), 257-281. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbp015
  • Stein, R., & Horrell, S. (2018). Smart cities and climate change: Creating pathways to a resilient future. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 10(4), 564-579. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-06-2017-0064
  • Tanguay, G. A., & et al. (2010). Measuring the sustainability of cities: A comprehensive framework. Sustainable Cities and Society, 2(2), 103–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2011.02.003 Turok, I. (2016). The future of cities: Understanding urban resilience. Urban Studies, 53(1), 12-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098015594335
  • UN Habitat. (2021). World Cities Report 2020: The value of sustainable urbanization. Nairobi, Kenya: UN-Habitat.
  • UNISDR. (2015). Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction.
  • Urban, F., & Kamata, H. (2016). Green city planning and green infrastructure: An urban design perspective. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 142(2), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000298
  • Wamsler, C., & Linden, A. (2016). Resilience in the urban context: Reframing the concept of urban resilience in the light of climate change. Climate Policy, 16(5), 615-630. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2015.1031744
  • Zetter, R. (2014). Resilience in the face of climate change: The role of urban planning. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 34(2), 162-171. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X14527307
Toplam 62 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Kentsel Tasarım
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Mücella Ateş

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Temmuz 2024
Kabul Tarihi 27 Eylül 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1-2

Kaynak Göster

APA Ateş, M. (2024). The Relationship between Smart Cities, Urban Resilience and Sustainability: Implications for Urban Planning. Journal of Planning Architecture and Design, 2(1-2), 1-19.
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