Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Geçiş Ekonomilerinde Vergi Yapısı ve Kurumsal Belirleyicileri

Yıl 2021, , 49 - 69, 05.05.2021
https://doi.org/10.26650/mcd2021-903832

Öz

Tarihsel mirasında kurumsal vergi sistemine sahip olmayan ekonomiler bağımsızlıklarıyla birlikte vergi sistemi tesisi arayışına girmişlerdir. Böyle bir sistemin esas unsuru olan vergi yapısı ise geçiş ekonomilerinin serbest piyasa reformlarının finansmanı anlamına gelmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı, 31 geçiş ekonomisinin mevcut vergi yapısını değerlendirmektir. Ek olarak, vergi yapısı ve vergi sisteminin kurumsal yapısının etkinliğini değerlendirmek amacıyla 24 geçiş ekonomisinde yolsuzluk ile toplam vergi yükü, kişi başına düşen GSYH, dışa açıklık, ekonomik özgürlük, kurumlar-gelir-tüketim vergisi oranları ilişkisi incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla statik ve dinamik panel veri analizi yapılmıştır. Sonuçlarına göre ekonomik özgürlük endeksi düşük olan ülkelerde yolsuzluk yüksek seyretmektedir. Benzer şekilde yolsuzluğun yüksek olduğu ekonomilerde kişi başına düşen GSYH düşüktür. Vergi yükünün yüksek, gelir dağılımında adaletin düşük ve vergi idarelerinin kurumsal zayıflığı gibi nedenlerden dolayı geçiş ekonomilerinde rüşvet, verginin ikamesi olarak görüldüğü söylenebilir. Bu çerçevede statik analiz bulgularına göre geçiş ekonomilerinde kişi başına düşen gelirde bir birimlik artış yolsuzluğu %0,0371, dışa açıklık %0,0134, ekonomik özgürlük %0,0394 ve gelir vergisi oranı %0,0122 pozitif etkilemektedir. Dinamik analizin bulgularına göre yolsuzluğu negatif etkileyen iki değişken bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan ekonomik özgürlük yolsuzluğu %0,073 ve tüketim vergileri %0,108 negatif etkilemektedir. Diğer taraftan vergi gelirleri (0,064), kişi başına düşen gelir (0,056), ticari açıklık (0,073) ve gelir vergisi oranı (0,063) yolsuzluğu pozitif etkilemektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Akdoğan, A., Kırbaş, S. ve Eyüpgiller, S. (1986). Açıklamalı maliye ve vergi sözlüğü. Ankara: Birlik Yayıncılık. google scholar
  • Alt, J. E. (1983). The evolution of tax structures. Public Choice, 41(1), 181-222. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00124058 google scholar
  • Barro, R. J. (1991). Economic growth in a cross section of countries. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(2), 407-443. https://doi.org/10.3386/w3120 google scholar
  • Brochier, H. & Tabatoni, P. (1971). Mali iktisat. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları No:1712. İstanbul: Fakülteler Matbaası. google scholar
  • Cariolle, J. (2018). Insights from a multi-level analysis of corruption determinants in developing and transition countries. SSRN 3135314, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3135314. google scholar
  • Chelliah, R. (1971). Trends in taxation in developing countries. IMF Economic Review, (18), 254-331. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3866592 google scholar
  • Dackehag, M. & Hansson, A. (2012). Taxation of income and economic growth: an empirical analysis of 25 rich OECD countries. Journal of Economic Development, 21(1). 93-118. Erişim adresi: https://project.nek.lu.se/ google scholar
  • Due, J. F. (1967). Maliye: bir iktisadi analiz. (S. Görgün ve İ. Önder, Çev.). İstanbul: Fakülteler Matbaası. google scholar
  • Easterly, W. & Rebelo, S. (1994). Fiscal policy and economic growth: an empirical investigation (No. 885). CEPR Discussion Papers. Erişim adresi: https://cepr.org/ google scholar
  • Edwards, S. (1992). Stabilization and liberalization policies in Central and Eastern Europe: lessons from Latin America. New Jersey: Basil Blackwell Publishers. google scholar
  • Goldsmith, A. A. (1999). Slapping the grasping hand: correlates of political corruption in emerging markets. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 58(4), 865-883. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1536-7150.1999. tb03398.x google scholar
  • Gordon, R. & Li, W. (2009). Tax Structures in developing countries: many puzzles and a possible explanation. Journal of Public Economics, 93(7-8), 855-866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2009.04.001 google scholar
  • Gürsoy, B. (1975). Kamu maliyesi. Ankara: Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Yayınları. google scholar
  • Hwang, J. (2002). A note on the relationship between corruption and government revenue. Journal of Economic Development, 27(2), 161-176. Erişim adresi: http://www.jed.or.kr/full-text/27-2/hwang.PDF google scholar
  • Jantscher, M. C., Silvani, C. & Vehorn, C. L. (1991). A strategy to improve tax administration in Eastern European countries. In Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Taxation Held under the Auspices of the National Tax Association-Tax Institute of America, (84), 171-177. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/subject/business google scholar
  • Kaldor, N. (1980). The role of taxation in economic development. Essays on Economic Policy I, London: Duckworth. google scholar
  • Kaufmann, D. & Siegelbaum, P. (1997). Privatization and corruption in transition economies. Journal of International Affairs, 50(2), 419-458. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/24357625 google scholar
  • Keen, M., Kim, Y. ve Varsano. R. (2006). The ‘flat tax(es)’. principles and evidence. Washington: IMF Working Paper WP/06/218. Erişim adresi: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2006/wp06218.pdf google scholar
  • Kornai, J. (1990). The affinity between ownership forms and coordination mechanisms: the common experience of reform in socialist countries. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 4(3), 131-147. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor. org/stable/1942933 google scholar
  • Lui, F. T. (1996). Three aspects of corruption. Contemporary Economic Policy, 14(3), 26-29. google scholar
  • Mutluer, M. K., Öner, E. ve Kesik, A. (2013). Teoride ve uygulamada kamu maliyesi. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. google scholar
  • Neumark, F. (1948). Maliyeye dair tetkikler. (M. O. Dikmen, Çev.). İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Neşriyatı No:9. google scholar
  • Paldam, M. (2001). Corruption and religion adding to the economic model. Kyklos. 54(2-3), 383-413. https:/ /doi/ abs/10.1111/1467-6435.00160 google scholar
  • Paldam, M. (2002). The cross-country pattern of corruption: economics, culture and see saw dynamic. European Journal of Political Economy, 18(2), 215-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-2680(02)00078-2 google scholar
  • Pınar, A. (2010). Maliye politikası. teori ve uygulama (3.bs). Ankara: Natürel Yayıncılık. google scholar
  • Pieroni, L. & d’Augustino, G. (2013). Corruption and the effects of economic freedom. European Journal of Political Economy, 29(C), 54-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2012.08.002 google scholar
  • Piplica, D. & Ğovo, P. (2011). Corruption and economic growth in Croatia, Oeconomica, 1(2), 85-99. Erişim adresi: https://hrcak.srce.hr/75181 google scholar
  • PKF (2015). Worldwide tax guide 2015. PKF. https://www.pkf.com/publications/taxguides/pkf-international-worldwide-tax-guide-2015/ (erişim tarihi: 6.02.2021). google scholar
  • PKF (2018). Worldwide Tax Guide 2018. PKF. https://www.pkf.com/publications/taxguides/pkf-international-worldwide-tax-guide-2018/ (erişim tarihi: 6.02.2021). google scholar
  • PKF (2019). Worldwide tax guide 2019-20. https://www.pkf.com/publications/taxguides/pkf-international-worldwide-tax-guide-2019-20/ (erişim tarihi: 6.02.2021). google scholar
  • PKF (2020). Worldwide Tax Guide 2020. PKF. https://www.pkf.com/publications/taxguides/pkf-international-worldwide-tax-guide-2020/ (erişim tarihi: 6.02.2021). google scholar
  • PWC (2018). Worldwide tax summaries: corporote taxes, 2018/19, London: Pwc. google scholar
  • Saha, S., Gounder. R. & Su, J.J. (2009). The interaction effect of economic freedom and democracy on corruption: a panel cross-country analysis. Economics Letters, 105(2), 173-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2009.07.010 google scholar
  • Schmölders, G. (1976). Genel vergi teorisi. (S. Turhan, Çev.). İstanbul: Fakülteler Matbaası. google scholar
  • Shabbir, G. & Chaudhry, M. A. (2007). Determinants of corruption in developing countries. The Pakistan Development Review, 46(4), 751-764. Erişim adresi: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/48268 google scholar
  • Swaleheen, M. & Stansel, D. (2007). Economic freedom. corruption and growth. Cato Journal, 27(3), 343-358. Erişim adresi: https://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/cato-journal/2007/11/cj27n3-3.pdf google scholar
  • Şen, H. ve Sağbaş, İ. (2017). Vergi teorisi ve politikası. Ankara: Arıkan Yayınları. google scholar
  • Tatoğlu, Y. F. (2016). Panel veri ekonometrisi: stata uygulamalı. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları. google scholar
  • Tatoğlu, Y. F. (2020). İleri panel veri analizi stata uygulamalı. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları. google scholar
  • Tosun, M. S. & Abizadeh, S. (2005). Economic growth and tax components: an analysis of tax changes in OECD. Applied Economics, 37(19), 2251-2263. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500293813 google scholar
  • Treisman. D. (2000). The causes of corruption: a cross-national study. Journal of Public Economics, 76(3), 399-457. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(99)00092-4 google scholar
  • Türk, İ. (1967). Maliye politikası amaçlar ve araçlar. Ankara: Sevinç Matbaası. google scholar
  • Vural, İ. Y. (2010). Uygulamada düz oranlı gelir vergilerinin ekonomik etkileri. Maliye Dergisi, (158), 179-200. google scholar

Tax Structure and Institutional Determinants in Transition Economies

Yıl 2021, , 49 - 69, 05.05.2021
https://doi.org/10.26650/mcd2021-903832

Öz

Economies that do not have a corporate tax system in their historical heritage have sought to establish a tax system with their independence. The tax structure means the financing free-market reforms of transition economies. The study aims to evaluate the current tax structure of 31 transition economies. Also, the relationship between corruption and total tax burden, GDP per capita, openness, economic freedom, corporate-income-consumption tax rates in 24 transition economies were examined to evaluate the tax structure and the effectiveness of the institutional structure of the tax system. Corruption is high-ranking in countries with a low economic freedom index. GDP per capita is lower in economies with high corruption. Bribery in transition economies is seen as a substitute for tax due to reasons such as high tax burden, low justice in income distribution, and institutional weakness of tax administrations. According to static analysis, a one-unit increase in income per capita in transition economies positively affects corruption at 0.0371%, openness at 0.0134%, economic freedom at 0.0394%, and income tax rate at 0.0122%. According to dynamic analysis, two variables negatively affect corruption. Economic freedom negatively affects the corruption index by 0.073% and excise taxes by 0.108%. On the other hand, tax revenues (0.064), per capita income (0.056), the trade deficit (0.073), and income tax rate (0.063) positively affect corruption.

Kaynakça

  • Akdoğan, A., Kırbaş, S. ve Eyüpgiller, S. (1986). Açıklamalı maliye ve vergi sözlüğü. Ankara: Birlik Yayıncılık. google scholar
  • Alt, J. E. (1983). The evolution of tax structures. Public Choice, 41(1), 181-222. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00124058 google scholar
  • Barro, R. J. (1991). Economic growth in a cross section of countries. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(2), 407-443. https://doi.org/10.3386/w3120 google scholar
  • Brochier, H. & Tabatoni, P. (1971). Mali iktisat. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları No:1712. İstanbul: Fakülteler Matbaası. google scholar
  • Cariolle, J. (2018). Insights from a multi-level analysis of corruption determinants in developing and transition countries. SSRN 3135314, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3135314. google scholar
  • Chelliah, R. (1971). Trends in taxation in developing countries. IMF Economic Review, (18), 254-331. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3866592 google scholar
  • Dackehag, M. & Hansson, A. (2012). Taxation of income and economic growth: an empirical analysis of 25 rich OECD countries. Journal of Economic Development, 21(1). 93-118. Erişim adresi: https://project.nek.lu.se/ google scholar
  • Due, J. F. (1967). Maliye: bir iktisadi analiz. (S. Görgün ve İ. Önder, Çev.). İstanbul: Fakülteler Matbaası. google scholar
  • Easterly, W. & Rebelo, S. (1994). Fiscal policy and economic growth: an empirical investigation (No. 885). CEPR Discussion Papers. Erişim adresi: https://cepr.org/ google scholar
  • Edwards, S. (1992). Stabilization and liberalization policies in Central and Eastern Europe: lessons from Latin America. New Jersey: Basil Blackwell Publishers. google scholar
  • Goldsmith, A. A. (1999). Slapping the grasping hand: correlates of political corruption in emerging markets. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 58(4), 865-883. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1536-7150.1999. tb03398.x google scholar
  • Gordon, R. & Li, W. (2009). Tax Structures in developing countries: many puzzles and a possible explanation. Journal of Public Economics, 93(7-8), 855-866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2009.04.001 google scholar
  • Gürsoy, B. (1975). Kamu maliyesi. Ankara: Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Yayınları. google scholar
  • Hwang, J. (2002). A note on the relationship between corruption and government revenue. Journal of Economic Development, 27(2), 161-176. Erişim adresi: http://www.jed.or.kr/full-text/27-2/hwang.PDF google scholar
  • Jantscher, M. C., Silvani, C. & Vehorn, C. L. (1991). A strategy to improve tax administration in Eastern European countries. In Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Taxation Held under the Auspices of the National Tax Association-Tax Institute of America, (84), 171-177. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/subject/business google scholar
  • Kaldor, N. (1980). The role of taxation in economic development. Essays on Economic Policy I, London: Duckworth. google scholar
  • Kaufmann, D. & Siegelbaum, P. (1997). Privatization and corruption in transition economies. Journal of International Affairs, 50(2), 419-458. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/24357625 google scholar
  • Keen, M., Kim, Y. ve Varsano. R. (2006). The ‘flat tax(es)’. principles and evidence. Washington: IMF Working Paper WP/06/218. Erişim adresi: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2006/wp06218.pdf google scholar
  • Kornai, J. (1990). The affinity between ownership forms and coordination mechanisms: the common experience of reform in socialist countries. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 4(3), 131-147. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor. org/stable/1942933 google scholar
  • Lui, F. T. (1996). Three aspects of corruption. Contemporary Economic Policy, 14(3), 26-29. google scholar
  • Mutluer, M. K., Öner, E. ve Kesik, A. (2013). Teoride ve uygulamada kamu maliyesi. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. google scholar
  • Neumark, F. (1948). Maliyeye dair tetkikler. (M. O. Dikmen, Çev.). İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Neşriyatı No:9. google scholar
  • Paldam, M. (2001). Corruption and religion adding to the economic model. Kyklos. 54(2-3), 383-413. https:/ /doi/ abs/10.1111/1467-6435.00160 google scholar
  • Paldam, M. (2002). The cross-country pattern of corruption: economics, culture and see saw dynamic. European Journal of Political Economy, 18(2), 215-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-2680(02)00078-2 google scholar
  • Pınar, A. (2010). Maliye politikası. teori ve uygulama (3.bs). Ankara: Natürel Yayıncılık. google scholar
  • Pieroni, L. & d’Augustino, G. (2013). Corruption and the effects of economic freedom. European Journal of Political Economy, 29(C), 54-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2012.08.002 google scholar
  • Piplica, D. & Ğovo, P. (2011). Corruption and economic growth in Croatia, Oeconomica, 1(2), 85-99. Erişim adresi: https://hrcak.srce.hr/75181 google scholar
  • PKF (2015). Worldwide tax guide 2015. PKF. https://www.pkf.com/publications/taxguides/pkf-international-worldwide-tax-guide-2015/ (erişim tarihi: 6.02.2021). google scholar
  • PKF (2018). Worldwide Tax Guide 2018. PKF. https://www.pkf.com/publications/taxguides/pkf-international-worldwide-tax-guide-2018/ (erişim tarihi: 6.02.2021). google scholar
  • PKF (2019). Worldwide tax guide 2019-20. https://www.pkf.com/publications/taxguides/pkf-international-worldwide-tax-guide-2019-20/ (erişim tarihi: 6.02.2021). google scholar
  • PKF (2020). Worldwide Tax Guide 2020. PKF. https://www.pkf.com/publications/taxguides/pkf-international-worldwide-tax-guide-2020/ (erişim tarihi: 6.02.2021). google scholar
  • PWC (2018). Worldwide tax summaries: corporote taxes, 2018/19, London: Pwc. google scholar
  • Saha, S., Gounder. R. & Su, J.J. (2009). The interaction effect of economic freedom and democracy on corruption: a panel cross-country analysis. Economics Letters, 105(2), 173-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2009.07.010 google scholar
  • Schmölders, G. (1976). Genel vergi teorisi. (S. Turhan, Çev.). İstanbul: Fakülteler Matbaası. google scholar
  • Shabbir, G. & Chaudhry, M. A. (2007). Determinants of corruption in developing countries. The Pakistan Development Review, 46(4), 751-764. Erişim adresi: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/48268 google scholar
  • Swaleheen, M. & Stansel, D. (2007). Economic freedom. corruption and growth. Cato Journal, 27(3), 343-358. Erişim adresi: https://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/cato-journal/2007/11/cj27n3-3.pdf google scholar
  • Şen, H. ve Sağbaş, İ. (2017). Vergi teorisi ve politikası. Ankara: Arıkan Yayınları. google scholar
  • Tatoğlu, Y. F. (2016). Panel veri ekonometrisi: stata uygulamalı. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları. google scholar
  • Tatoğlu, Y. F. (2020). İleri panel veri analizi stata uygulamalı. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları. google scholar
  • Tosun, M. S. & Abizadeh, S. (2005). Economic growth and tax components: an analysis of tax changes in OECD. Applied Economics, 37(19), 2251-2263. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500293813 google scholar
  • Treisman. D. (2000). The causes of corruption: a cross-national study. Journal of Public Economics, 76(3), 399-457. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(99)00092-4 google scholar
  • Türk, İ. (1967). Maliye politikası amaçlar ve araçlar. Ankara: Sevinç Matbaası. google scholar
  • Vural, İ. Y. (2010). Uygulamada düz oranlı gelir vergilerinin ekonomik etkileri. Maliye Dergisi, (158), 179-200. google scholar
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Mustafa Alpin Gülşen 0000-0002-2860-4469

Mustafa Yıldıran Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-1450-781X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 5 Mayıs 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Mart 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021

Kaynak Göster

APA Gülşen, M. A., & Yıldıran, M. (2021). Geçiş Ekonomilerinde Vergi Yapısı ve Kurumsal Belirleyicileri. Maliye Çalışmaları Dergisi(65), 49-69. https://doi.org/10.26650/mcd2021-903832