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Kurumsal Yapı, Beşeri Sermaye ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Gelişmiş ve Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler İçin Panel Veri Analizi

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 2, 311 - 331, 25.04.2020
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.695555

Öz

Bu çalışmada beşeri sermaye ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde kurumsal faktörler perspektifinden ele alınmıştır. Bu bağlamda, 26 gelişmiş, 64 gelişmekte olan ülke grubu için 2002-2016 yıllık verileri, kişi başına düşen reel GSYİH, eğitim endeksi, kişi başına düşen sağlık harcaması, demokrasi endeksi, hukukun üstünlüğü endeksi ve yolsuzluğun kontrolü endeksi değişkenleri kullanılarak, panel veri analiz yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Yapılan analizde kurulan modellerin model varsayımlarına sahip olmadığından, etkin ve tutarlı sonuçlar elde edebilmek adına Driscoll-Kraay dirençli tahmincisi kullanılmıştır. Analizde elde edilen bulgulara göre gelişmiş ülkelerde eğitim, sağlık demokrasi, hukuksal yapı ve yolsuzluğun kontrolü ile ekonomi büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin pozitif yönlü olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Gelişmekte olan ülke grubunda eğitim, sağlık ve yolsuzluğun kontrolü ile ekonomik büyüme arasında pozitif yönlü ilişki mevcutken, demokrasi ve hukuksal yapı ile işkisi istatistiksel olarak anlamsızdır.

Kaynakça

  • Acemoğlu, D. ve Robinson, J. A. (2017). Ulusların düşüşü. İstanbul: Doğan Egmont Yayıncılık ve Yapımcılık. (ss. 77-79).
  • Acemoğlu, D., Gallego, F. A. ve Robinson, J. A. (2014). Institutions, human capital, and development. Annual Review of Economics, 6, 875-912.
  • Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S. ve Robinson, J. A. (2001). The colonial origins of comparative development: An empirical investigation. American Economic Review 91(5), 1369-1401.
  • Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S. ve Robinson, J. A. (2002). Reversal of fortune: Geography and development in the making of the modern world income distribution. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(4), 1231-1294.
  • Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., Robinson, J. A. ve Yared, P. (2008). Income and democracy. American Economic Review, 98(3), 808-842
  • Acemoglu, D., Suresh N., Pascual, R. ve James, A. R. (2019). Democracy does cause growth. Journal of Political Economy, 127(1), 47-100.
  • Albayrak, A. (2005). Çoklu doğrusal bağlantı halinde en küçük kareler tekniğinin alternatifi yanlı tahmin teknikleri ve bir uygulama. Zonguldak Karamürsel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(1), 106-26.
  • Arrow, K. (1962): The economic implications of learning by doing. Review of Economic Studies, 29/3(80), 155-173.
  • Artan, S. ve Hayaloğlu, P. (2014). Kurumsal yapı ve iktisadi büyüme ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği. Sosyoekonomi, 22(22), 347-66.
  • Ay, A. ve Yardımcı, P. (2008). Türkiye’de beşeri sermaye birikimine dayalı ak tipi içsel ekonomik büyümenin var modeli ile analizi (1950-2000). Maliye Dergisi, (ss. 39-54).
  • Aytun, C. ve Akın, C. S. (2014). Kurumsal kalite ve ekonomik büyüme: Panel aedensellik analizi. Çukurova Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(1),90.
  • Barro, R. J. (1991). Economic growth in a cross section of countries. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(2), 407–443.
  • Barro, R. J. (1996). Human capital and economic growth. Pan American Health Organization, (ss. 199-216).
  • Başar, S. ve Akyol, H. (2018). Enerji tüketimi ve karbon emisyonu ile iktisadi büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin tespit edilmesi. GÜSBEED, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Elektronik Dergisi, 9(23), 341.
  • Bloom E.D., Canning, D. ve Sevilla, J. (2004), The Effect of Health on Economic Growth: A Production Function Approach, World Development, Vol.32, Iss. 1.
  • Bottai, M. (2003). Confidence regions when the fisher information is zero. Biometrika, 90(1), 73-84.
  • Breuer, J. B., Mcnown, R. ve Wallace, M. (2002). Series specific unit root tests with panel data. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 64(5), 527-546.
  • Breusch, T. ve Pagan, A. (1980). The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. Review of Economic Studies, (ss.239-253).
  • Buchanan, J.M. ve Tullock, G. (1962). The calculus of consent: Logical foundations for constitutional democracy. The Online Library of Liberty, Erişim Tarihi: 19.02.2020 http://files.libertyfund.org/files/1063/Buchanan_0102-03_EBk_v6.0.pdf (ss. 1-270).
  • Cieslik, A. ve Goczek, L. (2018). Control of corruption, international investment, and economic growth evidence from panel data. World Development, 103(3), 323-35.
  • Commons, J.R. (1931). Institutional economics. American Economic Review, 21(4), 648–657.
  • DeLong, J. B. ve Shleifer. A. (1993). Princes and merchants: City growth before the industrial revolution. Journal of Law and Economics, 36(2), 671-702.
  • Doğan, Z. ve Kurt, Ü. (2016). Yeni kurumsal iktisadın dalları. Journal of Life Economics, (ss. 115).
  • Dollar, D. ve Kraay. A. (2003). Institutions, trade, and growth: Revisiting the Eeidence. Journal of Monetary Economics, 50(1), 133-63.
  • Driscoll, J.C. ve Kraay, A. C. (1998). Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel data. Review of Economics and Statistic, (ss. 549- 560).
  • Easterly, W. ve Levine R. (2003). Tropics, germs, and crops: How endowments influence economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 50(1), 3-39.
  • Eser, K. ve Gökmen, Ç.E. (2009). Beşeri sermayenin ekonomik gelişme üzerindeki etkileri: Dünya deneyimi ve Türkiye üzerine gözlemler. Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Dergisi, 1(2), 41-56.
  • Feng, Y. (1997). Democracy, political stability and economic growth. British Journal of Political Science, 27(3),391-418.
  • Frees, E.W. (2004). Longitudinal and panel data: Analysis and applications in the social sciens. Cambridge: Cambridge Universty Press, (ss. 1-27).
  • Friedman, M. (1937). The use of ranks to avoid the assumption of normality implict in the analysis of variance. Journal of the American Statistical Association, (ss. 675-701).
  • Gennaioli, N., Porta, R. L., Lopez-De-Silanes F. ve Shleifer A. (2013). Human capital and regional development. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, (ss. 105-164).
  • Glaeser, E. L., Porta, R. L., Lopez-De-Silanes, F. ve Shleifer, A. (2004). Do institutions cause growth?. Journal of Economic Growth, 9, (ss. 271-303).
  • Gökalp, F. ve Baldemir, E.(2006). Kurumsal yapı ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(1), 212-26.
  • Hahn, C. H. ve Park, C. G. (2010). Demographic transition, human capital accumulation and economic growth: Some evidence from cross country and Korean microdata. The Economic Consequences of Demographic Change in East Asia, Nber-Ease, 19, 93-124.
  • Hall, R. E. ve Jones, C. I. (1999). Why do some countries produce so much more output per worker than others? Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114(1), 83-116.
  • Hanushek, E. A. ve Woessmann, L. (2008). "The Role of Cognitive Skills in Economic Development." Journal of Economic Literature, 46(3), 607-68.
  • Hausman, J. A. (1978). Specification test in econometrics. Econometrica, 46(6), 1251-1271.
  • Hartwig, J. (2010). Is health capital formation good for long-term economic growth? Panel granger causality evidence for OECD countries, Journal of Macroeconomics, Vol. 32, Issue 1, 314-325.
  • Helliwell, J. F. (1994). Empirical linkages between democracy and economic growth. British Journal of Political Science, 24(2), 225-248.
  • IMF. (2018). Dünya ekonomik ve finansal araştırmaları Dünya ekonomik görünümü veritabanı. Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2018, https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/201 8/02/weodata/index.aspx/
  • Kar, M. ve Ağır, G. (2006). Türkiye’de beşeri sermaye ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Eşbütünleşme yaklaşımı ile nedensellik testi,1926-1994. SÜ İİBF Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(11), 51-68.
  • Kar, M. ve Taban, S. (2005). İktisadi kalkınma sosyal kültürel ve siyasal faktörlerin rolü. Bursa: Ekin Kitap Evi. (ss. 59-61).
  • Karagül, M. (2003). Efective use of human capital and its impact on economic growth. Akdeniz İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, (ss.79-90).
  • Karataş, M. ve Çankaya, E. (2011). Türkiye’de beşeri sermaye ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisinin analizi. Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 18(1), 105-24.
  • Knack, S. ve Keefer, P. (1995). Institutions and economic performance: Cross country tests using alternative measures. Economics and Politics, 7(3), 207-227.
  • Koç, A. (2013). Beşeri sermaye ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Yatay kesit analizi ile AB ülkeleri üzerine bir değerlendirme. Maliye Dergisi, 165(12), 258- 514.
  • Lucas, R. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(1), 3-42.
  • North, D. C. (1981). Structure and change in economic history. New York: Norton and Co.
  • North, D. (1990). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • North, D. (1991). Institutions. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5(1), 97.
  • North, D. C. ve Thomas, R. P. (1973). The rise of the western world: A new economic history. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK.
  • Mauro, P. (1995). Corruption and growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110, 681-712.
  • Mankiw, N. G., Romer, D. ve Weil, D. N. (1992). A contribution to the empirics of economic growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107, 407–437.
  • Ogundari, K. ve Awokuse, T. (2018). Human capital contribution to economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: Does health status matter more than education. Economic Analysis and Policy, 58(12), 131-40.
  • Özsoy, C. (2009). Türkiye'de eğitim ve iktisadi büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin var modeli ile analizi. The Journal of Knowledge Economy & Knowledge Management, 4(1), 71-83.
  • Pelinescu, E. (2015). The impact of human capital on economic growth. Procedia Economics and Finance, (ss. 184-90).
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. University of Cambridge Faculty of Economics Cambridge Working Papers in Economics No.0435.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
  • Psacharopoulos, G. ve Arriagada, A. M.(1986). The educational attainment of the labor force: An international comparison. The World Bank Discussion Paper, (ss. 59).
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Institutional Structure, Human Capital and Economic Growth: A Panel Data Analysis for Developed and Developing Countries

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 2, 311 - 331, 25.04.2020
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.695555

Öz

In this study, the relationship between human capital, and economic growth is discussed for developed and developing countries from an institutional perspective. 26 developed and 64 developing country groups with their annual data of 2002-2016 period is analyzed using real GDP per capita, education index, per capita health expenditure, democracy index, rule of law index and the control of corruption index with the panel data analysis method. Since the models installed in the analysis do not have model assumptions, the Driscoll-Kraay resistive estimator is predicted to achieve effective and consistent results. According to findings, it is determined that the relationship among education, health, democracy, legal structure, control of corruption and economic growth is positive in developed countries. It is determined that there is a positive relationship among education, health, corruption control and economic growth in the developing country group and a statistically insignificant relationship between democracy and legal structure.

Kaynakça

  • Acemoğlu, D. ve Robinson, J. A. (2017). Ulusların düşüşü. İstanbul: Doğan Egmont Yayıncılık ve Yapımcılık. (ss. 77-79).
  • Acemoğlu, D., Gallego, F. A. ve Robinson, J. A. (2014). Institutions, human capital, and development. Annual Review of Economics, 6, 875-912.
  • Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S. ve Robinson, J. A. (2001). The colonial origins of comparative development: An empirical investigation. American Economic Review 91(5), 1369-1401.
  • Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S. ve Robinson, J. A. (2002). Reversal of fortune: Geography and development in the making of the modern world income distribution. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(4), 1231-1294.
  • Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., Robinson, J. A. ve Yared, P. (2008). Income and democracy. American Economic Review, 98(3), 808-842
  • Acemoglu, D., Suresh N., Pascual, R. ve James, A. R. (2019). Democracy does cause growth. Journal of Political Economy, 127(1), 47-100.
  • Albayrak, A. (2005). Çoklu doğrusal bağlantı halinde en küçük kareler tekniğinin alternatifi yanlı tahmin teknikleri ve bir uygulama. Zonguldak Karamürsel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(1), 106-26.
  • Arrow, K. (1962): The economic implications of learning by doing. Review of Economic Studies, 29/3(80), 155-173.
  • Artan, S. ve Hayaloğlu, P. (2014). Kurumsal yapı ve iktisadi büyüme ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği. Sosyoekonomi, 22(22), 347-66.
  • Ay, A. ve Yardımcı, P. (2008). Türkiye’de beşeri sermaye birikimine dayalı ak tipi içsel ekonomik büyümenin var modeli ile analizi (1950-2000). Maliye Dergisi, (ss. 39-54).
  • Aytun, C. ve Akın, C. S. (2014). Kurumsal kalite ve ekonomik büyüme: Panel aedensellik analizi. Çukurova Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(1),90.
  • Barro, R. J. (1991). Economic growth in a cross section of countries. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(2), 407–443.
  • Barro, R. J. (1996). Human capital and economic growth. Pan American Health Organization, (ss. 199-216).
  • Başar, S. ve Akyol, H. (2018). Enerji tüketimi ve karbon emisyonu ile iktisadi büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin tespit edilmesi. GÜSBEED, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Elektronik Dergisi, 9(23), 341.
  • Bloom E.D., Canning, D. ve Sevilla, J. (2004), The Effect of Health on Economic Growth: A Production Function Approach, World Development, Vol.32, Iss. 1.
  • Bottai, M. (2003). Confidence regions when the fisher information is zero. Biometrika, 90(1), 73-84.
  • Breuer, J. B., Mcnown, R. ve Wallace, M. (2002). Series specific unit root tests with panel data. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 64(5), 527-546.
  • Breusch, T. ve Pagan, A. (1980). The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. Review of Economic Studies, (ss.239-253).
  • Buchanan, J.M. ve Tullock, G. (1962). The calculus of consent: Logical foundations for constitutional democracy. The Online Library of Liberty, Erişim Tarihi: 19.02.2020 http://files.libertyfund.org/files/1063/Buchanan_0102-03_EBk_v6.0.pdf (ss. 1-270).
  • Cieslik, A. ve Goczek, L. (2018). Control of corruption, international investment, and economic growth evidence from panel data. World Development, 103(3), 323-35.
  • Commons, J.R. (1931). Institutional economics. American Economic Review, 21(4), 648–657.
  • DeLong, J. B. ve Shleifer. A. (1993). Princes and merchants: City growth before the industrial revolution. Journal of Law and Economics, 36(2), 671-702.
  • Doğan, Z. ve Kurt, Ü. (2016). Yeni kurumsal iktisadın dalları. Journal of Life Economics, (ss. 115).
  • Dollar, D. ve Kraay. A. (2003). Institutions, trade, and growth: Revisiting the Eeidence. Journal of Monetary Economics, 50(1), 133-63.
  • Driscoll, J.C. ve Kraay, A. C. (1998). Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel data. Review of Economics and Statistic, (ss. 549- 560).
  • Easterly, W. ve Levine R. (2003). Tropics, germs, and crops: How endowments influence economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 50(1), 3-39.
  • Eser, K. ve Gökmen, Ç.E. (2009). Beşeri sermayenin ekonomik gelişme üzerindeki etkileri: Dünya deneyimi ve Türkiye üzerine gözlemler. Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Dergisi, 1(2), 41-56.
  • Feng, Y. (1997). Democracy, political stability and economic growth. British Journal of Political Science, 27(3),391-418.
  • Frees, E.W. (2004). Longitudinal and panel data: Analysis and applications in the social sciens. Cambridge: Cambridge Universty Press, (ss. 1-27).
  • Friedman, M. (1937). The use of ranks to avoid the assumption of normality implict in the analysis of variance. Journal of the American Statistical Association, (ss. 675-701).
  • Gennaioli, N., Porta, R. L., Lopez-De-Silanes F. ve Shleifer A. (2013). Human capital and regional development. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, (ss. 105-164).
  • Glaeser, E. L., Porta, R. L., Lopez-De-Silanes, F. ve Shleifer, A. (2004). Do institutions cause growth?. Journal of Economic Growth, 9, (ss. 271-303).
  • Gökalp, F. ve Baldemir, E.(2006). Kurumsal yapı ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(1), 212-26.
  • Hahn, C. H. ve Park, C. G. (2010). Demographic transition, human capital accumulation and economic growth: Some evidence from cross country and Korean microdata. The Economic Consequences of Demographic Change in East Asia, Nber-Ease, 19, 93-124.
  • Hall, R. E. ve Jones, C. I. (1999). Why do some countries produce so much more output per worker than others? Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114(1), 83-116.
  • Hanushek, E. A. ve Woessmann, L. (2008). "The Role of Cognitive Skills in Economic Development." Journal of Economic Literature, 46(3), 607-68.
  • Hausman, J. A. (1978). Specification test in econometrics. Econometrica, 46(6), 1251-1271.
  • Hartwig, J. (2010). Is health capital formation good for long-term economic growth? Panel granger causality evidence for OECD countries, Journal of Macroeconomics, Vol. 32, Issue 1, 314-325.
  • Helliwell, J. F. (1994). Empirical linkages between democracy and economic growth. British Journal of Political Science, 24(2), 225-248.
  • IMF. (2018). Dünya ekonomik ve finansal araştırmaları Dünya ekonomik görünümü veritabanı. Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2018, https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/201 8/02/weodata/index.aspx/
  • Kar, M. ve Ağır, G. (2006). Türkiye’de beşeri sermaye ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Eşbütünleşme yaklaşımı ile nedensellik testi,1926-1994. SÜ İİBF Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(11), 51-68.
  • Kar, M. ve Taban, S. (2005). İktisadi kalkınma sosyal kültürel ve siyasal faktörlerin rolü. Bursa: Ekin Kitap Evi. (ss. 59-61).
  • Karagül, M. (2003). Efective use of human capital and its impact on economic growth. Akdeniz İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, (ss.79-90).
  • Karataş, M. ve Çankaya, E. (2011). Türkiye’de beşeri sermaye ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisinin analizi. Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 18(1), 105-24.
  • Knack, S. ve Keefer, P. (1995). Institutions and economic performance: Cross country tests using alternative measures. Economics and Politics, 7(3), 207-227.
  • Koç, A. (2013). Beşeri sermaye ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Yatay kesit analizi ile AB ülkeleri üzerine bir değerlendirme. Maliye Dergisi, 165(12), 258- 514.
  • Lucas, R. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(1), 3-42.
  • North, D. C. (1981). Structure and change in economic history. New York: Norton and Co.
  • North, D. (1990). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • North, D. (1991). Institutions. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5(1), 97.
  • North, D. C. ve Thomas, R. P. (1973). The rise of the western world: A new economic history. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK.
  • Mauro, P. (1995). Corruption and growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110, 681-712.
  • Mankiw, N. G., Romer, D. ve Weil, D. N. (1992). A contribution to the empirics of economic growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107, 407–437.
  • Ogundari, K. ve Awokuse, T. (2018). Human capital contribution to economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: Does health status matter more than education. Economic Analysis and Policy, 58(12), 131-40.
  • Özsoy, C. (2009). Türkiye'de eğitim ve iktisadi büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin var modeli ile analizi. The Journal of Knowledge Economy & Knowledge Management, 4(1), 71-83.
  • Pelinescu, E. (2015). The impact of human capital on economic growth. Procedia Economics and Finance, (ss. 184-90).
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. University of Cambridge Faculty of Economics Cambridge Working Papers in Economics No.0435.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
  • Psacharopoulos, G. ve Arriagada, A. M.(1986). The educational attainment of the labor force: An international comparison. The World Bank Discussion Paper, (ss. 59).
  • Rachdi, H. ve Saidi, H. (2015). Democracy and economic growth: Evidence in MENA countries. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, The Proceedings of 6th World Conference on Educational Sciences, (ss. 616–621).
  • Rebelo, S. (1991). Long-run policy analysis and long-run growth. Journal of Political Economy, 99(3), 500-521.
  • Rodrik, D. (2000). Institutions for high quality growth: What they are and how to acquire them. Studies in Comparative International Development, 35(3), 3-31.
  • Rodrik, D., Subramanian A. ve Trebbi, F. (2004). Institutions rule: The primacy of institutions over geography and integration in economic development, Journal of Economic Growth, 9, 131-165.

  • Romer, P.M. (1986). Increasing returns and long run growth. Journal of Political Economy, 94(5), 1002-1037.
  • Serel, H. ve Masatçı, K. (2005). Türkiye'de beşeri sermaye ve iktisadi büyüme ilişkisi: Ko-Entegrasyon analizi. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 19(2), 49-58.
  • Solow, R.M. (1956). A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 70, Issue 1, February 1956, Pages 65–94, https://doi.org/10.2307/1884513
  • Taban, S. ve Kar, M. (2006). Beşeri sermaye ve ekonomik büyüme: Nedensellik analizi. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (ss. 159-82).
  • Taylor, M. P. ve Sarno, L. (1998). The behavior of real exchange rates during the post Bretton Woods period. Journal of International Economics, 46(2), 281-312.
  • Teixeira, A.A.C. ve Queirós, S.S.A.(2016). Economic growth, human capital and structural change: A dynamic panel data analysis. Research Policy, 45(8), 1636-48.
  • UNDP. (2018). United nations development programme human development data (1990- 2017). Erişim Tarihi: 18.12.2018, http://hdr.undp.org/en/data
  • Uphoff, N. T. (1986). Local institutional development: An Analytical Sourcebook With Cases, Kumarian Press, West Hartford.
  • Veblen, T. B. (1961). Theory of the leisure class: An Economic Study in the Evolution of Institutions, New York: Random House.
  • Yalçınkaya, Ö. (2016). G-20 ülkelerinde satın alma gücü paritesi teorisinin geçerliliği: Panel birim kök testinden kanıtlar (1994:Q1-2015:Q4). Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (ss. 145-62).
  • Yay, G. G. (2002). İktisadi gelişme ve demokrasi üzerine bir sınama. İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, 52(1), 27-54.
  • Yerdelen, T. F. (2016). Panel veri ekonometrisi. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları, (ss. 276-277).
  • Yıldırım, S. (2010). Kurumların dinamik yapısına ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkisinin analizi. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(3),112.
  • WB. (2018). World Bank (WB) World development indicators. Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2018, https://databank.worldbank.org/data/home.aspx
  • WGI. (2018). The worldwide governance indicators (WGI) project. Erişim Tarihi:23.12.2018, http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/#home
Toplam 78 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm İktisat
Yazarlar

M. Bahri Kırıkçı 0000-0002-4427-5124

Rüstem Yanar 0000-0002-4874-5891

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Nisan 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Şubat 2020
Kabul Tarihi 3 Nisan 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Kırıkçı, M. B., & Yanar, R. (2020). Kurumsal Yapı, Beşeri Sermaye ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Gelişmiş ve Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler İçin Panel Veri Analizi. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 19(2), 311-331. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.695555