Application of “Nudge” Idea by Governments in The Age of Covid-19 As A Public Policy Instrument

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 19 Sayı: COVID-19 Special Issue, 122 - 142, 31.10.2020

Ceray Aldemir , Merve Kaya

https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.742934

Cited By: 7

Öz

Today, the common agenda of every country in the global world order is the covid-19 outbreak. Another phenomenon that has been agreed upon as much as the agenda is to return life back to its normal course and to end the epidemic. Different public policies have been pursued for this purpose. Since the time it gained visibility with the benefits it provides and the facilities it provides the theory of nudge which has been handled in the public policy making process and is not very old has emerged as a theory of great interest. Although it has proved its existence in various fields, how much it will work in a virus-sized outbreak has been the subject of debate.
The aim of this study is to determine whether the policies implemented through the teams they have formed or cooperated with within the framework of the nudge theory in the policy making process are effective based on the activities and related literature. The conclusion reached in the scope of the research revealed the success of this theory in the field of fighting disease, which is a pandemic.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Public Policy, Behavioural Economics, Nudge, Covid-19, Coronavirus

“Dürtme” Fikrinin Bir Kamu Politikası Aracı Olarak Covid-19 Döneminde Hükümetler Tarafından Uygulanması

Öz

Günümüzde, küresel dünya düzeni içerisindeki her ülkenin ortak gündemi Covid-19 salgınıdır. Gündemin ortaklığı kadar üzerinde görüş birliğine varılan diğer olgu ise hayatı normal seyrine geri döndürmek, salgını bitirmektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda farklı kamu politikaları izlenmiştir. Kamu politikası yapım sürecinde ele alınan ve tarihi çok da eskilere dayanmayan dürtme teorisi, sağladığı yararlar ve getirdiği kolaylıklar ile görünürlük kazandığı tarihten itibaren büyük ilgi görmüş bir teori olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Çeşitli alanlarda varlığını kanıtlasa da virüs boyutlu bir salgında ne kadar işe yarayacağı ise tartışma konusu olmuştur.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, politika yapım sürecinde yer alan dürtme teorisi uyarınca, ülkelerin bünyelerinde oluşturdukları ya da iş birliği içerisinde oldukları takımlar aracılığı ile uygulanan politikaların etkili olup olmadığını yapılan faaliyetlere ve ilgili literatüre dayanarak tespit etmektir. Araştırma kapsamında varılan sonuç ise, bu teorinin pandemi konumundaki hastalıkla mücadele etme alanında da başarısını gözler önüne sermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kamu Politikası, Davranışsal İktisat, Dürtme, Covid-19, Koronavirüs

Kaynakça

• AA. (2020, 26 Mart). Trafik ışıklarıyla koronavirüse karşı “evde kal” çağrısı. Erişim Tarihi: 06.04.2020, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/trafik-isiklariyla-koronaviruse-karsi-evde-kal-cagrisi/1780663.
• Abadie, A., & Gay, S. (2006). The impact of presumed consent legislation on cadaveric organ donation: a cross-country study. Journal of Health Economics, 25(4), 599-620. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2006.01.003
• Akerlof, G. A. (2003). Behavioral macroeconomics and macroeconomic behavior. The American Economist, 47(1), 25-47. doi: 10.1177/056943450304700102
• Anderson, J. E. (2010). Public policymaking: an introduction (7th ed.). ABD: Cengage Learning.
• Barari, S., Caria, S., Davola, A., Falco, P., Fetzer, T., Fiorin, S., Hensel, L., Ivchenko, A., Jachimowicz, J., King, G., Kraft-Todd, G., Ledda, A., MacLennan, M., Mutoi, L., Pagani, C., Reutskaja, E., Roth, C. & Slepoi, F. R. (2020). Evaluating COVID-19 public health messaging in Italy: Self-reported compliance and growing mental health concerns. MedRxiv, 1-19. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.27.20042820
• Bavel, J.J.V., Baicker, K., Boggio, P.S. & et al. (2020). Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nature Human Behaviour, (4), 460–471. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z
• Bilim ve Aydınlanma Akademisi. (2020, 29 Ocak). Toplum sağlığını geliştirme ve koruma bilim alanı biyolojik hareket ve evrim bilim alanı, yeni koronavirüs (2019-nCoV) salgınında güncel durum. Erişim Tarihi: 11.04.2020, http://bilimveaydinlanma.org/content/images/pdf/rapor/yeni-koronavirus-2019-ncov-salgininda-guncel-durum.pdf
• Bocutoğlu, E. (2012). İktisat teorisinde emeğin öyküsü: Değerin kaynağı olan emekten marjinal faydanın türevi olan emeğe yolculuk. Hak İş Uluslararası Emek ve Toplum Dergisi, 1(1), 127-150.
• Boo, F. L., (2020, 19 Mart). It’s hand-washing time! How behavioral economics could mitigate the spread of coronavirus. Erişim Tarihi: 12.04.2020, https://blogs.iadb.org/salud/en/behavioral-economics-could-mitigate-spread-coronavirus/.
• Caris, M. G., Labuschagne, H. A., Dekker, M., Kramer, M. H., van Agtmael, M. A., & Vandenbroucke-Grauls, C. M. (2018). Nudging to improve hand hygiene. Journal of Hospital Infection, 98(4), 352-358.
• CDC. (2020, 4 Mayıs). Frequently asked questions. Erişim Tarihi: 05.05.2020, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/faq.html.
• ChiPublicHealth [@ChiPublicHealth]. (n.d.). Media [Twitter profile]. Twitter. 13 Nisan 2020 tarihinde https://twitter.com/ChiPublicHealth/media adresinden erişildi.
• Christ. C.M. (2020, 2 Nisan). Practicing safe physical distancing in your essential service workplace. Erişim Tarihi: 11.04.2020, https://directorsblog.health.azdhs.gov/practicing-safe-physical-distancing-in-your-essential-service-workplace/?utm_source=TWITTER&utm_medium=AZDHS&utm_campaign=covid19&utm_content=3245062127&linkId=85711366.
• Clark, J. M. (1918). Economics and modern psychology: I. Journal of Political Economy, 26(1), 1-30. doi: 10.1086/253060
• Çiftçi, H., & Ayyıldız, H. (2016). Nöroiktisat ışığında rekabetçi karar alma sürecinde duygular, rolleri ve önemi. Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(2), 58-81
• Dinler, Z. (2006). Mikro ekonomi (17. baskı). Bursa: Ekin Kitabevi.
• Dunn, K. & Kahn, J. (2020, 14 Mart). Even while canceling mass gatherings, the U.K. is still aiming for deliberate ‘herd immunity’. Erişim Tarihi: 13.04.2020, https://fortune.com/2020/03/14/coronavirus-uk-cases-herd-immunity-covid-19/.
• Dye, T. R. (1992). Understanding public policy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
• Erdoğan, M. Ve Karagöl, V. (2019, 18-20 July). Behavioral economics, nudge and public interventions in daily life: the case of Turkey and recommendations, EconWorld 2019, Budapest, Hungary, 1-15.
• Eryılmaz, B. (2016). Kamu Yönetimi: düşünceler, yapılar, fonksiyonlar, politikalar (9.baskı). Kocaeli: Umuttepe Yayınları.
• Eser, R., & Toigonbaeva, D. (2011). Psikoloji ve iktisadın birleşimi olarak, davranışsal iktisat. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 6(1), 287‐321.
• Goldberg, M., Gustafson, A., Maibach, E., van der Linden, S., Ballew, M. T., Bergquist, P., ... & Leiserowitz, A. (2020). Social norms motivate COVID-19 preventive behaviors, (in press),1-6.
• Green, E. (2020, 24 Mart). Coronavirus highlights how ‘nudge theory’ could address hand hygiene and other challenges in healthcare. Erişim Tarihi: 15.04.2020, https://www.ns-healthcare.com/analysis/coronavirus-nudge-theory-hygiene-challenges-healthcare/.
• Habertürk. (2020, 28 Mart). Van’daki trafik ışıkları 'evde kal' dedi. Erişim Tarihi: 06.04.2020, https://www.haberturk.com/van-haberleri/76720852-vandaki-trafik-isiklari-evde-kal-dedi.
• Hallsworth, M. (2016). Seven ways of applying behavioral science to health policy. I. G. Cohen, H.F. Lynch & C. R. Sunstein (Ed.), Nudging Health: Health Law and Behavioral Economics (ss. 40-48). Baltimore, MA: Johns Hopkins University Press.
• Hastings, J. S., & Weinstein, J. M. (2008). Information, school choice, and academic achievement: Evidence from two experiments. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 123(4), 1373-1414. https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2008.123.4.1373
• Hutton, R. (2020, 11 Mart). Keep calm and wash your hands: Britain’s strategy to beat virus. Erişim Tarihi: 14.04.2020, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-11/keep-calm-and-wash-your-hands-britain-s-strategy-to-beat-virus.
• İHA. (2020, 27 Mart). Trafik ışıkları 'evde kal' çağrısı ile yandı. Erişim Tarihi: 06.04.2020, https://www.iha.com.tr/sivas-haberleri/trafik-isiklari-evde-kal-cagrisi-ile-yandi-2565848/.
• Jianhua, G. (2020). Çin’in yeni koronavirüs zatürresine karşı savaşı: mücadeleler, sonuçlar ve yansımalar (M.E. Başer & D. Doğu, Çev). BRIQ, 1(2), 91-102.
• John, P. & Stoker, G. (2020, 18 Mayıs). Behavioural science and the response to COVID-19: a missed opportunity? Erişim Tarihi: 24.05.2020, https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/behavioural-science-covid19/.
• Jordan, J., Yoeli, E., & Rand, D. (2020). Don’t get it or don’t spread it? Comparing self-interested versus prosocially framed COVID-19 prevention messaging, (in press), 1-34.
• Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979) Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica: Journal of Econometric Society, 47(2), 263-291.
• Kamau, C. (2020, 14 Mart). Is Nudge theory the right approach to coronavirus? Erişim Tarihi: 13.04.2020, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-science-mental-health/202003/is-nudge-theory-the-right-approach-coronavirus.
• Kim, C. (2020, 3 Nisan). Japan coronavirus cases rise, Tokyo nudges PM Abe to declare state of emergency. Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2020, https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/04/03/japan-coronavirus-cases-rise-tokyo-nudges-pm-abe-to-declare-state-of-emergency.html.
• Leon County, FL [@LeonCounty]. (n.d.). Media [Twitter profile]. Twitter. 12 Nisan 2020 tarihinde https://twitter.com/LeonCounty/media adresinden erişildi.
• Lewin, S. B. (1996). Economics and psychology: Lessons for our own day from the early twentieth century. Journal of Economic Literature, 34(3), 1293-1323.
• Madrian, B. C. (2014). Applying insights from behavioral economics to policy design. Annual Review of Economics, 6(1), 663-688. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-080213-041033
• Matjasko, J. L., Cawley, J. H., Baker-Goering, M. M., & Yokum, D. V. (2016). Applying behavioral economics to public health policy: illustrative examples and promising directions. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 50(5), 13-19.
• Milliyet. (2020, 8 Nisan). Türk Kızılay ve TikTok, kovid-19'a karşı iş birliği yaptı. Erişim Tarihi: 11.04.2020, https://www.milliyet.com.tr/gundem/turk-kizilay-ve-tiktok-kovid-19a-karsi-is-birligi-yapti-6184267.
• Ministero della Salute. (2020). Erişim Tarihi: 15.04.2020: http://www.salute.gov.it/nuovocoronavirus.
• NEHA. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Erişim Tarihi: 18.04.2020, https://www.neha.org/covid-19,
• OECD. (2020). Behavioural insights. Erişim Tarihi: 08.04.2020). http://www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/behavioural-insights.htm.
• OK Dept of Health [@HealthyOklahoma]. (n.d.). Media [Twitter profile]. Twitter. 12 Nisan 2020 tarihinde https://twitter.com/HealthyOklahoma/media adresinden erişildi.
• Özdemir, Ş. (2019). Bir kamu politikası aracı olarak davranışsal içgörü. Türkiye İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, (34), 247-274. doi: 10.17829/turcom.526240
• Özyürek, B. (2020, 26 Mart). Türk telekom operatör adını “HAYATEVESIGAR” olarak değiştirdi. Erişim Tarihi: 06.04.2020, https://www.teknobuk.com/turk-telekom-operator-adini-hayatevesigar-olarak-degistirdi/.
• Pesendorfer, W. (2006). Behavioral economics comes of age: a review essay on advances in behavioral economics. Journal of Economic Literature, 44(3), 712-721. doi: 10.1257/jel.44.3.712
• Robbins, L. C. (1984). The nature and significance of economic science. (Original work published 1932): an essay on the nature and significance of economic science. London.
• Ruben, E., & Dumludağ, D. (2015). Davranışsal İktisadın Gelişimi. İktisat ve Toplum Dergisi, (58), 4-9.
• Ruggeri, K. (Ed.). (2019). Behavioral insights for public policy: concepts and cases. Abingdon: Routledge.
• Sabah. (2020, 26 Mart). Trafik tabelalarında artık yeni bir işaret var: Evde Kal. Erişim Tarihi: 06.04.2020, https://www.sabah.com.tr/fotohaber/yasam/trafik-tabelalarinda-artik-yeni-bir-isaret-var-evde-kal/12.
• Schultz, P. W., Nolan, J. M., Cialdini, R. B., Goldstein, N. J., & Griskevicius, V. (2007). The constructive, destructive, and reconstructive power of social norms. Psychological Science, 18(5), 429-434. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01917.x
• Sibony, A. L. (2020). The UK COVID-19 response: a behavioural irony? European Journal of Risk Regulation, 1-8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/err.2020.22
• Sunstein, C. R. (2015). The ethics of nudging. Yale J. on Reg., 32, 413.
• Suresh, V. (2020). The 2019 novel corona virus outbreak-an institutional guideline. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia, 64(3), 242. Erişim Tarihi: 09.04.202, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A617692108/HWRC?u=c19micro&sid=HWRC&xid=5b99dbe1.
• Sustainable Brands, (2020, 30 Mart). According to Krukow Behavioral Design, a combination of the right colors, behavioral transmitters and social norms can help fuel the mass behavior change necessary from stemming the spread of COVID-19. Erişim Tarihi: 24.05.2020, https://sustainablebrands.com/read/behavior-change/when-behavior-change-becomes-a-public-health-imperative.
• Şimşek, H. (2018). Davranışsal iktisadın politika yapımına etkisi. Ijopec Publication.
• T.C. Ekonomi Bakanlığı. (2018). Senin Kararın! (mı?), kamu politikası tasarımında davranışsal yaklaşım, Ankara, 5-265. Erişim tarihi: 18.04.2020, https://ticaret.gov.tr/data/5b8ec3ce13b8761b8471c1f9/1ebc0d8a6a572cd0a7f4ab084eb 3831.pdf.
• T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı [@saglikbakanligi]. (n.d. ) Media [Twitter profile]. Twitter. 12 Nisan 2020 tarihinde https://twitter.com/saglikbakanligi/media adresinden erişildi.
• T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2020a). COVID-19 (yeni koronavirüs hastalığı) nedir? Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2020, https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/tr/covid-19-yeni-koronavirus-hastaligi-nedir.
• T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2020b). Türkiye’deki Güncel Durum. Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2020, https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/.
• Team, B.I. (2020). Featured posts. Erişim Tarihi: 15.04.2020, https://www.bi.team/our-work/blog/.
• Thaler, R. (1980). Toward a positive theory of consumer choice. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 1(1), 39-60.
• Thaler, R. (1985). Mental accounting and consumer choice. Marketing Science, 4(3), 199-214. doi: https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.4.3.199
• Thaler, R. H. (1997). Irving Fisher: modern behavioral economist. The American Economic Review, 87(2), 439-441.
• Thaler, R. H., & Sunstein, C. R. (2008). Nudge improving decisions about health, wealth and happiness. New Haven & London: Yale University.
• Thaler, R.H. [@R_Thaler]. (14 Mart, 2020). Apparently this tweet did not reach everyone in the world so I will RT myself. No nudging will not solve the problem. In the US we need testing most of all. But it can help. Don’t shake hands. Wash them instead. [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/r_thaler/status/1238690122960261120
• Toder, E., & Khitatrakun, S. (2006). Final report to inland revenue: KiwiSaver evaluation literature review. Washington DC, Tax Policy Center.
• Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: heuristics and biases. Science, 185(4157), 1124-1131. doi: 10.1126/science.185.4157.1124
• Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 211(4481), 453-458. doi: 10.1126/science.7455683
• Unicef. (2020). Everything you need to know about washing your hands to protect against coronavirus(COVID-19).Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2020, https://www.unicef.org/turkey/en/stories/everything-you-need-know-about-washing-your-hands-protect-against-coronavirus-covid-19.
• United Nations. (2020, 24 Mart). Be Smurfs, Stay Home and Wash your Hands. Erişim Tarihi: 07.04.2020, https://unric.org/en/be-smurfs-stay-home-and-wash-your-hands/.
• WA Dept. of Health [@WADeptHealth]. Media. [Twitter profile]. Twitter. 13 Nisan 2020 tarihinde https://twitter.com/WADeptHealth adresinden erişildi.
• Wang, C., Liu, L., Hao, X., Guo, H., Wang, Q., Huang, J., ... & Wei, S. (2020). Evolving epidemiology and impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on the outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA, 323(19), 1915-1923. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.6130
• Watson, I. & Jeong, S. (2020, 3 Mart). South Korea pioneers coronavirus drive-through testing station. Erişim Tarihi: 15.04.2020, https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/02/asia/coronavirus-drive-through-south-korea-hnk-intl/index.html.
• WHO (World Health Organization). (2020a, 4 Mayıs). Rolling updates on coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Erişim Tarihi: 05.05.2020, https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen.
• WHO (World Health Organization). (2020b, 17 Nisan). Q&A on coronaviruses (COVID-19). Erişim Tarihi: 22.04.2020, https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses.
• WHO (World Health Organization). (2020c, 21 Nisan). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Pandemic. Erişim Tarihi: 05.05.2020, https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019.
• WHO (World Health Organization). (2020d, 14 Mayıs). Statement – Behavioural insights are valuable to inform the planning of appropriate pandemic response measures. Erişim Tarihi: 24.05.2020, http://www.euro.who.int/en/media-centre/sections/statements/2020/statement-behavioural-insights-are-valuable-to-inform-the-planning-of-appropriate-pandemic-response-measures
• WHO (World Health Organization). (2020e, 3 Şubat). Call for experts on behavioural insights and sciences for public health. Erişim Tarihi: 24.05.2020, https://www.who.int/news-room/articles-detail/call-for-experts-on-behavioural-insights-and-sciences-for-public-health.
• World Health Organization [@WHO]. (n.d.) Media [Twitter profile]. Twitter. 14 Nisan 2020 tarihinde https://twitter.com/WHO/media adresinden erişildi.
• Yates, T. (2020, 13 Mart). Why is the government relying on nudge theory to fight coronavirus? Erişim Tarihi: 12.04.2020, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/mar/13/why-is-the-government-relying-on-nudge-theory-to-tackle-coronavirus.
• Yayar, R., & Karaca, Ö. E. (2019). Davranışsal iktisat bağlamında kamu çalışanlarının tüketim davranış eğilimleri. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(1), 1-29.
• YBiT: Yokohama Behavioral insights and design Team [@Yokohama_YBiT]. Media. [Twitter profile]. Twitter. 13 Nisan 2020 tarihinde https://twitter.com/Yokohama_YBiT/media adresinden erişildi.
• Yıldız, M., & Sobacı, M. Z. (2013). Kamu politikası ve kamu politikası analizi. M.Z. Sobacı & M. Yıldız (Ed), Kamu politikası kuram ve uygulama (ss. 14-44). Ankara: Adres Yayınları.
• Zafirovski, M. (2001). Max Weber’s analysis of marginal utility theory and psychology revisited: latent propositions in economic sociology and the sociology of economic, History of Political Economy, 33(3), 437‐458.