Effect of Turkish mortality developments on the expected lifetime and annuity using entropy measure
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1, 30 - 47, 30.06.2020
Bükre Yıldırım Külekci
,
Murat Büyükyazıcı
Öz
Over the past three centuries, there has been a steady and gradual decline in mortality rates due to a considerable process of eliminating hazards to survival, which have increased the life expectancy at birth remarkably. The improvements in mortality rates often been underestimated by annuity and pension providers. To measure the effect of mortality rate developments on life expectancy or annuity, many demographers use the idea of entropy. We use the entropy measure to explain the effect of any change in mortality rates on the annuity along with Gompertz's mathematical model for the force of mortality to obtain a more theoretically satisfactory conclusion. Entropy measures for the Turkish life table are calculated for different age, year, discount factor, and gender parameters.
Kaynakça
- W.J., Nusselder, J.P., Mackenbach, 1996, Rectangularization of the survival curve in the Netherlands, 1950-1992, The Gerontologist 36, pp. 773–782.
- United Nations, World population prospects: The 2015 revision, United Nations Econ Soc Aff 33, 2015, pp. 1–66.
- Insurance Information and Monitoring Center, 2010, Construction of Turkish life and annuity tables project, Available at: https://www.tramer.org.tr/tr/sayfa/mortalite-tablosu-17 .
- A.J. Coale, P. Demeny, 1983, Regional model life tables and stable populations, Princeton.
- J.H. Pollard, 1982, The expectation of life and its relationship to mortality, Journal of the Institute of Actuaries, 109, pp. 225–240.
- N. Keyfitz, H. Caswell, 2005, Applied mathematical demography, Vol. 47, Springer.
- M. Khalaf-Allah, S. Haberman, R. Verrall, 2006, Measuring the effect of mortality improvements on the cost of annuities, Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, 39, pp. 231–249.
- D. Nagnur, 1986, Rectangularization of the survival curve and entropy: The Canadian experience, 1921-1981, Canadian Studies in Population, pp. 83–102.
- Sachlas, T. Papaioannou, 2014, Residual and past entropy in actuarial science and survival models, Methodology and Computing in Applied Probability 16, pp. 79–99.
- M.C. De Castro, 2001, Changes in mortality and life expectancy: some methodological issues, Mathematical Population Studies, 9, pp. 181–208.
- N. Goldman, G. Lord, 1986, A new look at entropy and the life table, Demography, 23, pp. 275–282.
- L. Demetrius, 1979, Relations between demographic parameters, Demography, 16, pp. 329–338.
- J.W. Vaupel, 1986, How change in age-specific mortality affects life expectancy, Population Studies, 40, pp. 147–157.
- Social Security Institution, SSI retirement terms, 1999, Available at http://www.sgk.gen.tr/ssk/sgk-emeklilik-sartlari.html .
- Official Gazette 26200, Social Insurance and General Health Insurance Law No. 5510.
- Gompertz, 1825, Xxiv. On the nature of the function expressive of the law of human mortality, and on a new mode of determining the value of life contingencies. in a letter to Francis Baily, esq. frs &c, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London, pp. 513–583.
Türkiye’deki ölümlülük değişimlerinin anüite fiyatları üzerindeki etkisinin entropi ölçüsü ile analizi
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1, 30 - 47, 30.06.2020
Bükre Yıldırım Külekci
,
Murat Büyükyazıcı
Öz
Geçtiğimiz üç yüzyıl boyunca yaşam olasılığını etkileyen risklerin azaltılması sonucu, mortalite hızlarında beklenmedik ve daha önce görülmemiş kademeli düşüler olmuştur. Böylece doğumda beklenen yaşam süresi önemli biçimde artmıştır. Mortalite hızlarındaki bu düşüşler genellikle annuite ve emeklilik ürünleri satan kuruluşlar tarafından olduklarından az tahmin edilmişlerdir. Mortalite hızlarındaki gelişmelerin beklenen yaşam süresi ve anüite değerleri üzerindeki etkisinin doğru bir şekilde ölçülebilmesi için birçok demograf entropi kavramını kullanmaktadır. Bu etkinin ölçülmesinde entropinin Keyfitz tanımını kullanmış ayrıca entropinin parametlerini de etkilerini görebilmek için incelemişlerdir. Bu çalışmada anüite değerleri için entropi ölçütü. Türkiye hayat tabloları kullanılarak hesaplanmıştır. Daha sonra teorik olarak daha tatmin edici bir sonuç için mortalite hızı Gompertz modeli kullanılarak hesaplanmıştır.
Kaynakça
- W.J., Nusselder, J.P., Mackenbach, 1996, Rectangularization of the survival curve in the Netherlands, 1950-1992, The Gerontologist 36, pp. 773–782.
- United Nations, World population prospects: The 2015 revision, United Nations Econ Soc Aff 33, 2015, pp. 1–66.
- Insurance Information and Monitoring Center, 2010, Construction of Turkish life and annuity tables project, Available at: https://www.tramer.org.tr/tr/sayfa/mortalite-tablosu-17 .
- A.J. Coale, P. Demeny, 1983, Regional model life tables and stable populations, Princeton.
- J.H. Pollard, 1982, The expectation of life and its relationship to mortality, Journal of the Institute of Actuaries, 109, pp. 225–240.
- N. Keyfitz, H. Caswell, 2005, Applied mathematical demography, Vol. 47, Springer.
- M. Khalaf-Allah, S. Haberman, R. Verrall, 2006, Measuring the effect of mortality improvements on the cost of annuities, Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, 39, pp. 231–249.
- D. Nagnur, 1986, Rectangularization of the survival curve and entropy: The Canadian experience, 1921-1981, Canadian Studies in Population, pp. 83–102.
- Sachlas, T. Papaioannou, 2014, Residual and past entropy in actuarial science and survival models, Methodology and Computing in Applied Probability 16, pp. 79–99.
- M.C. De Castro, 2001, Changes in mortality and life expectancy: some methodological issues, Mathematical Population Studies, 9, pp. 181–208.
- N. Goldman, G. Lord, 1986, A new look at entropy and the life table, Demography, 23, pp. 275–282.
- L. Demetrius, 1979, Relations between demographic parameters, Demography, 16, pp. 329–338.
- J.W. Vaupel, 1986, How change in age-specific mortality affects life expectancy, Population Studies, 40, pp. 147–157.
- Social Security Institution, SSI retirement terms, 1999, Available at http://www.sgk.gen.tr/ssk/sgk-emeklilik-sartlari.html .
- Official Gazette 26200, Social Insurance and General Health Insurance Law No. 5510.
- Gompertz, 1825, Xxiv. On the nature of the function expressive of the law of human mortality, and on a new mode of determining the value of life contingencies. in a letter to Francis Baily, esq. frs &c, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London, pp. 513–583.