The Effect of Lower and Upper Body Static Stretching Exercises on Postural Control

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 431 - 440, 31.12.2022

Yağmur Kocaoğlu , Ömer Çalışkan , Abdullah Arguz , Furkan Korkusuz , Ahmet Gürsel Oğuz , Nurtekin Erkmen

https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1178226

Öz

The study aimed to determine the effect of the lower body, upper body, and whole-body static stretching exercises on postural control in basketball players aged 11-13 years. Sixteen basketball players joined the study on a voluntary basis (Age: 11.44 ± 0.89 years, height: 158.25 ± 7.79 cm, weight: 54.19 ± 12.30 kg, experience in sport: 2.34 ± 1.17 years). Participants were included in the study under 4 different experimental conditions on different days: 1) Upper Body Stretching Exercise Group (UBSE), 2) Lower Body Stretching Exercise Group (LBSE), 3) Mixed Stretching Exercise Group (MSE), 4) Control Group (C). Participants randomly included in the study conditions performed static stretching exercises for about 12 minutes, each lasting 30 seconds and resting for 15 seconds between them. Postural control measurements were performed before and after static stretching exercises using the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS). Foam surface BESS scores were not significantly different between the groups in both the pretest and posttest comparisons (p>0.05). Foam surface UBSE pretest-posttest difference scores were higher than LBSE, and MSE difference scores were higher than LBSE and C groups (p<0.05). No significant difference was found in the pre-test and post-test comparisons of the UBSE, LBSE, and C groups on foam surface (p>0.05), but the MSE post-test BESS scores were lower than the pre-test (p<0.05). When the total BESS scores were examined, it was found that there was no statistically significant difference between the experimental groups in the pre-test, post-test, and difference scores (p>0.05). While there was no difference in the pretest-posttest total BESS scores of the UBSE, LBSE, and C groups (p>0.05), a significant decrease was found in the total BESS scores of the MSE in the posttest (p<0.05). In conclusion, static stretching exercises for the upper and lower body did not affect postural control, whereas static stretching exercises for the whole body increased the performance of postural sway.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Basketball, Postural control, Static stretching

Alt ve Üst Gövde Statik Germe Egzersizlerinin Postüral Kontrole Etkisi

Öz

Bu araştırmada 11-13 yaş basketbolcularda üst gövde, alt gövde ve tüm gövdeye uygulanan statik germe egzersizlerinin postüral kontrole etkisini tespit etmek amaçlandı. Çalışmaya yaş ortalaması 11,44 ± 0,89 yıl, boy uzunluğu 158,25 ± 7,79 cm, vücut ağırlığı 54,19 ± 12,30 kg ve spor deneyimi 2,34 ± 1,17 yıl olan 16 erkek basketbol oyuncusu gönüllü olarak dahil edildi. Katılımcılar farklı günlerde 4 ayrı deney koşulunda araştırmaya dahil edildi: 1) Üst Gövde Germe Egzersiz Grubu (ÜGGE), 2) Alt Gövde Germe Egzersiz Grubu (AGGE), 3) Karışık Germe Egzersiz Grubu (KGE), 4) Kontrol Grubu (K). Rastgele olarak çalışma koşullarına dahil edilen katılımcılar her biri 30 sn süren ve aralarında 15 sn dinlenme verilen statik germe egzersizlerini yaklaşık 12 dk uyguladılar. Statik germe egzersizleri öncesi ve sonrasında postüral kontrol ölçümleri Denge Hata Puanlama Sistemi (DHPS) kullanılarak gerçekleştirildi. Köpük zemin DHPS puanları hem ön testte hem de son testte gruplar arasında anlamlı düzeyde farklı değildi (p>0,05). Köpük zemin ÜGGE ön test – son test fark puanları AGGE’den yüksekti, KGE fark puanları ise AGGE’den ve Kontrol grubundan daha yüksekti (p<0,05). Köpük zeminde ÜGGE, AGGE ve K gruplarının ön test – son test karşılaştırmalarında anlamlı farklılık bulunmadı (p>0,05), ancak KGE son test DHPS puanları ön testten daha düşüktü (p<0,05). Toplam DHPS puanları incelendiğinde; ön testte, son testte ve fark puanlarının araştırma grupları arasında anlamlı düzeyde farklı olmadığı bulundu (p>0,05). ÜGGE, AGGE ve K gruplarının ön test – son test toplam DHPS puanlarında farklılık görülmezken (p>0,05) KGE’nin toplam DHPS puanlarının son testte anlamlı düzeyde azaldığı tespit edildi (p<0,05). Sonuç olarak; üst ve alt vücuda yönelik statik germe egzersizleri postüral kontrolü etkilemedi, buna karşın tüm vücuda yönelik statik germe egzersizleri postüral salımın performansını artırdı.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Basketbol, Postüral kontrol, Statik germe

Kaynakça

• Ageberg, E., Roberts, D., Holmström, E., & Fridén, T. (2003). Balance in single-limb stance in healthy subjects–reliability of testing procedure and the effect of short-duration sub-maximal cycling. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 4(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-4-14
• Akyüz, M., Özmaden, M., Doğru, Y., Karademir, E., Aydın, Y., & Hayta, Ü. (2017). Genç basketbolcularda statik ve dinamik germe egzersizlerinin bazı fiziksel parametrelere etkisi. Journal of Human Sciences, 14(2), 1492-1500. https://doi:10.14687/jhs.v14i2.4560
• Azeem, Z., & Sharma, R. (2014). Comparison of dynamic and static stretching on dynamic balance performance in recreational football players. Saudi Journal of Sports Medicine, 14(2), 134-139 https://doi:10.4103/1319-6308.142370
• Behm, D. G., Bambury, A., Cahill, F., & Power, K. (2004). Effect of acute static stretching on force, balance, reaction time, and movement time. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 36(8), 1397-1402. https://doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000135788.23012.5F
• Behm, D. G., & Chaouachi, A. (2011). A review of the acute effects of static and dynamic stretching on performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 111(11), 2633-2651. https://doi:10.1007/s00421-011-1879-2
• Bektaş, Y., Özer, B. K., Gültekin, T., Sağır, M., ve Akın, G. (2007). Bayan basketbolcuların antropometrik özellikleri: Somatotip ve vücut bileşimi değerleri. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(2), 52-62.
• Belenkii, V. E., Gurfinkel, V. S., & Paltsev, E. I. (1967). On the control elements of voluntary movements. Biofizika, 12(1), 135-141.
• Boccolini, G., Brazzit, A., Bonfanti, L., & Alberti, G. (2013). Using balance training to improve the performance of youth basketball players. Sport Sciences for Health, 9(2), 37-42. https://doi:10.1007/s11332-013-0143-z
• Chatzopoulos, D., Galazoulas, C., Patikas, D., & Kotzamanidis, C. (2014). Acute effects of static and dynamic stretching on balance, agility, reaction time and movement time. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 13(2), 403-409.
• Coratella, G., Longo, S., Rampichini, S., Doria, C., Borrelli, M., Limonta, E., Michielon, G., Cè, E., & Esposito, F. (2021). Passive stretching decreases muscle efficiency in balance tasks. Plos One, 16(9), e0256656. PMID: 34550984. PMCID: PMC8457459.
• Costa, P. B., Graves, B. S., Whitehurst, M., & Jacobs, P. L. (2009). The acute effects of different durations of static stretching on dynamic balance performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(1), 141-147. https://doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e31818eb052.
• Erkmen, N., Taskın, H., Sanioğlu, A., & Kaplan, T. (2009). Futbolcularda yorgunluğun denge performansına etkisi. E-Journal of New World Sciences Academy: Sports Sciences, 4(4):289-299.
• Goldspink, G. (1976). The adaptation of muscle to a new functional length. In D. J. Anderson & B. Matthews (Eds.), Mastication (pp. 90-99). John Wright And Sons.
• Handrakis, J. P., Southard, V. N., Abreu, J. M., Aloisa, M., Doyen, M. R., Echevarria, L. M., Hwang, H., Samuels, C., Venegas, S. A., & Douris, P. C. (2010). Static stretching does not impair performance in active middle-aged adults. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(3), 825-830. https://doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181ad4f89.
• Holt, B. W., & Lambourne, K. (2008). The impact of different warm-up protocols on vertical jump performance in male collegiate athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(1), 226-229. https://doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e31815f9d6a.
• Kaya, F. (2004). İki farklı germe egzersizinin bazı fiziksel ve fizyolojik parametreler üzerine etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Antrenörlük Anabilim Dalı, Bolu.
• Konradsen, L., & Magnusson, P. (2000). Increased inversion angle replication error in functional ankle instability. Knee Surgery 8(4), 246–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001670000124
• Leblebici, H., Yarar, H., Aydın, E. M., Zorlu, Z., Ertaş, U., & Kıngır, M. E. (2017). The acute effects of different stretching on dynamic balance performance. International Journal of Sport Studies, 7(3), 153-159.
• Malone, T.R., Garrett, W.E., & Zachazewski, E.J. (1996). Athletic injuries and rehabilitation. In J.E., Zachazewski, J.M., David, W.S., Quillen (Ed), Muscle: Deformation, Injury, Repair. W.B. Saunders Company.
• McGill, S. (2010). Core training: Evidence translating to better performance and injury prevention. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 32(3), 33-46. https://doi:10.1519/SSC.0b013e3181df4521.
• Meszler, B., & Váczi, M. (2019). Effects of short-term in-season plyometric training in adolescent female basketball players. Physiology International, 106(2), 168-179. https://doi.org/10.1556/2060.106.2019.14.
• Morin, J. B., Samozino, P., Edouard, P., & Tomazin, K. (2011). Effect of fatigue on force production and force application technique during repeated sprints. Journal of Biomechanics, 44(15), 2719-2723. https://doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.07.020
• Morrin, N., & Redding, E. (2013). Acute effects of warm-up stretch protocols on balance, vertical jump height, and range of motion in dancers. Journal of Dance Medicine & Science, 17(1), 34-40. https://doi:10.12678/1089-313X.17.1.34
• Nashner, L. M., Black, F. O., & Wall, C. I.I.I. (1982). Adaptation to altered support and visual conditions during stance: patients with vestibular deficits. Journal of Neuroscience, 2(5), 536-544. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.02-05-00536.1982.
• Nelson, A. G., Kokkonen, J., Arnall, D. A., & Li, L. (2012). Acute stretching increases postural stability in nonbalance trained individuals. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(11), 3095-3100. https://doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182430185.
• Nikolaos, K., Evangelos, B., Nikolaos, A., Emmanouil, K., & Panagiotis, K. (2012). The effect of a balance and proprioception training program on amateur basketball players' passing skills. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 12(3), 316-323. https://doi:10.7752/jpes.2012.03047.
• Page, P. (2012). Current concepts in muscle stretching for exercise and rehabilitation. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 7(1), 109-119.
• Pyykkö, I., Aalto, H., Seidel, H., & Starck, J. (1989). Hierarchy of different muscles in postural control. Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 108(sup468), 175-180. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016488909139041.
• Riemann, B. L & Guskiewicz, K. M. (2000). Effects of mild head injury on postural stability as measured through clinical balance testing. Journal of Athletic Training, 35(1), 19-25.
• Safran, M. R., Garrett J.R, W. E., Seaber, A. V., Glisson, R. R., & Ribbeck, B. M. (1988). The role of warmup in muscular injury prevention. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 16(2), 123-129. https://doi.org/10.1177/036354658801600206.
• Shumway-Cook, A., & Horak, F. B. (1986). Assessing the influence of sensory interaction on balance: suggestion from the field. Physical Therapy,66(10), 1548-1550. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/66.10.1548.
• Vatansever, Ş., & Akalp, K. (2020). Effects of acute static stretching exercises on velocity, anaerobic power and balance performance. International Journal of Sport Exercise and Training Sciences-IJSETS, 6(3), 88-96. https:// doi:10.18826/useeabd.635963.
• Vuillerme, N., Anziani, B., & Rougier, P. (2007). Trunk extensor muscles fatigue affects undisturbed postural control in young healthy adults. Clinical Biomechanics, 22(5),489-494. https://doi.org/10,1016/j.clinbiomech.2007.01.007.
• Vuillerme, N., & Boisgontier, M. (2008). Muscle fatigue degrades force sense at the ankle joint. Gait & Posture, 28(3), 521-524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2008.03.005.