Does Emotional Intelligence Affect Mental Toughness in Physically Disabled Athletes?

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 231 - 242, 30.06.2023

Yunus Emre Yarayan , Ekrem Levent İlhan , Oğuz Kaan Esentürk , Çağrı Arı , Doğukan Batur Alp Gülşen

https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1228541

Cited By: 8

Öz

The aim of this research is to determine the determinative role of the emotional intelligence sub-dimensions (Assessing others emotions, evaluating their own emotions, regulating emotions, using social skills, use of emotion) in determining the levels of mental toughness of the athletes with disabilities. A total of 261 athletes from 165 disabled athletes (wheelchair basketball, amputee football, sitting volleyball, badminton), male (63.2%) (24.40±5.48 years old) and 96 female (36.0%) participated voluntarily. Within the scope of the research, information about socio-demographic variables was collected by the personal information form created by the researchers. To reach the purpose of the research; The Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire made by Altıntaş and Bayar (2015) and the Emotional Intelligence Inventory in Sport adapted to Turkish by Adiloğulları and Görgülü (2015) were used. In the analysis of the data, firstly, when the skewness and kurtosis values for the normality assumptions were examined, it was determined that the distribution was normal. In this direction correlation analysis to determine the relationship between variables, stepwise regression analysis was used to determine the power of independent variables in predicting dependent variables. According to the findings obtained as a result of the research, it has been determined that the emotional intelligence levels of the athletes are important determinants of the mental toughness levels, and the analysis completed in three stages explains 56% of the variance.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Physically disabled athletes, mental toughness, emotional intelligence

Kaynakça

• Adiloğulları, I., & Görgülü, R. (2015). The adaption study of emotional intelligence inventory in Sport. International Journal of Sports, Exercise and Training Science, 1(2), 83-94. https://doi.org/10.18826/ijsets.05333
• Altıntaş, A., & Bayar, P. (2015) Examining psychometric properties of the sport mental toughness questionnaire. Hacettepe Journal of Sport Science, 27(4), 162-171.
• Berengüí, R., García-Pallarés, J., López-Gullón, J. M., Garcés de Los Fayos, E. J., Caravaca, E. C., & Martinez-Abellán, A. (2013). Fundamental psychological skills in Olympic Wrestling. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 12(2), 19-22.
• Blumenstein, B., & Orbach, I. (2015). Psychological preparation for paralympic athletes: A preliminary study. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 32(3), 241-255. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.2014-0235
• Botterill, C., & Brown, M. (2002). Emotion and perspective in sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 33(1), 38-60.
• Bull, S. J., Shambrook, C. J., James, W., & Brooks, J. E. (2005). Towards an understanding of mental toughness in elite english cricketers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17(3), 209-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200591010085
• Carpita, M., & Manisera, M. (2011). On the imputation of missing data in surveys with likert-type scales. Journal of Classification, 28(1), 93-112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00357-011-9074-z
• Clough, P. J., Earle, K., & Sewell, D. (2002) Mental toughness: The Concept and its measurement. In I. Cockerill (Ed.), Solutions in sport psychology (pp. 32-43). Thomson.
• Cowden, R. G. (2016). Mental toughness, emotional intelligence, and coping effectiveness: An analysis of construct interrelatedness among high-performing adolescent male athletes. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 123(3), 737-753. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0031512516666027
• Crombie, D., Lombard, C., & Noakes, T. (2009). Emotional intelligence scores predict team sports performance in a national cricket competition. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 4(2), 209-224. https://doi.org/10.1260%2F174795409788549544
• Crust, L. (2008). A review and conceptual reexamination of mental toughness: Implications for future researchers. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(7), 576-583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.07.005
• Dennis, P. W. (1981). Mental toughness and the athlete. Ontario Physical and Health Education Association, 7(2), 37-40.
• Downey, R. G., & King, C. (1998). Missing data in Likert ratings: A comparison of replacement methods. The Journal of General Psychology, 125(2), 175-191. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309809595542
• Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (2011). How to design and evaluate research in education. 6th Ed., McGraw-Hill.
• García, A., & Díaz-Morales, J. F. (2010). Relationship between optimism/dispositional pessimism, performance and age in competitive soccer players. Revista Iberoamericana De Psicologia Del Ejercicio Y El Deporte, 5(1), 45-60.
• Gimeno, F., Buceta, J. M., & Pérez-Llanta, M. C. (2001). The questionnaire psychological characteristics related to sports performance (CPRD): Psychometric characteristics. Análise Psicológica, 19(1), 93-113. https://doi.org/10.14417/ap.346
• Goldberg, A. S. (1998). Sports slump busting: 10 steps to mental toughness and peak performance. Human Kinetics.
• Goleman, D. (1996). Emotional intelligence. Why it can matter more than IQ. Learning, 24(6), 49-50.
• Gomez-Marcos, G., & Sanchez-Sanchez, M. (2019). Description and differences in the psychological variables related to sports performance of triathletes and para-triathletes. Retos, 36, 22–25. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v36i36.66973
• Gould, D., Hodge, K., Peterson, K., & Petlichkoff, L. (1987). Psychological foundations of coaching: Similarities and differences among intercollegiate wrestling coaches. The Sport Psychologist, 1(4), 293-308. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.1.4.293
• Guillen, F., & Laborde, S. (2014). Higher-order structure of mental toughness and the analysis of latent mean differences between athletes from disciplines and non-athletes. Personality and Individual Differences, 60, 30–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.11.019
• Iezzoni, L. I. (2009). Public health goals for persons with disabilities: looking ahead to 2020. Disabilty and Health Journal, 2(3), 111-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2009.03.002
• İlhan, L., & Suveren, S. (2010). An Alternative opening out for disabled people Boccia. 11th International Sports Sciences Congress. 10-12 November 2010, Antalya, Turkey, 401-403.
• Jefferies, P., Gallagher, P., & Dunne, S. (2012). The paralympic athlete: A Systematic review of the psychosocial literature. Prosthet Orthot Int, 36(3), 278-289. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309364612450184
• Jones, G. (2002). What is this thing called mental toughness? An investigation of elite sport performers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(3), 205-218. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200290103509
• Jones, G., Hanton, S., & Connaughton, D. (2007). A Framework of mental toughness in the world’s best performers. The Sport Psychologist, 21(2), 243–264. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.21.2.243
• Jones, M. I., & Parker, J. K. (2013). What is the size of the relationship between global mental toughness and youth experiences? Personality and Individual Differences, 54(4), 519-523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.10.024
• Laborde, S., Brüll, A., Weber, J., & Anders, L. A., (2011). Trait emotional intelligence in sports: A protective role against stress through heart rate variability? Personality and Individual Differences, 51(1), 23-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.03.003
• Lane, A. M., Meyer, B. M., Devenport, T. J., Davies, K. A., Thelwell, R., Gill, G. S., & Weston, N. (2009). Validity of the emotional intelligence scale for use in sport. Journal of Sport Science and Medicine, 8(2), 289-295.
• Law, K. S., Wong, C., & Song, L. J. (2004). The construct and criterion validity of emotional intelligence and its potential utility for management studies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(3), 483-496. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.3.483
• Mahamud, J., Tuero, C., & Márquez, S. (2007). Psychological characteristics related to performance: Comparison between the requirements of the coaches and the perception of the athletes. Journal of Sports Psychology, 14(2), 237-251.
• Marcos, G. G., & Sánchez, M. S. (2019). Description and differences in the psychological variables related to sports performance of triathletes and para-triathletes. Retos: Nuevas Tendencias En Educación Física, Deporte Y Recreación, (36), 22-25. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v36i36.66973
• Martin, J. J. (1999). A Personal development model of sport psychology for athletes with disabilities. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 11(2), 181-193. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413209908404199
• Martin, J. J., Malone, L. A., & Hilyer, J. C. (2011). Personality and mood in women’s Paralympic basketball champions. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 5(3), 197-210. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.5.3.197
• McGeown, S., St Clair-Thompson, H., & Clough, P. (2016). The study of non-cognitive attributes in education: Proposing the mental toughness framework. Educational Review, 68(1), 96–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2015.1008408
• Nicholls, A. R., & Polman, R. C. (2007). Coping in sport: A Systematic review. Journal of Sports Science, 25(1), 11-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410600630654
• Nicholls, A. R., Perry, J. L., Jones, L., Sanctuary, C., Carson, F., & Clough, P. J. (2015). The mediating role of mental toughness in sport. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 55(2), 1-11.
• Olmedilla, A., Ortega, E., Andreu, M. D., & Ortín, F. J. (2010). Psychological intervention program in soccer players: evaluation of psychological skills through CPRD. Journal of Sports Psychology, 19(2), 249-262.
• Parker, J. D., Summerfeldt, L. J., Hogan, M. J., & Majeski, S. A. (2004). Emotional intelligence and academic success: Examining the transition from high school to university. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(1), 163-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00076-X
• Perez-Gonzalez, J., & Sanchez-Ruiz, M. (2014). Trait emotional intelligence anchored within the big five, big two and big one frameworks. Personality and Individual Differences, 65, 53-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.021
• Ruiz-Tendero, G., & Salinero-Martin, J. J. (2012). Psycho-social factors determining success in high-performance triathlon: Compared perception in the coach-athlete pair. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 115(3), 865-880. https://doi.org/10.2466/08.25.pms.115.6.865-880
• Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9(3), 185-211. https://doi.org/10.2190%2FDUGG-P24E-52WK-6CDG
• Schutte, N. S., Malouff, J. M., Hall, L. E., Haggerty, D. J., Cooper, J. T., Golden, C. J., & Dornheim, L. (1998). Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 25(2), 167-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00001-4.
• Sheard, M. (2013). Mental toughness: The mindset behind sporting achievement. Second Edition. Routledge.
• Sheard, M., Golby, J., & Van Wersch, A. (2009). Progress towards construct validation of the Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 25(3), 186-193. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.25.3.186
• Sherrill, C. (1999). Disability sport and classification theory: A new era. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 16(3), 206-215. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.16.3.206
• Suresh, K. P., & Chandrashekara, S. (2012). Sample Size Estimation and Power Analysis for Clinical Research Studies. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences, 5(1), 7-13. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-1208.97779
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (sixth ed.). Pearson.
• Tavrah, N., Nejad, F. A., & Alipour, O. (2016). Effect of emotional intelligence on mental toughness among the student athletes, International Business Management, 10(7), 1203-1206. http://dx.doi.org/10.36478/ibm.2016.1203.1206
• Torralba, M. Á., Braz-Vieira, M., & Rubio, M. J. (2017). Reasons for the sports practice of spanish paralympic athletes. Journal of Sports Psychology, 2(1), 49-60.
• Williams, M. H. (1998). The ergogenics edge: Pushing the limits of sports performance. Human Kinetics Publishers.
• Yazıcı, A. (2016). Mental toughness and emotional intelligence of professional basketball players in terms of different variables. Master Thesis, Gazi University, Institute of Educational Sciences, Ankara.