Determination of Eating Disorders Level and Risk Factors of University Students Studying Sports Education

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3, 500 - 510, 31.10.2023

Günay Eskici , Mergül Çolak , Yusuf Kemal Arslan , Hakan Yarar

https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1207992

Öz

Eating disorder has become an increasingly common problem among athletes. This study aims to determine eating disorder levels and risk factors of students studying sports education. This study was carried out on 1773 university students, 1084 (61.1%) of whom are female and 689 (38.9%) male, in the field of sports education in different provinces in Turkey. The information of the participants was collected with an individual information form and an Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q). All EDEQ sub-dimension scores and the total score were found to be statistically significantly higher in males than in females (p <0.05) except for the restraint score. It was found that, as BMI (Body Mass Index) value increased, there was a statistically significant increase in all sub-dimensions of EDEQ and EDEQ total score (p<0.05). Eating concern and shape concern scores were found to be statistically higher in those who did not perform physical activities than those who performed physical activities (respectively; p=0.030, p=0.004). An increase in the EDE-Q score indicates an increased risk of eating disorders. It can be said that being a male, having a high BMI, and engaging in strength/power sports increase the risk of eating disorders in individuals who receive sports education.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Eating Disorders, EDE-Q, University Students

Kaynakça

• Alkan, S., Ersoy, N., Eskici, G., & Ersoy, G. (2017). Assessment of eating attitudes and healthy lifestyle behaviors of females students studying nutrition and dietetics. Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, 54(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.21048/ijnd.2017.54.1.10841
• American Dietetic Association (ADA). (2001). Position of the American Dietetic Association: Nutrition intervention in the treatment of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS). Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 106(12), 2073-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2006.09.007.
• American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. [https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/book/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596]. Retrieved on 20 September 2019. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
• Bar, R.J.; Cassin, S.E. & Dionne, M.M. (2016). Eating disorder prevention initiatives for athletes: A review. European Journal of Sport Science, 16(3), 325-335. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2015.1013995
• Baş, M. (2008). Dietary approach to eating disorders and weight management. In: A. Baysal & M. Baş (Eds.), Yetişkinlerde ağırlık yönetimi. (1st.ed.) (pp.202). Ekspress Baskı.
• Bonci, C. M., Bonci, L. J., Granger, L. R., Johnson, C. L., Malina, R. M., Milne, L. W., ... & Vanderbunt, E. M. (2008). National athletic trainers' association position statement: preventing, detecting, and managing disordered eating in athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 43(1), 80-108. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-43.1.80
• Bratland-Sanda, S., & Sundgot-Borgen, J. (2013). Eating disorders in athletes: overview of prevalence, risk factors and recommendations for prevention and treatment. European Journal of Sport Science, 13(5), 499-508. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2012.740504
• Chapman, J., & Woodman, T. (2016). Disordered eating in male athletes: a meta-analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 34(2), 101-109. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2015.1040824
• Cialdella-Kam, L., Guebels, C. P., Maddalozzo, G. F., & Manore, M. M. (2014). Dietary intervention restored menses in female athletes with exercise-associated menstrual dysfunction with limited impact on bone and muscle health. Nutrients, 6(8), 3018-3039. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6083018
• Darcy, A. M., Doyle, A. C., Lock, J., Peebles, R., Doyle, P., & Le Grange, D. (2012). The eating disorders examination in adolescent males with anorexia nervosa: How does it compare to adolescent females?. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 45(1), 110-114. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20896
• Darcy, A. M., Hardy, K. K., Lock, J., Hill, K. B., & Peebles, R. (2013). The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) among university men and women at different levels of athleticism. Eating behaviors, 14(3), 378-381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.04.002
• Deering, S. (2001). Eating disorders: recognition, evaluation and implications for obstetrician/gynecologists. Primary Care Update for OB/GYNS, 8, 31-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1068-607X(00)00067-6
• El Ghoch, M., Soave, F., Calugi, S., & Dalle Grave, R. (2013). Eating disorders, physical fitness and sport performance: A systematic review. Nutrients, 5(12), 5140-5160. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5125140
• Fairburn, C.G., & Harrison, P.J. (2003). Eating disorders. Lancet, 361(9355),407-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12378-1
• Fink, H.H., & Mikesky, A.E. (2018). Practical applications in sports nutrition. (5th ed.). Jones & Barlett Learning.
• Galli, N., Petrie, T. A., Greenleaf, C., Reel, J. J., & Carter, J. E. (2014). Personality and psychological correlates of eating disorder symptoms among male collegiate athletes. Eating behaviors, 15(4), 615-618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.08.007
• Glazer, J.L. (2008). Eating disorders among male athletes. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 7(6), 332-337. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0b013e31818f03c5
• Joy, E., Kussman, A., & Nattiv, A. (2016). 2016 update on eating disorders in athletes: A comprehensive narrative review with a focus on clinical assessment and management. British journal of sports medicine, 50(3), 154-162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095735
• Karasar, N. (2002). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. 16. Basım. Nobel Yayıncılık.
• Knapp, J., Aerni, G., & Anderson, J. (2014). Eating disorders in female athletes: Use of screening tools. Current sports medicine reports, 13(4), 214-218. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1249/JSR.0000000000000074
• Kristjánsdóttir, H., Sigurðardóttir, P., Jónsdóttir, S., Þorsteinsdóttir, G., & Saavedra, J. (2019). Body image concern and eating disorder symptoms among elite Icelandic athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(15), 2728. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152728
• Kugu, N., Akyuz, G., Dogan, O., Ersan, E., & Izgic, F. (2006). The prevalence of eating disorders among university students and the relationship with some individual characteristics. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40(2), 129-135. https://doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01759.x
• Lavender, J. M., De Young, K. P., & Anderson, D. A. (2010). Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q): Norms for undergraduate men. Eating Behaviors, 11(2), 119-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2009.09.005
• Márquez, S., & Molinero, O. (2013). Energy availability, menstrual dysfunction and bone health in sports; an overwiew of the female athlete triad. Nutricion Hospitalaria, 28(4), 1010-1017. https://doi.org/10.3305/nh.2013.28.4.6542
• McLester, C. N., Hardin, R., & Hoppe, S. (2014). Susceptibility to eating disorders among collegiate female student–athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 49(3), 406-410. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-49.2.16
• Schaal, K., Tafflet, M., Nassif, H., Thibault, V., Pichard, C., Alcotte, M., & Toussaint, J. F. (2011). Psychological balance in high level athletes: Gender-based differences and sport-specific patterns. PloS one, 6(5), Article e19007. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019007
• Schwarz, H. C., Gairrett, R. L., Aruguete, M. S., & Gold, E. S. (2005). Eating attitudes, body dissatisfaction, and perfectionism in female college athletes. North American Journal of Psychology, 7(3), 345-352.
• Sleight, A.J., Erickson, C.D., Tierney, D.K., Houston, M.N., & Welch, C.E. (2015). The Diagnostic accuracy of screening tools to detect eating disorders among female athletes: a critically appraised topic. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 25(4), 395-398. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2014-0337
• Sundgot-Borgen, J., & Torstveit, M.K. (2004). Prevalence of eating disorders in elite athletes is higher than in the general population. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 14(1),25-32. https://doi.org/10.1097/00042752-200401000-00005 Taylor, C. B., Bryson, S., Luce, K. H., Cunning, D., Doyle, A. C., Abascal, L. B., ... & Wilfley, D. E. (2006). Prevention of eating disorders in at-risk college-age women. Archives of general psychiatry, 63(8), 881-888. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.63.8.881
• Thiemann, P., Legenbauer, T., Vocks, S., Platen, P., Auyeung, B., & Herpertz, S. (2015). Eating disorders and their putative risk factors among female German professional athletes. European Eating Disorders Review, 23(4), 269-276. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2360
• Turan, Ş., Poyraz, C. A., & Özdemir, A. (2015). Tıkınırcasına yeme bozukluğu. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 7(4), 419-435. https://doi.org/10.5455/cap.20150213091928
• Ulaş, B., Uncu, F., & Üner, S. (2013). Prevalence of possible eating disorders and affecting factors in health school students. İnönü Üniversity Sağ Bil Derg., 2,15-22.
• Ünalan, D., Öztop, D.B., Elmali, F., Öztürk, A., Konak, D., Pirlak, B., et al. (2009). The relationship between eating attitudes and healthy lifestyle behaviors of a group of health school students. Journal of Inonu University Medical Faculty, 16(2), 75-81.
• Yucel, B., Polat, A., Ikiz, T., Dusgo, B.P., Yavuz, A.E., & Berk, O.S. (2011). The Turkish Version of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire: Reliability and Validity in Adolescents. European Eating Disorders Review, 9: 509-511. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.1104