The Investigation of the Effects of Short-Term Body Weight Loss on Elite Wrestlers on Anaerobic Performance and Reaction Time in Tournament Conditions

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 1 - 16, 29.02.2024

Recep Türkyılmaz Hakan Yarar

https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1239551

Öz

Athletes, who engage in wrestling, perform weight adjustment before the competitions like all weight loss category sports. For this reason, weight management is a very important factor prior to matches. When the studies on weight loss are examined, it is seen that athletes lose weight in a short time close to the competition. This study aimed to investigate the effects of short-term body weight loss in elite wrestlers on anaerobic performance and reaction time during tournament conditions. Ten experienced international level male wrestlers participated as a volunteer in this study. Participants lost 5% of their body weight within 48 hours, in 72 hours; 1 kg tolerance was given over 5% of body weight. During this process, body composition measurement, Wingate anaerobic performance test (WAnT), Countermovement Jump (CMJ), and visual and auditory reaction tests were conducted. In this study, a randomized crossover design was used and applications lasted four days. Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used for statistical analysis. Due to short-term body weight loss in body composition, total body water (TBW) and fat-free mass (FFM) were significantly reduced. In contrast, there was no statistically significant difference in body fat percentage (BF %), visual and auditory reaction time, CMJ and average power (AP). However, there was a significant increase was seen in Peak power (PP) and fatigue index (FI). The results indicate that 5% loss of body weight within 48 hours caused significant changes in body composition and negatively affected the fatigue index. For this reason, athletes who lose weight should avoid rapid weight-loss practices that will cause sudden changes in body composition in order to maintain their athletic performance.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Wrestlers, Rapid weight loss, Anaerobic power, Reaction time

Kaynakça

• Almasi, J., Farahpour, N., & Nazem, F. (2013). Effect of a rapid weight loss and short period recovery program on anaerobic power and body composition in non-elite wrestlers. Iranian Journal of Health and Physical Activity, 4(2), 51-55.
• Armstrong, L.E. (2005). Hydration Assessment Techniques. International Life Sciences Institute. Nutrition Reviews, 63(6), 40-54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2005.tb00153.x
• Birch, K., MacLaren, D., & George, K. (2004). Bios instant sport and exercise physiology (pp. 116-9). BIOS Scientific Publishers.
• Cengız, A. & Demirhan, B. (2013). Physiology of wrestlers` dehydration. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 15(2), 1-10.
• Cengiz, A. (2015). Effects of self-selected dehydration and meaningful rehydration on anaerobic power and heart rate recovery of elite wrestlers. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 27(5), 1441-1444. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.27.1441
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).(1998). Hyperthermia and dehydration-related deaths associated with intentional rapid weight loss in three collegiate wrestlers--North Carolina, Wisconsin, and Michigan, November-December 1997. MMWR, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 47(6), 105–108.
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2. baskı). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Convertino, V. A., Armstrong, L. E., Coyle, E. F., Mack, G. W., Sawka, M. N., Senay Jr, L. C., & Sherman, W. M. (1996). American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement. Medicine and Science In Sports And Exercise, 28(1),i-vii. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199610000-00045
• Coufalova, K., Cochrane, D.J., Maly, T. (2014). Changes in body composition, anthropometric indicators and maximal strength due to weight reduction in judo. Arch Budo, 10, 161-168.
• Demirkan, E., Koz, M., Arslan, C., Ersöz, G., & Kutlu, M. (2011). The Monitoring of Weight Fluctuation and Hydration Status in Cadet Wrestlers (Ages 14–17) During a Training Camp Period Leading up to Competition. International Journal of Wrestling Science, 1(2), 12-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/21615667.2011.10878925
• Des Moines Sunday Register. Health peril in prep wrestling. Des Moines, IA: Des Moines Register, December 17, 1967.
• Evetovich, T. K., Boyd, J. C., Drake, S. M., Eschbach, L. C., Magal, M., Soukup, J. T., & Weir, J. P. (2002). Effect of moderate dehydration on torque, electromyography, and mechanomyography. Muscle & Nerve: Official Journal of the American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine, 26(2), 225-231. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.10203
• Filaire, E., Maso, F., Degoutte, F., Jouanel, P., & Lac, G. (2001). Food restriction, performance, psychological state and lipid values in judo athletes. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 22(06), 454-459. https://doi.org/ 10.1055/s-2001-16244
• Fogelholm, G.M., Koskinen, R., Laakso, J., Rankinen, T., & Ruokonen, I. (1993). Gradual and rapid weight loss: effects on nutrition and performance in male athletes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 25(3), 371-377. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199303000-00012
• Gulati, A., Wasuja, M., & Kumari, N. (2006). Effect of weight reduction on selected physiological parameters in male junior national boxing campers. Journal of Exercise Science and Physiotherapy, 2, 35–41.
• Guyton, A.C., & J.E., H. (2013). Tıbbi Fizyoloji (BÇ Yegen, Çev.) 12. Baskı. Nobel Tıp Kitap Evleri.
• Hall, C. J., & Lane, A. M. (2001). Effects of rapid weight loss on mood and performance among amateur boxers. British journal of sports medicine, 35(6), 390-395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.35.6.390
• Houston, M. E., Marrin, D. A., Green, H. J., & Thomson, J. A. (1981). The effect of rapid weight loss on physiological functions in wrestlers. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 9(11), 73-78. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.1981.11711208
• Hübner-Wozniak, E. (1993). Application of biochemical tests in controlling of wrestlers training. In Utilisation of physiological and biochemical tests results in practical wrestling training. Wrestling training materials.
• Inbar, O., Bar-Or, O., & Skinner, J. S. (1996). The Wingate anaerobic test. Human Kinetics.
• Judelson, D. A., Maresh, C. M., Yamamoto, L. M., Farrell, M. J., Armstrong, L. E., Kraemer, W. J., ... & Anderson, J. M. (2008). Effect of hydration state on resistance exercise-induced endocrine markers of anabolism, catabolism, and metabolism. Journal of applied physiology, 105(3), 816-824. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01010.2007
• Katch, V.L., Mcardle, W.D., Katch, F.I. (2011). Essentials of exercise physiology. 4th Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
• Kondo, E., Nishimaki, M., Yamashita, D., & Nakajima, K. (2020). The link between the range of rapid weight loss and physical conditions of elite wrestlers during competition under the morning weigh-in rule. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 61(1), 117-123. https://doi.org/ 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11221-0.
• Kordi, R., Ziaee, V., Rostami, M., & Wallace, W. A. (2011). Patterns of weight loss and supplement consumption of male wrestlers in Tehran. Sports Medicine, Arthroscopy, Rehabilitation, Therapy & Technology, 3, 1-7.
• Kraemer, W. J., Fry, A. C., Rubin, M. R., Triplett-Mcbride, T., Gordon, S. E., Koziris, L. P., & Fleck, S. J. (2001). Physiological and performance responses to tournament wrestling. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(8), 1367-1378. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200108000-00019
• Kukidome, T., Shirai, K., Kubo, J., Matsushima, Y., Yanagisawa, O., Homma, T., & Aizawa, K. (2008). MRI evaluation of body composition changes in wrestlers undergoing rapid weight loss. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 42(10), 814-818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2007.044081
• Marttinen, R. H., Judelson, D. A., Wiersma, L. D., & Coburn, J. W. (2011). Effects of self-selected mass loss on performance and mood in collegiate wrestlers. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(4), 1010-1015. https://doi.org/ 10.1519/JSC.0b013e318207ed3f
• Oppliger, R. A., Steen, S. A. N., & Scott, J. R. (2003). Weight loss practices of college wrestlers. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 13(1), 29-46. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.13.1.29
• Oppliger, R. A., Case, H. S., Horswill, C. A., Landry, G. L., & Shelter, A. C. (1996). American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Weight loss in wrestlers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 28(10), 135-138.
• Özkan, A., Köklü, Y., & Ersöz, G. (2010). Wingate anaerobic power test. Journal of Human Sciences, 7(1), 207–224.
• Périard, J. D., Tammam, A. H., & Thompson, M. W. (2012). Skeletal muscle strength and endurance are maintained during moderate dehydration. International journal of sports medicine, 33(08), 607-612. https://doi.org/ 10.1055/s-0032-1306327
• Rashidlamir, A., Goodarzi, M., Ravasi A. (2009). The Comparison of acute and gradual weight loss methods in well-trained wrestlers. World Journal of Sport Sciences, 2(4), 236-240.
• Reljic, D., Hässler, E., Jost, J., & Friedmann-Bette, B. (2013). Rapid weight loss and the body fluid balance and hemoglobin mass of elite amateur boxers. Journal of Athletic Training, 48(1),109-117. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-48.1.05
• Roklicer, R., Rossi, C., Bianco, A., Stajer, V., Ranisavljev, M., Todorovic, N., & Drid, P. (2022). Prevalence of rapid weight loss in Olympic style wrestlers. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 19(1), 593-602. https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2022.2119095
• Sagayama, H., Yoshimura, E., Yamada, Y., Ichikawa, M., Ebine, N., Higaki, Y., & Tanaka, H. (2014). Effects of rapid weight loss and regain on body composition and energy expenditure. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 39(1), 21-27.4. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2013-0096
• Sayers, S. P., Harackiewicz, D. V., Harman, E. A., Frykman, P. N., & Rosenstein, M. T. (1999). Cross-validation of three jump power equations. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 31(4), 572–577. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199904000-00013
• Sundgot-Borgen, J., & Garthe, I. (2011). Elite athletes in aesthetic and Olympic weight-class sports and the challenge of body weight and body compositions. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(1), S101-S114. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.565783
• Teresa, L., Pugh, S., Pugh, J. (2004). Effect of hydration state on heart rate-based estimates of Vo2 Max. Journal of Exercise Physiology, 7(1),19-25.
• Timpmann, S., Ööpik, V., Pääsuke, M., Medijainen, L., Ereline, J., (2008). Acute Effects of Self-Selected Regimen of Rapid Body Mass Loss in Combat Sports Athletes. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 7(2), 210-217.
• Türkiye Güreş Federasyonu. (2017. Ekim 20). 2017-2018 Yılında uygulanacak yeni güreş kuralları. https://tgf.gov.tr/?p=37448.
• Wilson, G., Hawken, M. B., Poole, I., Sparks, A., Bennett, S., Drust, B., & Close, G. L. (2014). Rapid weight-loss impairs simulated riding performance and strength in jockeys: Implications for making-weight. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(4), 383-391. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2013.825732
• Yadollahzadeh, R., Jourkesh, M., Antonio, J., & Soori, R. (2015). The effects of rapid weight loss on aerobic and anaerobic power on athletes in weight-sensitive sports. Sport Science, 8(2), 30-34.
• Yang, W-H., Grau, M., Kim, P., Schmitz, A., Heine, O., Bloch, W., & Mester, J. (2014). Physiological and psychological performance of Taekwondo Athletes is more affected by rapid than by gradual weight reduction. Archives of Budo, 10, 169-174.
• Yarar, H., Türkyilmaz, R., Eroğlu, H., Kurt, S., & Eskici, G. (2017). Elit güreşçilerin kilo düşme profillerinin belirlenmesi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(4), 52-63.
• Yoshioka, Y., Umeda, T., Nakaji, S., Kojima, A., Tanabe, M., Mochida, N., & Sugawara, K. (2006). Gender differences in the psychological response to weight reduction in judoists. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 16(2), 187-198. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.16.2.187