PHYSICAL EDUCATION CLASSES IN THE PHOTOGRAPHS OF TURKEY’S EARLY REPUBLICAN PERIOD

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 26 - 33, 25.04.2016

Cenk Temel

Öz

The purpose of this study is to determine the general characteristics of the physical education classes in early republican period in Turkey by examining the photos taken at schools in various cities in those times. The document analysis technique, which is one of the qualitative research methods, has been adopted in the study. The data of the study have been obtained from 37 physical education classes photographs, preserved in the Ministry of National Education, General Administration of Innovation and Education Archives, and which were taken between the years 1926 and 1927. The analyses of the photographs were made by using the four predetermined themes (the curricula of the classes, the clothes used in the classes, sports branches, and the instructors of the classes). When the data obtained with the analyses are examined, it has been determined that the curricula of the classes were characterized with the Gymnastics of Sweden and scout applications, which is in agreement with the soul of the period; the clothes were preferred as school uniforms and casual wear; the sports branches were preferred as cricket, tennis and basketball. The teachers are visible in 26 of the photographs (18 male teachers, 8 female teachers), and there are only the students in other photographs. As a consequence, it may be suggested that the physical education classes in the early years of the Republic in Turkey has -in the light of the photographs- a variety in the contents, the applications and the clothes; the participation of the students -rather than their sportive performances- is cared for; and the instructors are not specialized as the physical education teachers. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

-

Kaynakça

• Alok, E (2012) Anadolu uygarlıklarında spor-Anadolu’da sporun taşa yansıyan izleri (Ed: İbrahim Yıldıran, Timur Gültekin) Spor Yayınevi ve Kitapevi, Ankara.
• Alpman, C (1972). Eğitimin bütünlüğü içinde beden eğitimi ve çağlar boyunca gelişimi, Milli Eğitim Basımevi, İstanbul.
• Altın, H (2008). Ethem Nejat ve eğitim tarihimizdeki yeri, Turkish Studies International Periodical For the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 3/4 Summer 2008.
• Akın, Y (2004). “Gürbüz ve Yavuz Evlatlar” erken cumhuriyet’te beden terbiyesi ve spor, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul.
• Atabeyoğlu, C (2000). Kurucumuz Selim Sırrı Tarcan, Türkiye Milli Olimpiyat Komitesi Yayınları:3, A&B Kitapçılık ve Dağıtım, İstanbul.
• Cicioğlu, H (1985). Türkiye cumhuriyetinde ilk ve orta öğretim (tarihi gelişim). Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Yayınları, Ankara.
• Creswell, J W (2003). Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches. Second Edition. Lincoln: Sage Publications.
• Dever, A & İslam, A (2015). A systematic approach of physical education courses in schools in the last period of the ottoman empire and the early years of turkish republic, International Journal of Social Science, Doi number:http://dx.doi.org/10.9761/JASSS2739 Number: 32 , p. 159-169, Winter III.
• Fer, S (2005). 1923 yılından günümüze cumhuriyet dönemi ilköğretim programları üzerine bir inceleme, Cumhuriyet Dönemi Eğitim Politikaları Sempozyumu, Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi ve Başbakanlık Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi, İstanbul.
• Gillet, B (1975). Spor tarihi (Çev: Mustafa Durak). Gelişim Yayınları, İstanbul.
• Günay, N (2013). “Atatürk döneminde türkiye’de beden eğitiminin gelişimi ve gazi beden terbiyesi bölümü”, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi ATAM Dergisi, cilt: XXIX, Sayı: 85, ss. 73-99.
• İrepoğlu, G (2012) Anadolu uygarlıklarında spor- osmanli sanatında sporu izlerken (Ed: İbrahim Yıldıran, Timur Gültekin), Spor Yayınevi ve Kitapevi, Ankara.
• Kaya, Y K (1984). İnsan yetiştirme düzenimiz: politika / eğitim /kalkınma. Geliştirilmiş 4. Baskı, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal ve İdari Bilimler Döner Sermaye İşletmesi, Ankara.
• Kirchner, G & Fishburne, G J (1995). Physical education for elementary school children, Wm. C. Brown Communications, Inc.2460.
• Kirk, D (1998) Schooling bodies: school practice and public discourse 1880-1950, Leicester University Press.
• MEB (1999). Cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarında eğitimden izler, 4. Akşam Sanat Okulu ve Çıraklık Eğitim Merkezi Matbaası, Ankara.
• Lumpkin, A (1990). Physical education and sport: A contemprary introduction (2nd ed), St Louis:Times& Mirror, Missouri.
• Siedentop, D & Mars, H (2011). Introduction to Physical Education, Fitness, and Sport. McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages.
• Silverman, D (2001). Interpreting qualitative data: methods for analysing talk, text and interaction. London: SAGE Publication.
• Swaddling, J (1999). Antik olimpiyat oyunları (Çev. Burçak Gürün), Homer Kitabevi ve Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
• Vigarello, G (2008) Bedenin tarihi rönesans’tan aydınlanmaya (Çev. Saadet Özen). Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul.
• Wright, J (2000). Bodies, meanings and movement: a comparison of the language of a physical education lesson and a feldenkrais movement class, Sport, Education and Society, Vol. 5, No.1, pp. 35-49.
• Yıldırım, A, Şimşek H (2005). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri, Seçkin Yayınevi, Ankara.
• Yıldız, D (1979). Türk spor tarihi, Eko Matbaası, İstanbul.