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The Effect of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Travel Risk Perception

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 61, 378 - 392, 31.01.2021

Bülent Aydın , Reşat Arıca , Yalçın Arslantürk

https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.801898
Cited By: 5

Öz

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused risks and uncertainties within the tourism industry as in all industries across the world. This study sets out to explore the risk and hygiene perceptions of domestic tourists in the pandemic setting. The population of the study is comprised of individuals who have participated in domestic tourism movements in Turkey. The research data were collected through surveys and online platforms. Descriptive statistics and exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed on data. Results suggested a four-factor structure in the travel risk perceptions of individuals regarding the pandemic, which were named safety and hygiene, future travel preferences, quality, and concern. According to the weighted average of factors, domestic tourists are mostly concerned about hygiene and safety and have concerns about the future.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Covid-19 Pandemic Risk Travel Risk

Kaynakça

  • AHLA (2020). COVID-19 Devastating hotel industry: Low to zero hotel revenue driving unprecedented job loss, American Hotel & Lodging Association. https://www.ahla.com/sites/default/files/FACT%20SHEET_COVID19%20Impact%20on% 20Hotel%20Industry_4.22.20_updated.pdf
  • Arıca, R. (2020). Seyahat Acentalarında Sürdürülebilir Ürün Üretimi ve Yönetimi. Doğa Temelli Turların Sistemleştirilmesi. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Aydın, B., & Doğan, M. (2020). Evaluation of Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Touristic Consumption Behavior and Tourism in Turkey. Journal of Theory and Practice in Marketing, 6 (1). 93-115.
  • Bauer, R. A. (1960), Consumer Behavior as Risk Taking, In Dynamic Marketing for a Changing World, Ed. Robert S. Hancock, 389-98. Chicago: American Marketing Association.
  • Brown, T. A., & Moore, M. T. (2012) Confirmatory factor analysis. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Handbook of Structural Equation Modeling (361-379 pp). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Chien, P. M., Sharifpour, M., Ritchie, B. W., & Watson, B. (2017). Travelers’ health risk perceptions and protective behavior: a psychological approach. Journal of Travel Research, 56(6), 744-759.
  • Cohen, M. J. (2020), “Does the COVID-19 Outbreak Mark the Onset of a Sustainable Consumption Transition?” https://doi.org/10.1080/15487733.2020.1740472
  • Cui, F., Liu, Y., Chang, Y., Duan, J., & Li, J. (2016). An overview of tourism risk perception. Natural Hazards, 82(1), 643-658.
  • Estrada, M. A. R, Park, D., and Lee, M. (2020), “The Evaluation of the Final Impact of Wuhan COVID-19 on Trade, Tourism, Transport, and Electricity Consumption of China”, Tourism, Transport, and Electricity Consumption of China (March 9, 2020).
  • Farzanegan, M. R., Gholipour, H. F., Feizi, M., Nunkoo, R., & Andargoli, A. E. (2020). International Tourism and Outbreak of Coronavirus (COVID-19): A Cross-Country Analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 0047287520931593.
  • Foo, L. P., Chin, M. Y., Tan, K. L., & Phuah, K. T. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on tourism industry in Malaysia. Current Issues in Tourism, 1-5.
  • Fornell, C. & Larcker, D.F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research. 18 (1): 39-50.
  • Gössling, S., Scott, D., & Hall, C. M. (2020). Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1-20.
  • Hair, J. F.; Black, W., C.; Babin, B. J. & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis. (Seventh edition). New York: Pearson Publications.
  • Haryanto, T., (2020). Editorial: Covid-19 Pandemic and International Tourism Demand. JDE (Journal of Developing Economies), 5 (1), 1-5.
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1998) Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: sensitivity to under-parameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3, 424-453
  • Huang, C.C.; Wang, Y.M.; Wu, T.W. & Wang, P.A. (2013). An empirical analysis of the antecendents and performance consequences of using the moodle platform. International Journal of Information and Education Technology. 3 (2): 217-221.
  • Jin, L.; He, Y. & Song, H. (2012). Service customization. To upgrade or to downgrade? An investigation of how option framing affects tourists’ choice of package-tour services. Tourism Management. 33 (2): 266-275.
  • Jones, P., & Comfort, D. (2020). The COVID-19 Crisis, Tourism and Sustainable Development. Athens Journal of Tourism, 7(2), 75-86.
  • Korstanje, M. E. (2011). Why risk why now? Conceptual problems around the risk perception in tourism industry. Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa em turismo, 5(1), 4-22.
  • Kozak, M., Crotts, J. C., & Law, R. (2007). The impact of the perception of risk on international travellers. International Journal of Tourism Research, 9(4), 233-242.
  • Law, R. (2006). The perceived impact of risks on travel decisions. International Journal of Tourism Research, 8(4), 289-300.
  • McKinsey & Company (2020, May 12). “ Consumer Sentiment evolves as the next “normal” approaches” https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/marketing-and-sales/our-insights/a-global-view-of-how-consumer-behavior-is-changing-amid-covid-19
  • Mizrachi, I., & Fuchs, G. (2016). Should we cancel? An examination of risk handling in travel social media before visiting ebola-free destinations. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 28, 59-65.
  • Nazneen, S., Hong, X., & Ud Din, N. (2020). COVID-19 Crises and Tourist Travel Risk Perceptions. SSRN. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3592321
  • OECD (2020, May 15). https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/en/#data
  • Qi, C. X., Gibson, H. J., & Zhang, J. J. (2009). Perceptions of risk and travel intentions: The case of China and the Beijing Olympic Games. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 14(1), 43-67.
  • Quintal, V. A., Lee, J. A., & Soutar, G. N. (2010). Risk, uncertainty and the theory of planned behavior: A tourism example. Tourism management, 31(6), 797-805.
  • Prudon, P. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis as a tool in research using questionnaires: A critique. Comprehensive Psychology. 4 (10), 1-18.
  • Reisinger, Y., & Mavondo, F. (2005). Travel anxiety and intentions to travel internationally: Implications of travel risk perception. Journal of Travel Research, 43(3), 212-225.
  • Rosselló, J., Becken, S., & Santana-Gallego, M. (2020). The effects of natural disasters on international tourism: A global analysis. Tourism Management, 79, 104080.
  • Ruiz Estrada, M. A., Park, D., & Lee, M. (2020). The Evaluation of the Final Impact of Wuhan COVID-19 on Trade, Tourism, Transport, and Electricity Consumption of China. Tourism, Transport, and Electricity Consumption of China (March 9, 2020).
  • Sharma, A., & Nicolau, J. L. (2020). An open market valuation of the effects of COVID-19 on the travel and tourism industry. Annals of Tourism Research. Doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2020.102990
  • Sönmez, S. F., & Graefe, A. R. (1998). Influence of terrorism risk on foreign tourism decisions. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(1), 112-144.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2011). Using Multivariate Statistics. New York: Harper Collins College Publishers.
  • TURSAB (2020, May 21). TÜRSAB Koronavirüs Raporu. https://www.tursab.org.tr/duyurular/tursab-koronavirus-raporu
  • TÜBA (2020, May 20). Covid-19 Küresel Salgın Değerlendirme Raporu. Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Yayınları, TÜBA Raporları No: 34, ISBN: 978-605-2249-43-7. http://www.tuba.gov.tr/tr/yayinlar/suresiz-yayinlar/raporlar/tuba-covid-19-kuresel-salgin-degerlendirme-raporu-3
  • Wen, J., Kozak, M., Yang, S., & Liu, F. (2020). COVID-19: potential effects on Chinese citizens’ lifestyle and travel. Tourism Review. DOI 10.1108/TR-03-2020-0110
  • Williams, A. M., & Baláž, V. (2013). Tourism, risk tolerance and competences: Travel organization and tourism hazards. Tourism Management, 35, 209-221.
  • Williams, A. M., & Baláž, V. (2015). Tourism risk and uncertainty: Theoretical reflections. Journal of Travel Research, 54(3), 271-287.
  • World Health Organization (2020). “Rolling Updates on Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen
  • World Health Organization (2020). https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019
  • World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) (2020). “International Tourist Numbers Could Fall 60-80% in 2020, Retrieved May 5, 2020”, https:// www.unwto.org/news/covid-19-international-tourist-numbers-could-fall-60-80-in-2020
  • World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) (2020). “Supporting Jobs and Economies Through Travel & Tourism”, https://webunwto.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2020 04/COVID19_Recommendations_English_1.pdf
  • World Tourism Organization (Unwto) (2020). ” Unwto: Internatıonal Tourısm Arrıvals Could Fall By 20-30% In 2020”, https://webunwto.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2020-03/200327%20-%20COVID-19%20Impact%20Assessment%20EN.pdf,
  • World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTO). (2020, April 30), “ WTTC Outlines What “The New Normal” Will Look Like as We Start to Travel”, https://wttc.org/News-Article/WTTC-outlines-what-the-new-normal-will-look-like-as-we-start-to-travel
  • Worthington, R.L. & Whittaker, T.A. (2006). Scale development research. A content analysis and recommendations for best pratices. The Counseling Psychologist. 34 (6): 806-838.

Yeni Koronavirüs’ün (COVID-19) Seyahat Risk Algısı Üzerindeki Etkisi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 61, 378 - 392, 31.01.2021

Bülent Aydın , Reşat Arıca , Yalçın Arslantürk

https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.801898
Cited By: 5

Öz

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused risks and uncertainties within the tourism industry as in all industries across the world. This study sets out to explore the risk and hygiene perceptions of domestic tourists in the pandemic setting. The population of the study is comprised of individuals who have participated in domestic tourism movements in Turkey. The research data were collected through surveys and online platforms. Descriptive statistics and exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed on data. A four-factor structure occurred in the tourism perceptions of individuals regarding the pandemic, which were named safety and hygiene, future travel preferences, quality, and concern. According to the weighted average of factors, domestic tourists are mostly concerned about hygiene and safety and have concerns about the future.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Covid-19 Pandemic Risk Travel risk Domestic Tourist

Kaynakça

  • AHLA (2020). COVID-19 Devastating hotel industry: Low to zero hotel revenue driving unprecedented job loss, American Hotel & Lodging Association. https://www.ahla.com/sites/default/files/FACT%20SHEET_COVID19%20Impact%20on% 20Hotel%20Industry_4.22.20_updated.pdf
  • Arıca, R. (2020). Seyahat Acentalarında Sürdürülebilir Ürün Üretimi ve Yönetimi. Doğa Temelli Turların Sistemleştirilmesi. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Aydın, B., & Doğan, M. (2020). Evaluation of Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Touristic Consumption Behavior and Tourism in Turkey. Journal of Theory and Practice in Marketing, 6 (1). 93-115.
  • Bauer, R. A. (1960), Consumer Behavior as Risk Taking, In Dynamic Marketing for a Changing World, Ed. Robert S. Hancock, 389-98. Chicago: American Marketing Association.
  • Brown, T. A., & Moore, M. T. (2012) Confirmatory factor analysis. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Handbook of Structural Equation Modeling (361-379 pp). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Chien, P. M., Sharifpour, M., Ritchie, B. W., & Watson, B. (2017). Travelers’ health risk perceptions and protective behavior: a psychological approach. Journal of Travel Research, 56(6), 744-759.
  • Cohen, M. J. (2020), “Does the COVID-19 Outbreak Mark the Onset of a Sustainable Consumption Transition?” https://doi.org/10.1080/15487733.2020.1740472
  • Cui, F., Liu, Y., Chang, Y., Duan, J., & Li, J. (2016). An overview of tourism risk perception. Natural Hazards, 82(1), 643-658.
  • Estrada, M. A. R, Park, D., and Lee, M. (2020), “The Evaluation of the Final Impact of Wuhan COVID-19 on Trade, Tourism, Transport, and Electricity Consumption of China”, Tourism, Transport, and Electricity Consumption of China (March 9, 2020).
  • Farzanegan, M. R., Gholipour, H. F., Feizi, M., Nunkoo, R., & Andargoli, A. E. (2020). International Tourism and Outbreak of Coronavirus (COVID-19): A Cross-Country Analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 0047287520931593.
  • Foo, L. P., Chin, M. Y., Tan, K. L., & Phuah, K. T. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on tourism industry in Malaysia. Current Issues in Tourism, 1-5.
  • Fornell, C. & Larcker, D.F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research. 18 (1): 39-50.
  • Gössling, S., Scott, D., & Hall, C. M. (2020). Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1-20.
  • Hair, J. F.; Black, W., C.; Babin, B. J. & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis. (Seventh edition). New York: Pearson Publications.
  • Haryanto, T., (2020). Editorial: Covid-19 Pandemic and International Tourism Demand. JDE (Journal of Developing Economies), 5 (1), 1-5.
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1998) Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: sensitivity to under-parameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3, 424-453
  • Huang, C.C.; Wang, Y.M.; Wu, T.W. & Wang, P.A. (2013). An empirical analysis of the antecendents and performance consequences of using the moodle platform. International Journal of Information and Education Technology. 3 (2): 217-221.
  • Jin, L.; He, Y. & Song, H. (2012). Service customization. To upgrade or to downgrade? An investigation of how option framing affects tourists’ choice of package-tour services. Tourism Management. 33 (2): 266-275.
  • Jones, P., & Comfort, D. (2020). The COVID-19 Crisis, Tourism and Sustainable Development. Athens Journal of Tourism, 7(2), 75-86.
  • Korstanje, M. E. (2011). Why risk why now? Conceptual problems around the risk perception in tourism industry. Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa em turismo, 5(1), 4-22.
  • Kozak, M., Crotts, J. C., & Law, R. (2007). The impact of the perception of risk on international travellers. International Journal of Tourism Research, 9(4), 233-242.
  • Law, R. (2006). The perceived impact of risks on travel decisions. International Journal of Tourism Research, 8(4), 289-300.
  • McKinsey & Company (2020, May 12). “ Consumer Sentiment evolves as the next “normal” approaches” https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/marketing-and-sales/our-insights/a-global-view-of-how-consumer-behavior-is-changing-amid-covid-19
  • Mizrachi, I., & Fuchs, G. (2016). Should we cancel? An examination of risk handling in travel social media before visiting ebola-free destinations. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 28, 59-65.
  • Nazneen, S., Hong, X., & Ud Din, N. (2020). COVID-19 Crises and Tourist Travel Risk Perceptions. SSRN. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3592321
  • OECD (2020, May 15). https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/en/#data
  • Qi, C. X., Gibson, H. J., & Zhang, J. J. (2009). Perceptions of risk and travel intentions: The case of China and the Beijing Olympic Games. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 14(1), 43-67.
  • Quintal, V. A., Lee, J. A., & Soutar, G. N. (2010). Risk, uncertainty and the theory of planned behavior: A tourism example. Tourism management, 31(6), 797-805.
  • Prudon, P. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis as a tool in research using questionnaires: A critique. Comprehensive Psychology. 4 (10), 1-18.
  • Reisinger, Y., & Mavondo, F. (2005). Travel anxiety and intentions to travel internationally: Implications of travel risk perception. Journal of Travel Research, 43(3), 212-225.
  • Rosselló, J., Becken, S., & Santana-Gallego, M. (2020). The effects of natural disasters on international tourism: A global analysis. Tourism Management, 79, 104080.
  • Ruiz Estrada, M. A., Park, D., & Lee, M. (2020). The Evaluation of the Final Impact of Wuhan COVID-19 on Trade, Tourism, Transport, and Electricity Consumption of China. Tourism, Transport, and Electricity Consumption of China (March 9, 2020).
  • Sharma, A., & Nicolau, J. L. (2020). An open market valuation of the effects of COVID-19 on the travel and tourism industry. Annals of Tourism Research. Doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2020.102990
  • Sönmez, S. F., & Graefe, A. R. (1998). Influence of terrorism risk on foreign tourism decisions. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(1), 112-144.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2011). Using Multivariate Statistics. New York: Harper Collins College Publishers.
  • TURSAB (2020, May 21). TÜRSAB Koronavirüs Raporu. https://www.tursab.org.tr/duyurular/tursab-koronavirus-raporu
  • TÜBA (2020, May 20). Covid-19 Küresel Salgın Değerlendirme Raporu. Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Yayınları, TÜBA Raporları No: 34, ISBN: 978-605-2249-43-7. http://www.tuba.gov.tr/tr/yayinlar/suresiz-yayinlar/raporlar/tuba-covid-19-kuresel-salgin-degerlendirme-raporu-3
  • Wen, J., Kozak, M., Yang, S., & Liu, F. (2020). COVID-19: potential effects on Chinese citizens’ lifestyle and travel. Tourism Review. DOI 10.1108/TR-03-2020-0110
  • Williams, A. M., & Baláž, V. (2013). Tourism, risk tolerance and competences: Travel organization and tourism hazards. Tourism Management, 35, 209-221.
  • Williams, A. M., & Baláž, V. (2015). Tourism risk and uncertainty: Theoretical reflections. Journal of Travel Research, 54(3), 271-287.
  • World Health Organization (2020). “Rolling Updates on Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen
  • World Health Organization (2020). https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019
  • World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) (2020). “International Tourist Numbers Could Fall 60-80% in 2020, Retrieved May 5, 2020”, https:// www.unwto.org/news/covid-19-international-tourist-numbers-could-fall-60-80-in-2020
  • World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) (2020). “Supporting Jobs and Economies Through Travel & Tourism”, https://webunwto.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2020 04/COVID19_Recommendations_English_1.pdf
  • World Tourism Organization (Unwto) (2020). ” Unwto: Internatıonal Tourısm Arrıvals Could Fall By 20-30% In 2020”, https://webunwto.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2020-03/200327%20-%20COVID-19%20Impact%20Assessment%20EN.pdf,
  • World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTO). (2020, April 30), “ WTTC Outlines What “The New Normal” Will Look Like as We Start to Travel”, https://wttc.org/News-Article/WTTC-outlines-what-the-new-normal-will-look-like-as-we-start-to-travel
  • Worthington, R.L. & Whittaker, T.A. (2006). Scale development research. A content analysis and recommendations for best pratices. The Counseling Psychologist. 34 (6): 806-838.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Bülent Aydın 0000-0002-5449-4611

Reşat Arıca 0000-0003-1238-7313

Yalçın Arslantürk 0000-0003-0936-5391

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ocak 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 61

Kaynak Göster

APA Aydın, B., Arıca, R., & Arslantürk, Y. (2021). The Effect of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Travel Risk Perception. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, 16(61), 378-392. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.801898
AMA Aydın B, Arıca R, Arslantürk Y. The Effect of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Travel Risk Perception. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi. Ocak 2021;16(61):378-392. doi:10.19168/jyasar.801898
Chicago Aydın, Bülent, Reşat Arıca, ve Yalçın Arslantürk. “The Effect of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Travel Risk Perception”. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 16, sy. 61 (Ocak 2021): 378-92. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.801898.
EndNote Aydın B, Arıca R, Arslantürk Y (01 Ocak 2021) The Effect of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Travel Risk Perception. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 16 61 378–392.
IEEE B. Aydın, R. Arıca, ve Y. Arslantürk, “The Effect of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Travel Risk Perception”, Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, c. 16, sy. 61, ss. 378–392, 2021, doi: 10.19168/jyasar.801898.
ISNAD Aydın, Bülent vd. “The Effect of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Travel Risk Perception”. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 16/61 (Ocak 2021), 378-392. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.801898.
JAMA Aydın B, Arıca R, Arslantürk Y. The Effect of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Travel Risk Perception. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi. 2021;16:378–392.
MLA Aydın, Bülent vd. “The Effect of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Travel Risk Perception”. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, c. 16, sy. 61, 2021, ss. 378-92, doi:10.19168/jyasar.801898.
Vancouver Aydın B, Arıca R, Arslantürk Y. The Effect of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Travel Risk Perception. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi. 2021;16(61):378-92.

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