İklim Tehlike ve Risklerinden Kadınların Etkilenebilirlik Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesine Yönelik Türkiye Örneğinde Etki Zinciri Analizi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 55 - 84, 28.06.2024

Zeynep Eren , Süleyman Toy

https://doi.org/10.21798/kadem.2024.146

Öz

İklim değişikliği kaynaklı tehlike ve risklerden kadınların etkilenebilirlik seviyesinin yüksek olduğu literatürdeki vaka çalışmalarından ve özellikle uluslararası kurumlarca hazırlanan raporların içeriğinden anlaşılmaktadır. Bunun yanında, yine literatürde iklim değişikliğine karşı alınacak azaltım ve uyum önlemlerinin hem geliştirilmesinde hem de uygulanmasında kadınların katılım sağlamasının daha olumlu sonuçlar vereceğinden de bahsedilmektedir. Hükûmetler arası İklim Değişikliği Paneli (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC) raporlarında tarif edilen etki zinciri analizleri dikkate alındığında belirli faktör grupları altında kadınların iklim değişikliğinden etkilenebilirlik seviyelerinin belirlenmesinde kullanılabilecek parametrelerin veri haline getirilmesini ve bu verilerin ağırlıklandırılarak somut göstergelerle etkilenebilirliğin belirlenmesini içeren metot ve veri seti önerisinde bulunmaya ihtiyaç olduğu görülmektedir. Bu nedenle bu çalışmanın amacı, çeşitli sektör ve temaların iklim değişikliğinden etkilenebilirliğini analiz etmek amacıyla ortaya konulmuş metodolojiden yararlanarak Türkiye’de kadınların etkilenebilirlik analizine ait etki zincirinde kullanılabilecek parametrelerin, bunlara ait verilerin ve veri kaynaklarının önerilmesidir. Bu amaçla parametre sınıflarının en kapsayıcı şekilde belirlenmesi için başlangıçta özel sektör firmalarının dış çevre analizinde kullanılan PESTEL tekniğinin iklim değişikliğine uyum kapsamında yapılan etki zinciri analizi ile birleştirilmesinden oluşan bir metodoloji tercih edilmiş ve kadınların iklim değişikliğinden etkilenebilirliklerine dair somut ve karşılaştırmaya olanak verecek modelleme çalışmalarına katkı sağlaması açısından bir veri seti tarif edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İklim Değişikliği, Etki Zinciri Analizi, Etkilenebilirlik, Kadın, PESTEL Analizi

Impact Chain Analysis on Determining the Vulnerability Levels of Women to Climate Hazards and Risks: A Case Study of Türkiye

Öz

The case studies in the literature and the reports prepared by international organizations indicate that the vulnerability level of women to climate change-related hazards and risks is considerably high. In addition, it is mentioned in the literature that women’s participation in both the development and implementation of mitigation and adaptation actions to be taken against climate change will yield more positive outcomes. It is seen when considered the impact chain analyses described in the reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) that there is still a need to propose methods and data sets which involve the transformation of the required parameters to be used for the determination of women’s vulnerability levels to climate change under specific factor groups into data and the determination of the vulnerability levels through concrete indicators by weighting these data. Therefore, the aim of this study is to propose parameters, data, and data sources that can be used in the impact chain analysis of women’s vulnerability in Turkey using the methodology developed to analyse the vulnerability of various sectors and themes to climate change. For this purpose, a methodology combining the PESTEL technique, initially used in the external environmental analysis of private sector companies, with the impact chain analysis conducted within the scope of climate change to determine the parameter classes in the most comprehensive way and a data set is described to contribute to the modelling studies that provide concrete and comparative insights into the women’s vulnerability to climate change.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Climate Change, Impact Chain Analysis, Vulnerability, Women, PESTEL Analysis

Kaynakça

• Akinsemolu A.A., Olukoya O.A.P. (2020). The vulnerability of women to climate change in coastal regions of Nigeria: A case of the Ilaje community in Ondo State, Journal of Cleaner Production, 246; 119015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119015.
• Brown S., Budimir M., Sneddon A., Lau D., Shakya P. & Crawford S.U. (2019) . Gender Transformative Early Warning Systems: Experiences from Nepal and Peru, Rugby, Practical Action. https://www.preventionweb.net/publication/gender-transformative-early-warning-systems-experiences nepal-and-peru.
• de Bruin L. (2016). Scanning the Environment: PESTEL Analysis. https://www.business-to-you.com/scanning-the-environment-pestel-analysis/.
• Dankelman, I. (2010). Gender and climate change: An introduction. Routledge.
• Elasha, B.O., (2012). Women in the Shadow of Climate Change. UN Chronicle, 46 (4), 54 – 55. https://doi.org/10.18356/5d941c92-en.
• FAO & UNDP (2020). Toolkit for value chain analysis and market development integrating climate resilience and gender responsiveness - Integrating agriculture in National Adaptation Plans (NAP-Ag) Programme. Bangkok. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0699en.
• GİZ (2017). The Vulnerability Sourcebook Concept and guidelines for standardised vulnerability assessments Concept and guidelines for standardised vulnerability assessments. German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development. https://www.adaptationcommunity.net/download/va/vulnerability-guides-manuals-reports/vuln_source_2017_EN.pdf.
• İklimİN (2019). İklı̇m Mücadelesı̇nde Ekonomı̇k, Sosyal ve Ekolojı̇k Adalet. https://www.iklimin.org/moduller/adaletmodulu.pdf.
• IPCC (2007). Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 976pp. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/ar4_wg2_full_report.pdf.
• IPCC (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/05/SYR_AR5_FINAL_full_wcover.pdf.
• IPCC (2018). The Climate System: an Overview. (Co-ordinating Lead Author A.P.M. Baede Lead Authors E. Ahlonsou, Y. Ding, D. Schimel Review Editors B. Bolin, S. Pollonais) https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/TAR-01.pdf.
• IPCC (2019). Summary for Policymakers. In IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–35. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157964.001.
• IPCC (2022). Summary for Policymakers, In Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf.
• IPCC (2023). Synthesis Report 2 of The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (AR6). IPCC AR6 SYR IPCC-LVIII/Doc. 4, p.1 Summary for Policymakers. https://www.ipcc.ch/ar6-syr/.
• ISO (2021). ISO 14091: Adaptation to climate change — Guidelines on vulnerability, impacts and risk assessment. https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:14091:ed-1:v1:en.
• Mavisakalyan, A., Tarverdi, Y. (2019). Gender and climate change: Do female parliamentarians make a difference? European Journal of Political Economy. 56: 151–164. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2018.08.001.
• MGM (2022). 2021 Yılı İklim Değerlendirmesi. T.C. Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü İklim ve Ziraî Meteoroloji Dairesi Başkanlığı, Araştırma Dairesi Başkanlığı https://www.mgm.gov.tr/FILES/iklim/yillikiklim/2021-iklim-raporu.pdf.
• MGM (2023). 2022 Yılı İklim Değerlendirmesi. T.C. Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü İklim ve Ziraî Meteoroloji Dairesi Başkanlığı, Araştırma Dairesi Başkanlığı. https://www.mgm.gov.tr/FILES/iklim/yillikiklim/2022-iklim-raporu.pdf.
• Nellemann, C., Verma, R. and Hislop, L. (eds.) (2011). Women at the frontline of climate change. Gender risks and hopes. A rapid response assessement. Arendal: UNEP, GRID-Arendal. https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/7985.
• SEWA (2022). A SEWA Cooperative Federation Newsletter. https://www.sewafederation.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Sahakarita-Vol.-1-Final-for-Web.pdf.
• Talu, N. (2017). İklim Değişikliği ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Politika Belirleme Süreçleri. Yasama Dergisi 33: 68 - 87. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1115313.
• Tatgın, E. (2019). İklim Adaleti Kapsamında Toplumsal Cinsiyet Tartışması. Kent ve Çevre Araştırmaları Dergisi. 1 (1): 104 – 118. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/886205.
• TÜİK (2023a). Toplumsal Cinsiyet İstatistikleri Gender Statistics 2022. https://www.tuik.gov.tr/media/announcements/toplumsal_cinsiyet_istatistikleri.pdf.
• TÜİK (2023b). İstatistiklerle Kadın, 2022. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=%C4%B0statistiklerle-Kad%C4%B1n-202249668&dil=1.
• Türkeş, M. (2023). Kadınlar neden iklim değişikliği savaşımını kazanmanın ve uyumun anahtarı? Yeşil Gazete. 14/01/2023. https://yesilgazete.org/kadinlar-neden-iklim-degisikligi-savasimini-kazanmanin-ve-uyumun anahtari/.
• UN (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future.https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5987our-common-future.pdf
• UN (2023). The Sustainable Development Goals Report Special edition Towards a Rescue Plan for People and Planet https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2023/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2023.pdf.
• UN Women (2022). Explainer: How gender inequality and climate change are interconnected. https://www.unwomen.org/en/news-stories/explainer/2022/02/explainer-how-gender-inequality-and-climate change-are-interconnected.
• UN Women (2024). Facts and figures: Economic empowerment. https://www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/economic-empowerment/facts-and figures
• UNCTAD/LDC (2015). United Nations Conference on Trade and Development the Least Developed Countries Report 2015. Transforming Rural Economies. https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ldc2015_en.pdf.
• UNDRR (2023). Accelerating Action on Gender Equality in Disaster Risk Reduction by 2030: A Cross-cutting Analysis of Reports to the Midterm Review of the Sendai Framework Highlighting Good Practices and Areas to Strengthen for Gender-responsive and Socially Inclusive Disaster Risk Reduction. UNDRR: Geneva, Switzerland.
• UNFCCC LDCEG (2015). Strengthening gender considerations in adaptation planning and implementation in the least developed countries. UNFCCC Least Developed Countries Expert Group: Bonn, Germany. https://unfccc.int/files/adaptation/application/pdf/21673_unfccc_leg_gender_low_ v5.pdf.
• UNFCCC (2022). Dimensions and examples of the gender-differentiated impacts of climate change, the role of women as agents of change and opportunities for women. Synthesis report by the secretariat. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/sbi2022_07.pdf.
• UNFCCC (2023a). Five Reasons Why Climate Action Needs Women (Article for 8 March International Women’s Day 2023). https://unfccc.int/news/five reasons-why-climate-action-needs-women.
• UNFCCC (2023b). Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Güncellenmiş Birinci Ulusal Katkı Beyanı. Republic of Türkiye Updated First Nationally Determined Contribution https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2023-04/T%C3%9CRK%C4%B0YE_UPDATED%201st%20NDC_EN.pdf.
• UNFCCC, (2023c). UNFCCC LDC Expert Group National Adaptation Plans 2023 Progress in the Formulation and Implementation of NAPS. NAP Progress publication 2023. https://unfccc.int/documents/635394.
• UNFCCC (2023d). Gender Action Plan - Decision 3/CP.25 and amendments agreed in Decision 24/CP.27 https://unfccc.int/documents/627886.
• UNFPA (2005). Frequently asked questions about gender equality. https://www.unfpa.org/resources/frequently-asked-questions-about-gender-equality.
• UNGA (2002). United Nations A/57/270 General Assembly 2002. Fifty-seventh session Item 44 of the provisional agenda* Follow-up to the outcome of the Millennium Summit Implementation of the United Nations Millennium Declaration Report of the Secretary-General https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/sgreport2002.pdf?OpenElement.
• Women Deliver (2019). Invest in Women to Tackle Climate Change and Conserve the Environment. Prepared by: Nicholas Wedeman and Tricia Petruney, Last reviewed and updated December 2019 by Saeeda Rizvi; Nicholas Wedeman; Divya Mathew; Cathryn Grothe; Courtney Carson; Mónica de Pinto Ribeiro Hancke; Meagan Torello; Susan Papp, Katja Iversen; Molly Shapiro; Varsha Gandikota-Nellutla. 2019-10-D4G_Brief_ClimateChange.pdf (womendeliver.org).
• Yadav S.S., Lal R. (2018). Vulnerability of women to climate change in arid and semi-arid regions: The case of India and South Asia. Journal of Arid Environments 149 (2018) 4-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2017.08.001